bai giang ky thuat phan ung 2

8/13/2019 Bai Giang Ky Thuat Phan Ung 2

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K THU#T PH%N 'NG

ThS. H* V.n S1n

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1. Phn lo2i ph3n4ng Phn lo2i theo c1 ch6: ph3n 4ng 91n gi3n v

ph3n4ng ph4c t2p. Phn lo2i theo s: pha: ph3n 4ng 9*ng th; v dc: ph3n 4ngtheo ph51ng th4c gin 9o2n, lin t?c, bn lint?c.

Phn lo2i theo ch6 9A nhi>t: ph3n4ng9Bng nhi>t,9o2n nhi>t v9a bi6n nhi>t.

Trong kC thuEt ph3n 4ng ta quan tm 96n s: pha vthnh phFn xc tc trong h>, th5Gng chia ph3n4ng thnh: 9*ng th; v d< th; c xc tc hoIckhng xc tc

Ch51ng 1. Cc khi ni>m c1 b3n



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Ph3n4ng91n gi3n: L nhJng ph3n4ng x3y ra chKtheo cng mAt lo2i trao 9Li nguyn t:, c nghMa lchK c mAt ph3n 4ng duy nhOt. NhJng ph3n 4ngny chK cFn mAt ph51ng trnh l5Png ho v mAtph51ng trnh vEn t:c 9; bi;u diQn qu trnh ph3n4ng.

Ph3n 4ng 9a hPp: l ph3n 4ng m trong hSn hPpph3n4ng x3y ra nhiTu ph3n4ng. Ta ph3i cFn h1nmAt ph51ng trnh l5Png ho hUc v ph51ng trnhvEn t:c9; bi;u diQn qu trnh ph3n4ng.

Ph3n4ng n:i ti6p

Ph3n4ng song song Ph3n4ng hSn hPp



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- Tng h#p ammoniac- Oxide ha

ammoniac %&s(n su*tnitric acid

- Ph(n+ng cracking- Tng h#p methanol

- Ph(n+ng chy c.a than- Nung qu0ng- Ph(n +ng c.a acid v2ich*t r3n

- H*p thu kh l4ng cph(n+ng

D th"

- H5u h6t ph(n+ng7pha l4ng- Cc ph(n+ng7th&

keo

- H5u h6t ph(n +ng 7pha kh

- Cc ph(n+ng chy c.a

ng8n l9a

&'ngth"

C xc tcKhng xc tc



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2. Ph!ng trnh t" l$ng

H> c ph3n4ng ha hUc dang:V1A1 + V2A2X V3A3 + v4A4

VYi h> kn: vi/vk = (ni0-ni)/(nk0-nk)

H> mZ: [i l mEt9A dng lin t?c c^a cOu t_ th4 i

(kmol/h, mol/s)vi/vk = ([i0 -[i)/([k0 -[k)

N6u Ai l s3n ph`m, Ak l chOt ph3n4ng (vk


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HoIc CiVR = CioVoR + vi/|vk| CkoVoR.Uk

H> mZ[i= [

i

0 + vi/|v

k| C

k

oVoR

.Uk

N6u cOu t_ th4 i v k 9u l chOt ph3n4ng

[i0

..Uk = |vi|/|vk| . [k0.Uk

V cc nguyn li>u ph:i trAn theo ta l5Png ha hUc

|vi|/|vk| = [i0

/[k0

do 9 Ui=Uk b:i vYi thi6t b< ph3n4ng gin9o2n h> kn

c ni = c ni0 + d/|vk|. [k0. Uk

PhFn mol c^a cc cOu t_ trong h> se l

xi = ni/ c ni = (xi0 + vi/|vk| . xk0.Uk)/(1+ vi/|vk| . xk0.Uk)

V xi = [i/ c ni = (xi0 + vi/|vk| . xk0.Uk)/(1+ vi/|vk| . xk0.Uk)



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Khi bi6t thnh phFn c^a cc cOu t_ trong h> tatnh95Pc9A chuy;n ha c^a chng

Uk = (xio

xi)/(xio

/|vk|.[xd - v]) Trong tr 5Gng hPp h> x3y ra nhiTu ph3n4ng

xi = (xi0 + vi1/|vk1| . xk0.Uk1 + vi2/|vk2| . xk0.Uk2

++ vij/|vkj| . xk0.Ukj ) / (1+ di1/|vk1| . xk0.Uk1+di2/|vk2| . xk0.Uk2++ dij/|vkj| . xk0.Ukj)

Trong9 dij = cv


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Ch51ng 2. Nhi>t9Ang hUc ccph3n4ng ha hUc1. Enthalpie câ ph3n4ng ha hUc.

1.1. Nhi>t sinh

Nhi%t ph(n *ng t,o thnh 1mol mAt hPp chOt no9 tf cc nguyn t:

gHf(f: formation)Nhi%t sinh tiu chu-ngHf,298 câ mAt hPp chOt l enthalpie câ ph3n

4ng t2o thnh 1 mol hPp chOt9 v ph3n4ng x3y raZ 25oC, psuOt P = 1,03125 bar

Nhi>t chy: gHC (C: combustion) câ mAt mol chOt l nhi>t câ ph3n4ng9:t chy 1 mol chOt9 (c th; l nguyn t: hay hPp chOt)bhng oxy phn t_.

Nhi%t sinh tiu chu-ngHf,298 nhi>t câ ph3n4ng9:t chy 1 mol hPpchOt9 v ph3n4ng x3y raZ 25oC, p suOt P = 1,03125 bar.Ph3n4ng bit9Fu v k6t thc t2i 25oC v s3n ph`m chy cjngph3iZ 9iTu ki>n tiu chu`n 25oC, p suOt P = 1,03125 bar.



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Tnh ton enthalpie ph3n4ng

bt9A no9:

gRHTo = gRHToo +k gCpo(T)dT

Trong9gCop (T) = cvi .Cpoio(T)

VYi Cpoio = l nhi>t dung ring câ cOu t_ th4 i s2ch, t2i nhi>t9A T v P =1,01325 bar)

Nhi>t sinh tiu chu`n câ mAt hPp chOt tf cc nguyn t: t*n t2iZ mSinhi>t9A, Z tr2ng thi tiu chu`ncho2t9A l 1 95Pc tnh bhng ph51ngtrnh sau9y:

(gHf,T0) = (gHf,o0)hc + (HTo Hoo)hc -c|vngt|(HTo Hoo)ngt

VYi k h i>u hc: hPp chOt, ngt: nguyn t:

HTo : enthalpie câ chOtZ tr2ng thi tiu chu`n, nhi>t9A T Hoo enthalpie câ chOtZ tr2ng thi tiu chu`n, nhi>t9A 0 (K)

gHf,o0 : Nhi>t sinh câ chOtZ tr2ng thi tiu chu`n, nhi>t9A 0(K)



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Trong ph51ng trnh trn (gHf,T0)hc , (gHf,o0)hc l nhi>t sinh tiuchu`n câ hPp chOt t2i nhi>t9A T v 0(K);

(HTo

)hc , (Hoo

)hc l enthalpie câ hPp chOtZ tr2ng thi tiuchu`nZ nhi>t9A T v 0 (K).

(HTo)ngt , (Hoo)ngt l nhi>t sinh câ nguyn t: Z nhi>t9A T v 0(K)

|vngt| l h> s: ta l5Png câ nguyn t:

Enthalpie ph3n4ng tiu chu`n câ mAt ph3n4ngZ mAt nhi>t9A T no9:

gR HTo = cvi[(HTo Hoo)ngt + gHf,o0]I

Trong9 vi l h> s: ta l5Png câ chOt tham gia ph3n4ng th4i

Nhin li>u rin, theo gi3 thi6t câ Dulong th tOt c3 oxy 9Tu link6t vYi hydro cn phFn hydro cn l2i xe m l tl do

Ho = 339,1.WC + 1442,8(WH Wo/8) + 144,7WS kJ/kg

Trong9 WC , WH, Wo, WS l phFn kh:i l5Png C, H,O v S



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BZi vZ cc l cng nghi>p khng95Pc php lm

nguAi khi l xu:ng d5Yi9i;m s51ng cho nn nhi>tng5ng t? câ n5Yc khng th; tma ra, v vEy trongthlc t6, chKtnh nhi>t tr< thOp

HU = HO -2512(9.WH + WH2O) kJ/kg

2512 l nhi>t hah1i câ n5Yc (kJ/kg); WH2O phFnkh:i l5Png câ n5Yc (phFn`m ) trong nhin li>uv WH l phFn kh:i l5Png câ hydro



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Cn b/ng ho h2c

Xt ph3n4ng thuEn nght9Ang9Bng nhi>t n.ng l5Png Gibbs Zp suOt khng9Li G hoIc th; tch F khng9Li.

gGo = -RT.lnKp gFo = -RT.lnKC



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Ph51ng trinh Vant Hoff bi;u diQn sl bi6n thin c^ahhng s: cn bhng theo nhi>t9A.

d(lnK)/dT = gHo/RT2

gHo 9A bi6n thin enthalpie c^a ph3n4ngZ 9iTuki>n chu`n



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Ch!ng 3.46ng h2c cc qu trnh cngngh% ha h2c

1. VEn t:c ph3n4ng ho hUc

bn sl thay9Li vT l5Png c^a mAt cOu t_ no9tham gia ph3n4ng theo thGi gian.

L5u : VEn t:c ph3n4ng l mAt92i l5Png lunlun d51ng hoIc bhng khng, v vEy :

se mang dOu (-) n6u l chOt tham gia ph3n4ng

(tc chOt) ; se mang dOu (+) n6u l chOt t2o thnh sau ph3n

4ng (s3n ph`m)



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VYi ph3n4ng9*ng th;

u = 1/v . dN/dq

u = 1/F. dN/dq

N l s: mol cOu t_ 9 ph3n4ng, v l th; tch vngph3n4ng. F l di>n tch mIt phn cch giJa ccpha, q l thGi gian.

VEn t:c ph3n4ng ta l> vYi ljy thfa c^a n*ng9As3n ph`m. aA + bBX dD

u = k[A]r[B]s

k l hhng s: t:c9A ph3n4ng v chKph? thuAc vonhi>t9A

r,s l cc s: mj xc9


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Ph3n4ng khng thuEn ngh


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A X D vEn t:c ph3n4ng l

u = -1/v . dNA/dq = k[NA/v]

N6u v l hhng s: ta c u = - dCA/dq = kCA

N6u bi;u diQn n*ng9A t4c thGi CA d5Yi d2ng s: mol ban9Fu a v s: mol 9 ph3n4ng XM

- d(a-XM)/dq = k(a-XM) v dXM/dq

LOy tch phn dXM/(a-XM) = kdq

XM = a(1-e-kq )

k = 1/(q2-q1). ln(a-X1)/(a-X2)

ThGi gian bn h^y c^a ph3n4ng

q1/2 = ln2 / k = 0,6932/ k

Hhng s: t:c9A c^a ph3n4ng ph? thuAc vo nhi>t9A theoph51ng trnh Arrhenius

k = k0e-E/RT



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E l n.ng l5Png ho2t ha, R l hhng s: kh v ko lhhng s:

k1/k2 = k0.e-E/RT1 /k0.e-E/RT2 = eE/R(1/T2 1/T1)

ln(k1/k2) = E/R(1/T2 1/T1)

E = 19,1T1T2/(T1-T2).logk1/k2



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CH(pNG 4. THIuT Bw PH%N'NG

I-GII THI#U V%TBP&:I.1-GiYi thi>u: -TBP(- h> th:ng thi6t b< thlc hi>n cc ph3n4ng ho hUc t2o r a s3n

ph`m c^a mAt qu trnh s3n xuOt,do9 quy6t9


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-46 chuy=n ho c>a ch8t i:

Xi = (C0 - C1) / C0 = 1 - C1/C0 . ( 1 . 3 )

Trong9 : C0- n*ng9A ch8t ph(n *ng i


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Vw TR Hy THzNG TBP(TRONG Spb| CNG NGHy

Trong s1 9* cng ngh>TBP(nhmZ v< tr nh5 sau :

H.1.1- L5u9* kh:i c^a cng ngh> s3n xuOt .

Trong9 h> th:ng thi6t b< chu'n b*h,n h/p ph1n2ng,tch vtinh ch4s1n ph'mc th; g*m mAt s: l5Png lYn

cc thi6t b< thlc hi>n cc qu trnh chuy;n kh:i v truyTnnhi>t nh5 ch5ng luy>n, hOp th?,hOp ph?, trch ly, 9un nng,lm l2nh, ng5ng t? ...m sinh vin9 lm quen trong mnhUc "Qu trnh v thi6t b< ho hUc ".



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I.2-bIc 9i;m :

-ba d2ng Do 9iTu ki>n ph3n4ng rOt khc nhau:

*Nhi6t78 ph3n4ng c th; tf nhi>t9A phng96n 800-9000C, c bi>t c th; 96n 1300-15000C.b*ng thGi ph3i c

nhJng gi3i php hPp l cOp hay gi3i nhi>t ph3n4ng.*p su9tc th; tf p suOt kh quy;n ( 0,1 MPa ) 96n 70

MPa.

Trong nhiTu ph3n4ng pha kh th5Gng dng p suOt kho3ng 2-3 MPa9; gi3m th; tch TBP(, t.ng c5Gng vEn t:c ph3n4ngv h> s: trao9Li nhi>t vYi thnh thi6t b


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Ph3n4ng trong thi6t b< c th; ti6n hnhZ cct r:ng thi pha khc nhau:

*b*ng th;: kh, lmng

*Cc h> d< th; kh-rin, kh-lmng, lmng-rin,

lmng-lmng*Cc h> ba pha kh-lmng-rin, lmng-lmng-rin,

kh-lmng-lmng ...

Tnh9a d2ng c^a TBP(cn do t;ng hng,trn th6 giYi c n hJng hng c cng ngh>, xctc v h> th:ng TBP(ring c^a mnh



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b}CbI~M TBP(

-Ph4c t2p

Do trong TBP(cc qutrnh hoh=c ( ph3n4ng) vv>t l( chuy;n kh:i: dng ch3y ,

khu6ch tn, v cc qu trnh nhi>t: truyTn nhi>t,to3 v thu nhi>t ) x3y ra7an xen v 1nhh3?ng l@n nhau

Trong9, cc qu trnh v:t l thCng tuyEn

tnh v@i nhi%t


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I.3- Phn lo2i TBP(:

1/Theo ch6 9A lm vi>c :a/Thi6t b< lm vi>c gin9o2n

*ChKdng cho pha lmng .

*Cc b5Yc c^a qu trnh: n2p li>u, 9unnng, ti6n hnh ph3n4ng, lm nguAi v thos3n ph`m, 95Pc thlc hi>n trong mAt thi6t bt9A, psuOt ...thay


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H.1.2-M hnh TBPJlm vi%c gin


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b/Thi6t b< lm vi>c n_a gin9o2n:

*ChOt ph3n4ng: mAt chOt cho gin9o2n, mAt chOtcho lin t?c.

ChOt cho gin9o2n th5Gng l chOt lmng, v d? chOt A.

ChOt cho lin t?c th5Gng l chOt kh hay c th; lchOt lmng, v d? chOt B. Ph3n4ng: A + B C

VYi m?c9ch lun ngho chOt B trong hSn hPp ph3n4ng trnh ph3n4ng ph?: B + C D

Hay 9; vEn t:c to3 nhi>t c^a ph3n4ng ph hPp vYikh3 n.ng gi3i nhi>t c^a thi6t b< .



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*N*ng9AA v B thay9Li theo thGi gian ph3n4ng nh5 Z hnh

1.3



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c/Thi6t b< lm vi>c lin t?c

*4y l lo,i thiEt bK thCng gMp trong cngnghi%p v@i qui m s(n xu8t l@n.

*Tr:ng thi d;ng(steady state ): l tr,ngthi a qutrnh khng thay


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ThCi gian lu trung bnh:

ThGi gian l5u thlc c^a chOt ph3n4ng trong thi6t b< khc nhau, ph? thuAc vo ch6 9A dng ch3y. Ta c thCi gian lu trungbnh theo9


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2/Theo ch6 9A dng ch3y :

* M h n h'y lt!?n g :

-L m hnh dngch3y trong thi6t bnZ c_a rac^a nhJng phFn t_ hi>n c trong thi6t b< lnh5 nhau khng phn bi>t l


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Nh5 vEy: C th; c phFn t_ vfa mYi vo9 c mItZ

c_a ra v ra khmi thi6t b< nn TGL bhng 0

V c th; c phFn t_ 9 vo thi6t b< tf lu

mYi r ak hmi thi6t b< nn TGL c^a nhJng phFnt_ ny bhng.

NghMa l TGL cJa ch9t ph1n2ng trong m hnh KLT khng7Ang7Nu vphn bO t;074n.



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Theo l thuy6t xc suOt t a c m>nh9Tsau: xc suOt câ nhJng phn t_ c TGLtrong thi6t b< l t+dt g*m xc suOt câ

nhJng phFn t_ c TGL trong thi6t b< l tv xc suOt câ nhJng phFn t_ c TGLl dt, nh5 vEy c th; vi6t:

[ 1 - F(t+dt) ] = [ 1- F(t)].[ 1 - F(dt)] (2.6)



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[ 1 - F(t+dt) ] = [ 1- F(t)] . [ 1 - F(dt)] ( 2.6 )

F(t+dt) = F(t) + dF(t)

V kh3 n.ng ra khmi thi6t b< c^a nhJng phFn t_ l nh5 nhau, tac:

F(dt) = FV .dt / VR = dt / tTB

Thay vo ph51ng trnh ( 2.6 ): 1 - F(t) - dF(t) = [ 1 - F(t) ] . [ 1 - dt/ tTB]

- dF(t) = - dt / tTB + F(t) . dt/ tTB= - dt/ tTB . [ 1 - F(t) ]

dF(t) / [ 1 - F(t) ] = dt/ tTB ( 2.7 )



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Gi3i ph51ng trnh vi phn ( 2.7 ):

Gi3i ph51ng trnh vi phn (2.7 ), ta c:

ln[ 1 - F(t) ] = - t/ tTB + C.

Tf 9iTu ki>n ban 9Fu t=0 th F(t)=0 95Pc C = 0

1 - F(t) = e-t/tTB

do 9 F(t) = 1 - e-t/tTB . ( 2.8 )

b5Gng bi;u diQn hm F(t) c^a m hnh KLT theoph51ng trnh ( 2.8 ) 95Pc trnh byZ hnh 2.3



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Nh5 vEy, do khuOy TGL cJa cc phLn tPdng vo r9t khc nhau, phn bO t;074n.

Lm g i1m78 chuyBn hoX (vdo 7g i1m nQng su 9t th i 4t b*) v78 ch=n l=c

S (7Oi vRi cc qutrnh ph1n2ng nOit i4p).

b; 92t9A chuy;n ho nh5 nhau so vYi mhnhbLT Z thi6t b< lo2i ny cFn c th; tch

lYn h1n, sl chnh l>ch9 ph? thuAc vo9A chuy;n ho X yu cFu.



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H> th:ng nhiTu thi6t b< khuOy n:i ti6p lin tuc:

M hnh h> th:ng nhiTu thi6t b< khuOy n:i ti6p khicph?c95Pc nh5Pc9i;m trn vYi s: thi6t b< n 9^ lYn( vT l thuy6t k h in v trong thlc t6 n c th; tf 596n 10 ).

Gi tr < hm F(t) trong h> th:ng n thi6t b< khuOy n:iti6p lin t?c c th; 95Pc xc9


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Hnh 2.5 bi;u diQn gi tr < hm phn b: F(t) c^a h> th:ng thi6t b< KLT n:iti6p lm vi>c lin t?c ph? thuAc vo t (tr?c honh c91n v< l=t/t

TB

).



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Tf hnh 2.5 thOy rZ h> th:ng thi6t b< KLTn:i ti6p khi sO th i4t b*n tQng kho 1ng phnbO TGL cJa cc phLn tPcJa dng vohSp l:i( quanh vng t/tTB=1 ).

V khi n ta c73Ing b i Bu d iTn F(t)cJa h6 thOng t30ng tGnh3 ?m hnhCLT: TGL c^a cc phFn t_ c^a dng9*ng9Tu v bhng tTB.



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II.3- THI GIAN L(U TRONG THIuT Bw TH#C

-Thi4t b*thGc lo:i thng c khu 9y: *NEu c khu8y tr6n m,nh v p dQ thlc hi>n9iTu ny,nh5 Z thi6t b< nitr ho hydrocacbon th1m,n*ng9A cc cOu t_ 95Pc trAn ln hon tonsau 8 giy trong khi TGL trung bnh th5Gngtrn 10 pht.



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*Khi mi tr 5Gng c9A nhYt qu cao tac tr2ng thi trung gian giJa hai mhnhbLT v KLT.

*o h> th:ng nhiTu thi6t b< khuOy n:iti6p, n6u trong mSi thi6t b< sl khuOy trAnkhng95Pc hon ton th3nh h5Zngc^anc th; bm qua 95Pc, coi nh5

bLT.



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-Thi4t b*thGc lo:iOng:

*4Cng bi=u diYn F(t) c d,ng chZ S dotr6n lWn theo h@ng trFc ;ng bGi ccnguyn nhn sau:

1/ Khu8y tr6n


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*4= nghin c*u hi%n t$ng tr6n lWn c>a dng ch(ytrong ;ng gy (nh hGng


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a/zng rSng, ch3y dng:

-Gradien vEn t:c dng theo ti6t di>n ngangl nguyn nhn ch^ y6u gy nn sl sai khcTGL trong:ng rSng ch3y dng, khu6ch tn9:i l5u v khu6ch tn phn t_ b, c th; bm

qua.

-Tnh F(t): VEn t:c dng phn b: trnti6t di>n:ng theo mIt parabol, ph? thuAcvo kho3ng cch r 96n tm:ng lvr(hnh

2.6)



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-Tnh F(t) câ:ng rSng, ch3y dng

vr= ( 2FV/.r02 )[ 1 - ( r / r0 )2 ] (2.21)Trong9 r0 l bn knh câ:ng.

Do 9 , TGL câ phFn câ dng cch tr?c:ngmAt kho3ng r l

tr= L/vr= .r02 (L / 2FV).[ 1 - (r/r0)

2 ] = VR/2FV[ 1 - (r/r0)2]

tr= ( tTB / 2 ) [ 1 - (r/r0)2 ] ( 2.22 )

Thay r = 0 c TGL câ dng t2i tr?c:ng l

t tm(r=0) = tTB / 2 Thay r = r 0 c TGL câ dng t2i thnh:ng l

t thnh(r=r0) =



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-Tnh F(t) c^a :ng rSng , ch3y dng

C th= xem phQn c>a dng ch(y n/m cch tml r+dr (hnh vnh kh7n 2r.dr ) c v:n t;cnh nhau l vr, tN a hm F(t) ta c:

dF(r) = vr . 2r.dr / FV ( 2.23)

Thay vrtN ph!ng trnh (2.21) v rt g2n,


63/520

9/12/201263

TN (2.22) ta c [ 1 - (r/r0)2 ] =tTB/ 2t , l8y vi phn

pt (2.22) ta rt ra:

rdr = r02 . tTB.dt / 4 t

2

Thay vo pt (2.23) ,


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9/12/201264



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9/12/201265

TBP(thlcb/ zng rSng,ch3y r:i :

*o ch6 9A ny khu6ch tn9:i l5u do dngch3y xoy l chnh .

*VEn t:c dng phn b: theo ti6t di>n:ngc d2ng hnh thang ( hnh 2.8 ), nghMa l t r f

lYp bin st thnh:ng, vEn t:c dng coi nh59*ng9Tu .

* Khi gi tr < Re cng lYn ( lYn h1n 10 4 )chiTudy lYp bin cng mmng v th; tch lYpbin so vYi F

VrOt nhm,c th; bm qua,ta c ch6

9A dng ch3y tla m hnhbLT .



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9/12/2012 66



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9/12/201267

c/zng ph3n4ngc lYp h2t tMnh ( h2t xc tcrin, th5Gng gIp trong thlc t6 ):

*LYp h2t t.ng c5Gng hi>n t5Png

khu6ch tn trong thi6t b< theo c3hai h5Yng tr?c:ng v95Gng knh:ng

bIc bi>t theo h5Yng95Gng knhtheo m hnh nh5 hnh 2.9.



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9/12/201269

Theo m hnh ny khi dng ch3y qua mAtlYp h2t b< l>ch ngang dh2t/2 v qua n lYph2t se l>ch ngang ndh2t/2. V nh5 vEy,

l>ch ngang lm cho vEn t:c dng v TGL9*ng9Tu h1n.

*Nh5 vEy, khi D:ng/dh2t 10 v L lYp h2t /dh2t 10 ch6 9A dng ch3y73/c co i nh 3

CLT.



70/520

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II.4-%NH H(oNG C%A KHUuCH TN D(C

buNb* CHUY~N HO X C%A PH%N 'NG

*TrAn dUc tr?c:ng ph3n4ng lm cho TGL khng9*ng9Tu v do 93nh h5Zng96n9A chuy;n ho X .

*Dng thlc trong thi6t b< c th; chia thnh hai phFn:

-DngbLT vYi vEn t:c di l v .

-Dng khu6ch tn dUc vYi h> s: khu6ch tntheo h5Yng tr?c l Dl v chu`n s: Peclet vYi k hi>u

Pel:

Pel = v . L / Dl

L-l chiTu di c^a:ng ph3n4ng .



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*Gi3 s_:-zng ph3n4ng c ti6t di>n l S (hnh2.10).

-Ti6n hnh ph3n4ng chuy;n ho chOt A s.ph`m *Thlc hi>n php tnh cn bhng vEt chOt cho

VR = S . l:A vo = A ra + A ph3n4ng + A tch t?.

(2.26)H.2.10-M hnh ;ng ph(n *ng c khuEch tn d2c

.



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9/12/201272

A tch t? = VR . dC/dt, Z tr2ng thi dfng A tch t? bhng 0.

Ta c:

(A ra - A vo)dng bLT+ (A ra - A vo)khu6ch tn + A ph3n4ng = 0.

Thay cc gi tr < c^a A vo,ta c:

v.S(CA(l+l)-CAl)+(-Dl.S)[(CA/l)l+l -(CA/l)l]+S.l(-CA/t)=0

Chia cho S.l , 95Pc:

v.(C A(l+l) - CAl)/l - Dl[(CA/l) l+l - (CA/l)l ]/l +(-CA/t) = 0

Thay (-CA/t) = RA = k.CAn v chol0 ,95Pc:

v (CA/l) - Dl (2CA/l

2 ) + k .CAn = 0 ( 2.27 )

by l m hnh ton mAt th4 nguyn miu t3 qu trnhtrong:ng ph3n4ng chK 3nh h5Zng bZi khu6ch tn theoh5Yng dUc tr?c.



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v (CA/l) - Dl (2CA/l2 ) + k .CAn = 0 ( 2.27 )

*Chuy;n ( 2.27) thnh d2ng khng c th4 nguyn:-bIt92i l5Png chiTu di l z = l/L, ta c:

z = l/L , do 9z/l = 1/L

CA/l = (CA/z) . z/l = (1/L) . CA/z

2CA

/l2 = [1/L. (CA

/z) / z ]. z/l = (1/L2).2CA

/z2

Tf 9 pt (2.27) thnh:

(v/L).CA/z - ( Dl/L2 ).2CA/z2 + kCAn = 0. ( 2 . 28 )

Chia hai v6 pt (2.28) cho -L/v = -tTB :

(Dl/L.v).2

CA/z2

-CA/z - k.tTB.CAn

= 0.(2.29)



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(Dl/L.v) . 2CA/z

2 -CA/z - k . tTB . CAn = 0. ( 2 . 29 )

* Gi3i pt (2.29) vYi9iTu ki>n bG :- t2i9Fu vo z = 0 , CA = CA0- t2i9Fu ra z = 1 , CA = CAL

"!Pc CAL v tf tnh A chuy;n ho XA, ..

XA ph? thuAc vo 3 thng s: k , tTB v Pel= L.v/Dl .

VYi ph3n4ng bEc 1 (n = 1) gi3i !Pc :

CAL/CA0 = 1 - XA= 4a.exp(Pel/2)/[(1+a)

2exp(a.Pel/2) -(1-a)2exp(a.Pel/2)]

( 2 . 30 ) VYi a =

lTB/Pe4kt1+



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H.2.11-Bi=u diYn VRthRc/VR4LT phF thu6c vo Pel,

k.tTB v X c>aph(n *ng b:c 1.



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H.2.12-Bi;u diQn VRthlc/VRbLT vo Pel,

k.tTB.C0 v X c^a ph3n4ng bEc 2



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Thlc nghi>m cho thOy rhng chu`n s:khu6ch tn dUc Pel ch^ y6u ph? thuAcvo chu`n s: Re = v.d:ng./.

Hnh sau l k6t qu3 thlc nghi>m c^amAt s: tc gi3vT sl ph? thuAc c^aDl/v.d:ng = (Dl/v.L).L/d:ng vo Re

Tf 9 c th; rt ra t51ng quan sau:Dl/v.d:ng = 3.10

7/(Re)2,1+1,35/(Re)0,125.



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9/12/201278

H.2.13-S; li%u thRc nghi%m sR phF thu6c Dl/v.d;ngvo Re c>a m6t s; tc gi(.



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9/12/201279

II.4 TH#C NGHIyM XCbwNH GI TRw HM PHNBz TGL o THIuT Bw TH#C.1/ Thlc nghi>m xc9u: d2ng bEc cOp, d2ng xung v d2nghnh sin.



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9/12/201280

a/Tn hi>u vo d2ng bEc cOp, xc9u cho chKth< vo d2ng bEc cOp:

= 0 khi t 0 .

C chKth 0 .

-Miu t3: T2i t = 0 bit9Fu cho chKth< 9i vothi6t b< v duy tr trong su:t thGi gian sau9( hnh 2.11 ). Nh5 vEy khi t > 0, l5Png chKthuv od2ng xung vung, xc9u cho chKth< vod2ng xung:

= 0 khi t 0 .

CchKth< (z=0)=C0 khi 0t0 .

Miu t3: T2i t = 0 bit9Fucho chKth< 9i vo thi6t bn ,thi6t b< theo ch6 9A KLT c9A chuy;n hothOp nhOt.



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-LEp ph51ng trnh cn bhng chOt choh>

th:ng n thi6t b< khuOy n:i ti6p: Dng ph51ng trnh (3.4) v bit9Fu tf thi6t b th:ng khngbhng nhau:

VRi VRj tTBi tTBj

V nhi>t9A Z cc thi6t b< khng bhng nhau

Ti Tj ki kj .



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Ph3n4ng bEc 0: i = 1 C0 - C1 = k1 . tTB1

i = 2 C1 - C2 = k2 . tTB2

i = 3 C2

- C3

= k3

. tTB3

... ......

i = n C n-1 - Cn = kn . tTBn .

CAng cc ph51ng trnh theo tfng v6 95Pc:

C0 - Cn = ki.tTBi i = 1, n Xn0= ki.tTBi/ C0 ( 3 . 5 )


PhPh33nn 44ngng bbEEcc 1:1:


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PhPh33nn 44ngng bbEEcc 1:1:

i = 1 C0/ C1 = 1 + k1 . tTB1 i = 2 C1/ C2 = 1 + k2 . tTB2 i = 3 C2/ C3 = 1 + k3 . tTB3 ... ...

i = n C n-1/ Cn = 1 + kn . tTBn .

Nhn cc ph!'ng trnh theo tfng v6, !Pc:

C0/ Cn = .

Tf A chuy;n hoZ thi6t b< n :i vYi ph3n4ng bEc 1l:

Xn1= 1 - Cn / C0 = 1 - 1 / .( 3 . 6 )= +

n

1i

TBii ).tk(1

=

+n

1i

TBii ).tk(1


Ph3n 4ng bEc 2:


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Ph3n4ng bEc 2:

Gi3i pt (3.4)''' !Pc: C i = (- 1 ) / 2ki.tTBi .

i = 1 C1= (- 1 ) / 2k1.tTB1

i = 2 C2= (- 1 ) / 2k2.tTB2Thay C1 vo ta c:

C2 = [-1 ]/2k2.tTB2 .

( 3 . 7 )

141 + iii Ctk

01141 Ctk+

12241 Ctk+

111122 2/)411(41 tkCtktk o++



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*Khi th; tch cc thi6t b< trong h> th:ng bhng nhau:

VRi = VRj tTBi = tTBj = tTB . v nhi>t9A Z cc thi6t b< bhng nhau:

Ti = Tj ki = kj = k .

bA chuy;n ho c^a ph3n4ng bEc 0 trong h>

th:ng n thi6t b< n:i ti6p theo cng th4c (3.5) thnh: Xn0 = ( C0 - Cn ) / C0 = n.k.tTB/ C0 . ( 3 . 5 )'

bA chuy;n ho c^a ph3n4ng bEc 1 trong h>th:ng n thi6t b< n:i ti6p theo cng th4c (3.6) thnh:

Xn1

= 1 - Cn/C0 = 1 - ( 1 + k . tTB )-n

. ( 3 . 6 )'



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b/Ph51ng php dlng hnh:

Ph51ng trnh (3.4) c th; vi6t l2iZ d2ng: Ri = -Ci/ tTBi + C i-1/ tTBi . ( 3 . 8 )

V6 tri c^a pt (3.8) l hm s: xc9


107/520

9/12/2012107

Ph51ng php dlng hnh

b5Gng thBng bi;u diQn v6 ph3i c h> s:gc l -1/tTBi.

b5Gng thBng9Fu tin ( i = 1 ) bit9Fu tf

tr?c honh t2i C0 vYi h> s: gc l -1/tTB1giao9i;m c^a95Gng thBng ny vYi95Gng cong R c to2 9A 4ng vYi C1 v R1,l n*ng9A chOt ph3n4ngvvEn t:c ph3n

4ngZ thi6t b< 1.



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Ph51ng php dlng hnh

Tf C1

trn tr?c honh ve 95Gng thBng vYi h>s: gc l -1/tTB2, ta95Pc C2 v R2 ... v c4 th6ti6p t?c96n khi92t Cn C yu cFu.

Bi ton995Pc gi3i, ta tm95Pc s: thi6t b< n

c^a h> th:ng cjng nh5 cc thng s: n*ng9AchOt ph3n4ng C v vEn t:c ph3n4ng R trongtfng thi6t b< .

N6u nhi>t9A Z cc thi6t b< khc nhau, ki- kj,

4ng vYi mSi nhi>t9A ph3i ve 95Gng bi;u diQnRi = ki . f (C) t51ng4ng .


Ph51ng php dlng hnh


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Ph51ng php dlng hnh



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Bi tEp 3.2-

Ph3n4ng thuEn ngh th:ng n6u lOy VRn =VR1/10.


LGi gi3i:


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LGi gi3i:

a/bIt n*ng9A c^a B v C Z tr2ng thi cn

bhng lCBcb = CCcb = Ccb. Ta c: CAcb = 1,5 - 2Ccb.

Kcb = C2cb / (1,5 - 2Ccb )2 =16.

Gi3i95Pc Ccb = 0,667 kmol/m3.

X yu cFu bhng 80% tr2ng thi cn bhngnn n*ng9A yu cFu c^a B v C nh5 sau:

CByu cFu = C Cyu cFu = 0,80.Ccb=0,80.0,667 = 0,533 kmol/m3.



112/520

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VEy CAyu cFu

= 1,5 - 2 . 0,533 = 0,434 kmol/m3.

Ph51ng trnh vEn t:c c^a ph3n4ng thuEn ngh


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VEn t:c ph3n4ng trong h> th:ng ph3n4ng mAt thi6t b< l:

RA(1) = 10 [ (0,434)2 - (0,533)2/16 ]

= 1,7 kmol/m3.h.

Tf pt 9Ic tr5ng (3.4) vYi i = 1 ta c:

tTB1 = VR1 / FV = ( C0 - C1 ) / R1 . Do 9: VR1 = FV . ( C0 - C1 ) / R1 .

Thay s: vo , ta95Pc:

VR1 = 100 ( 1,5 - 0,434 ) / 1,7 = 62,7 m3.



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b/N6u lOy VRn = 1/10 VR1 = 6,27 m3, 9; tm s:

thi6t b< n c^a h> th:ng khuOy n:i ti6p ta dngph51ng php dlng hnh. Ve 95Gng bi;u diQnRA ph? thuAcvoCA theo ph51ng trnh vEn t:c(3.9): cho CA cc gi tr< tf 0 96n 1,5 kmol/m

3

Xc9


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Tf CA = CA0 = 1,5 kmol/m3

ve 95Gng thBngt2o vYi tr?c honh gcr:

tg = - 1/tTB= - 100/6,27 = -15,9

b5Gng thBng ny cit95Gng cong RAZ9i;m c to2 9A CA1 = 0,94 kmol/m3

v RA1 = 8,9 kmol/m3.h



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Tf CA1 ti6p t?c ve 95Gng thBng song song vYi

95Gng thBng tr5Yc( v cng h> s: gc ) ta95Pcgiao9i;m th4 2 vYi to2 9A t51ng4ng lCA2 v RA2( hnh 3.3 ), c4 th6 ti6p t?c95Pc k6t qu3 nh5 sau:

CA1 = 0,94 kmol/m3 RA1 = 0,89 kmol/m3.h

CA2 = 0,68 RA2 =4,52

CA3 = 0,52 RA3 = 2,65

CA4 = 0,42 RA4 = 1,70



117/520

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9/12/2012118

Nh5 vEy CA4 < CA yu cFu , ta c s: thi6t b th:ng n = 4 .

Cjng cFn l5u rhng th; tch cc thi6t b th:ng l 4 . 6,27 = 25 m3

, nhmh1n nhiTu so vYi th; tch ph3n4ng khidng mAt thi6t b


119/520

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IV/CVC TR&NG NHI#T TRONG THIXT BYPH[N ]NG

Ph3n4ng ho hUc lun c hi>u4ngnhi>t, th5Gng kh lYn9; c th; thay

9Li nhi>t9A c^a qu trnh. Nhi>t9A l thng s: c5Gng tnh, 3nh

h5Zng m2nh96n vEn t:c ph3n4ng.Do 9 kh:ng ch6 nhi>t9A ph3n4nglin quan96n lm vi>c an ton c^athi6t b< v qu trnh s3n xuOt.



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Cc gi3i php duy tr ch6 9A nhi>t cho ph3n4ng3nh h5Zng96n k6t cOu, hnh d2ng c^a thi6t bTBP(chK 92t95Pc khi

tho3 mn pt sau: QR = QS ( 4 . 1 )

QR - Nhi>t ph3n4ng trong91n v< thGi gian.

QS - Nhi>t trao9Li trong91n v< thGi gian.


IV 1 ChE


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IV.1-ChE p, 9Ic bi>t khicng suOt lYn, 9; 93m b3o n.ng suOtcjng nh5 9A chuy;n ho X câ qu trnhph3n4ng.

Ch6 9A nhi>t t:i5u ph? thuAc vo9Ictr5ng nhi>t9Ang, 9Ang hUc câ ph3n4ng cjng nh5 tnh n.ng câ xc tc

Cho nn ch6 9A nhi>t t:i5u9a d2ng, tu.tfng tr5Gng hPp c? th;.



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Vi d?: C ph3n4ng thuEn nght: A B

Hhng s: vEn t:c ph3n4ng thuEn: k1 = k10 . e-E1/RT

Hhng s: vEn t:c ph3n4ng nght t:i5u93m b3o vEn t:c ph3n4ng lYn nhOt bhng cch cho dRA / dT = 0:

dRA/dT =

k10.CA0.(1-XA).e-E1/RT.E1/RT2 - k20.CA0.XA.e-E2/RT.E2/RT2 = 0 .



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k10.(1-XA).e-E1/RT(t).E1 = k20. XA.e

-E2/RT(t).E2 .

LOy loga c3 hai v6:

ln [ k10.(1-XA).E1] - E1/RT(t5) =

ln ( k20.XA.E2 ) - E2/RT(t5) .

Tf 9:

(E2 - E1)/RT(t5) = ln [ k20.E2.XA/k10.E1.(1-XA).

T(t) = (E2

- E1

)/Rln[k20

.E2

.XA

/k10

.E1

.(1 - XA

)].

( 4 . 2 )



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Nh5 vEy,ch6 9A nhi>t t:i5uZ tr5Gng hPp ph3n

4ng thuEn nght phF thu6c vo


125/520

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B/ng cch nh v:y qu trnh ph(n *ng trong thiEt bK


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theo


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IV.2-Cc gi(i php duy tr chE

t qua thnh:

-Thi6t b< lo2i thng c khuOy vYi v` b2c ngoiv ;ng xoOn trong thi6t bt rOt lYn, th5Gng dng cho

ph3n4ng pha kh to3 nhiTu nhi>t.


b/Dng tc nhn mang nhi>t l kh lmng hay rin:


128/520

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b/Dng tc nhn mang nhi>t l kh, lmng hay rin:

-Kh: Kh tr1, kh chyZ nhi>t9A cao ... vth5Gng dng h1i n5Yc ( c s0n trong nhmy v dQ tch khmi s3n ph`mhydrocacbon bhng cch lm l2nh ng5ng t?v phn ly, ngoi ra h1i n5Yc cn gi3mt2o c:c bm vo thnh thi6t b< ).

-Lmng: Dung mi hay cc chOt tr1 c tronghSn hPp ph3n4ng.



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-Rin: VEt li>u rin cht nh5 g:m, s4,cc vEt li>u silict ... v c3 xc tc rin,9i;n hnh l qu trnh cr.cking xc tc lph3n4ng thu nhi>t, xc tc mau mOt ho2t

tnh do b< ph^ c:c bT mIt nn ph3i dnglYp xc tc chuy;n9Ang v tuFn hongiJa thi6t b< ph3n4ng v thi6t b< ti sinhb.ng ph3n4ng9:t c:c to3 nhi>t nh5 Z

hnh 4.4



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c/Tfng phFn o2n nhi>t c trao Li nhi>t


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c/Tfng phFn o2n nhi>t c trao Li nhi>ttrung gian:

-Gi:ng m hnh 4.1. -"i;n hnh l thi6t b< reforming xc tc,hydro ho xc tc ...

-VYi TBP(thng c khuOy nh!Z hnh 4.5.



132/520

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d/biTu chKnh nhi>t9A

ban 9Fu T09:i vYicc qu trnh9o2nnhi>t.

e/Bay h1i cOu t_ cnhi>t9A si xOp xKnhi>t9A ph3n4ngvYi h> th:ng lml2nh ng5ng t? v chochOt lmng quay vT

TBP(( hnh 4.6 ).



133/520

9/12/2012133

g/B1m

tuFn honhSn hPpph3n4ngqua thi6t

b< trao9Linhi>t( h.4.7).



134/520

9/12/2012134

IV.3-bIc tnh tl nhi>t: -L cc qu trnh tl x3y ra sau khi95Pc "m*i ".

-biTu ki>n tl nhi>t:

Ph3n4ng to3 nhi>t9^ lYn9; c th; 95a nhi>t

9A hSn hPp ph3n4ng tf nhi>t9A ban 9Fu T096n nhi>t9A lm vi>c c^a thi6t bt giJa s3n ph`m haykh:i ph3n4ng vYi nguyn li>u9i vo.biTu ki>nny ph? thuAc vo9Ic tr5ng v k6t cOu c^athi6t b< ph3n4ng.



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9/12/2012135

-Cc lo,i thiEt bK c kh( n7ng tR nhi%t:

a/Thi6t b< lo2i thng c khuOy:NhG khuOy nguyn li%u


136/520

9/12/2012136


b/Thi6t b< h3 4 d l_ Thi6t b


137/520

9/12/2012137

b/Thi6t b< ph3n4ng d2ng ngUn l_a: Thi6t bt cao nh5 qu trnh cloho ( 9:t hydro trong mi tr5Gng clo9; s3nxuOt HCl ) hay qu trnh oxy ho mAt phFnhydrocacbon9; s3n xuOt axtylen.

Trong khng gian chEt h4p c^a ngUn l_a nhi>t

9A thay9Li tf T0 rOt thOp96n nhi>t9A cao9;c th; tl b:c chy, nghMa l ta c gradien vPnhi%t t (hnh 4.8b ).



138/520

9/12/2012138

c/Thi6t b< ph3n4ng lo2i:ng:

-b; c th; tl nhi>t cFn c sl ( hnh 4.9b ).trao t9A lm vi>c c^a lYp xc tc cjng nh5nhi>t9A T1 theo thGi gian lm vi>c c^a xctc bhng cch 9iTu chKnh thng s:.



139/520

9/12/2012139


c/Qu trnh nhm Z ph,m vi khuEch tn ngoi:


140/520

9/12/2012140

c/Qu trnh nhmZ ph,m vi khuEch tn ngoi:

- Th5Gng gIp khi ti6n hnh ph(n *ng xc tckh- rOn, to( nhi%t G nhi%t tgiJa bT mIt xc tc v pha kh, nn nhi%t


141/520

9/12/2012141

- Qu trnh cng nghi>p:

+Oxy ho NH3 thnh oxit nit1 trnxc tc d2ng l5Yi Pt-RhZ nhi>t9A 800 -8500C.

+Amonoxi ho CH4 thnh HCN

trn xc tc d2ng l5Yi Pt-RhZ 1000 -12000C.

+Oxi9hydro ho mtanol thnhfomaldhit trn xc tc Ag Z 650 - 7200C( hnh 4.10b).



142/520

9/12/2012142

-b; qu trnh c th; ti6n hnh tl nhi>t, khimG my cQn ph(i t9A ph3n4ng xu:ng 200 - 3000C, gi3mphn hua fomal9ehit t2o thnhZ nhi>t9A caotheo ph3n4ng: CH2O CO + H2



143/520

9/12/2012143



144/520

+Kh(o st QR :


145/520

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QR Gi3 s_ c ph3n4ng bEc 1 chuy;n ho chOt A, to3 nhi>t,

khng thuEn ngh


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pt (4.4) c d2ng chJ S, ngoi ra khi cc

thng s: khc nh!

VR, FV thay

Li ta!

PcmAt hU !Gng cong S trong mIt phBng vYitr?c to2 A QR - T nh!hnh 4.11.


3


147/520

9/12/2012147

+Kh3os tQS: QS c hai thnh phFn: - Trao9Li nhi>t vYi nguyn li>u vo, nhit9A nguyn li>u tf T0

T.

-Trao9Li nhi>t qua thnh.

QS = FV..CP( T - T0 ) + K.F. ( T - TC ). ( 4 . 5 ) hay

QS = ( FV..CP+ K.F ) T - ( FV..CP.T0 + K.F.TC )

Trong9: - Kh:i l5Png ring câ hSn hPp ph3n4ng.

CP- Nhi>t dung ring câ hSn hPp ph3n4ng.T - Nhi>t9A ph3n4ng.

T0- Nhi>t9A vo. K - H> s: trao9Li nhi>t qua thnh.

F - BT mIt trao9Li nhi>t câ thi6t bt9A thnh thi6t b


148/520

9/12/2012 148

"!Gng bi;u diQn c^a QS theo T l!Gng thBng, khi F thay Li ta c cc

!Gng thBng vYi h> s: gc thay Li (hnh 4.12a ), khi T0 thay Li c cc!Gng thBng song song (hnh 4.12b).



149/520

9/12/2012149


Nh5 vEy c th; c 3 giao 9i;m giJa


150/520

9/12/2012150

Nh5 vEy, c th; c 3 giao9i;m giJa

95Gng QR d2ng chJ S v95Gng thBngQS, nghMa l c 3 tr,ng thi dNng c>ah% th;ng ( hnh 4.13 ).Tr2ng thi dfng 1c T1 thOp v QR1,QS19Tu thOp, ph3n

4ng hFu nh5 khng x3y ra. Tr2ng thidfng 3 Z nhi>t9A cao T3 do 9 c9Achuy;n ho cao , l9iTu ta mong9Pi.Tr2ng thi dfng 2 khngLn9


151/520

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b/Tr,ng thi dNng phF thu6c vochiPu thay a cc thng s; vbi%n php mBi ph(n *ng:

a/Gi3 s_ FV thay9Li, cc thng s:khc c: 9t9A

dfng tf T196n T9 nh5 hnh 4.14.



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153/520

9/12/2012153

-Khi FV

t.ng tf thOp ln cao ta95Pc cc95Gng QR lFn l5Pt l A, B, C, D v E, cctr2ng thi dfng l 9, 8, 7, 6 v 1.

-Ng5Pc l2i, khi FV gi3m tf cao xu:ng,cc95Gng QR lFn l5Pt l E, D, C, B v A,

cc tr2ng thi dfng l 1, 2, 3, 4 v 9. Nh5 vEy, tr,ng thi dNng phF thu6c

vo chiPu thay a FV nh5 Z hnh4.15



154/520

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TdNng

FVEDCBA

9 8 7

6

3

4

21

H.4.15- Cc nhi%t


155/520

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Tf 9 rt ra cch m*i ph3n4ng: Khi mZ my ban 9Fu dng l5u l5Png

dng FV thOp9; ph3n4ng ti6n hnhZtr2ng thi dfng c9A chuy;n ho vnhi>t9A dfng cao ( T9 ), sau9 t.ngdFn FV96n n.ng suOt thi6t k6 ( nh5ngkhng th; t.ng qu95Gng D ).


b/Gi3 s_ T thay 9Li cc thng s: khc c: 9


156/520

9/12/2012156

b/Gi3 s_ T0 thay9Li, cc thng s: khc c: 9


157/520

9/12/2012157


Tf 9 rt ra bi>n php m*i ph3n4ng:


158/520

9/12/2012158

f 9 t a b > p p * p 3 4 g

khi mG my t9A v9A chuy;n ho cao, m khng bt9A v9Achuy;n ho thOp( tuy rhng vYi cc95Gng QS lB, C v D ta c th; gIp cc tr 2ng thi dfng 2, 3v 4).


c/bA Ln9


159/520

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-Tr 2ng thi dfng 5 ( hnh 4.14 v 4.16a )khngLn9 T5,lc9 QR > QS, h> th:ng95Pc9un nng bhngnhi>t ph3n4ng v96n T7

Ng5Pc l2i khi T < T5 th QR < QS, h> b< nguAi9iv vT T3.

Tf 9 c th; rt ra9iTu ki>nLn9 dQR/ dT ( 4 . 6 )


IV.5-bIc tr5ng nhi>t c^a thi6t b


160/520

9/12/2012160

I g > t9A

c^a thi6t b< lo2i ny thay t9A trong:ng c trFc t9A trong khnggian thi6t b< theo hai thng s: l v r.


/Ph b; hi%t


161/520

9/12/2012161

a/Phn b; nhi%t t khng c trao9Li nhi>t quathnh, ch3y r:i hay c lYp h2t xc tc tMnh ( mhnhbLT ):

-Nhi>t9A 9*ng9Tu theo h5Yng95Gng knh:ng ( h5Yng r ).

-Nhi>t9A thay9Li theo h5Yng tr?c:ng (h5Yng l ).

-Ph? thuAcvovEn t:c ph3n4ng ( ho2t tnhxc tc ) ta c hnh3nh nhi>t9A nh5 hnh 4.17



162/520

9/12/2012162


*Ph3n4ng to3 nhi>t c trao9Li nhi>t qua thnh:


163/520

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-Nhi>t9A thay9Li theo c3 hai h5Yng l v r .

-C1 ch6 truyTn nhi>t trong lYp h2t c 3 thnhphFn:

+DWn nhi%t c>a l@p h,t: b v h2t x:pv d i>n

ti6p xc nhm.+DWn nhi%t c>a lu th=: pha kh th5Gng nhm.

+TruyPn nhi%t do dng lu th= chuy=n t9A cao nhOt ( ph3n4ng


164/520

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g > A ( p gthu nhi>t c hnh3nh ng5Pc l2i ).

-Trn tm:ng th5Gng t*n t2i Tmax , n!iph(n *ng x(y r a m,nh ma do nhi%t t9A vYi cc95Gng9*ng m4c T c th; diQn t3 Z hnh4.18



165/520

9/12/2012165


CFn tnh thm thnh phFn khu6ch tn theo h5Yng95Gng knhYi h> : kh 6 h t l D 9 t At th4


166/520

9/12/2012166

vYi h> s: khu6ch tn ngang l Drv95a vo pt mAt th4nguyn (2.27).

+Tnh thnh phFn kt ngang ( k hi>u l A ) cho nguyn t:th; tch 2r.dr.dl theo hnh 4.19


A = L5Pn g r a - L5Png vo


167/520

9/12/2012167

A L5Pn g r a L5Png vo

= -Dr.2(r+dr)dl.(C+C/r.dr)/r- (-Dr).2rdl. C/r.

A/2dl= -Dr [(r+dr).(C+C/r.dr)/r - r .C/r].

A/2dl= -Dr ( r.2C/r2.dr + C/r.dr + 2C/r2.dr2 ).

S: h2ng2C/r2.dr2 qu b, bm qua v chia ti6pcho rdr:

A/2r.dr.dl = -Dr ( 2C/r2 + 1/r.C/r ) (4 . 7)


b5a thnh phFn khu6ch tn ngang A / 2r.dr.dl tf (4.7) vo pt


168/520

9/12/2012168

(2.27):

v.C/l - Dl.2C/l2 - Dr(2C/r2 + 1/r.C/r) + R = 0. ( 4 . 8 )

Qu trnh truyTn nhi>t t51ng tl chuy;n chOt, nn c th; vi6t:

v.CP.T/l -l.2T/l2 -r(

2T/r2 + 1/r.T/r)

+ ( -HR)i . Ri = 0. i= 1, n. ( 4 . 9 )

Trong9:+ CP-Nhi>t dung ring c^a hSn hPp ph3n4ng.+ l -H> s: truyTn nhi>t theo h5Yng tr?c:ng.

+ r-H> s: truyTn nhi>t theo h5Yng95Gng knh:ng.

+(-HR)i-Nhi>t c^a ph3n4ng th4 i.


Nh5 vEy:


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v.C/l -Chuy;n chOt vYi dng ch3y c vEn t:cv.

v.CP.T/l -TruyTn nhi>t do dng chOt mangnhi>t.

-l.2T/l2 -TruyTn nhi>t theo h5Yng tr?c:ng.

-r(2T/r2 + 1/r.T/r) -TruyTn nhi>t theo

h5Yng95Gng knh:ng.

(-HR)i.Ri -TLng nhi>t ph3n4ng chnh v ph?.



170/520


171/520

9/12/2012171


-Xc


172/520

9/12/2012172

Dng FV 9i qua nguyn t: th; tch S.dl, nhi>t

9A thay9Li l dT v n*ng9A chOt ph3n4ng thay9Li mAt92i l5Png l dC (hnh 4.21)


Ta c pt cn b/ng n7ng l$ng c>a dng


173/520

9/12/2012173

- FV..dh + dQ = 0 ( 4 . 10 )

Trong a dng.

HR- Entalpi c>a ph(n *ng.

- Kh;i l$ng ring c>a h\n h$p ph(n *ng.

dQ- Nhi%t trao


174/520

9/12/2012174

dQ = -K.( T - TC ).P.dl

K- H> s: trao9Li nhi>t qua thnh.

TC- Nhi>t9A câ thnh.

P- Chu vi câ:ng ph3n4ng.

Ta c bn knh thua llc câ:ng ph3n4ng:

RTL = S/P P = S/RTL.

dQ = -K.(T - TC).S.dl / RTL.

Thay vo pt (4.10)

-FV..(CP.dT + HR.dC) - K.(T - TC).S.dl / RTL = 0. ( 4 . 11 )


Ph51ng trnh cn bhng vEt chOt trong S.dl vYi vEnt: h3 4 l R


175/520

9/12/2012175

t:c ph3n4ng l R:

FV..dC = S.dl.R S.dl = FV..dC / R.

Thay S.dl vo pt (4.11) v chia cho FV.

-CP.dT -HR.dC - K.(T - TC).dC / RTL.R = 0.

( 4 . 12 ) T2i T = Tmax th dT = 0, ta c:

-HR.dC - K.(Tmax- TC).dC /RTL.R = 0. Tf 9

Tmax = TC + (-HR).R.RTL/ K ( 4 . 13 )


Tf (4.13): Tmax ta l> thuEn vYi nhi>t ph3n4ng (-

H ) vEn t:c ph3n 4ng (R) v 95Gng knh :ng


176/520

9/12/2012176

HR), vEn t:c ph3n4ng (R) v95Gng knh:ng

ph3n4ng (RTL).VYi ph3n4ng c hi>u4ng nhi>tv kho3ng nhi>t9A thch hPp khc nhau cFnthi6t k6 kch th5Yc:ng ph3n4ng ph hPp:

-Khi nhi>t ph3n4ng trong kho3ng 50 96n

200 Kj/mol, 95Gng knh:ng ph3n4ng c th; tf20 96n 70 mm ph? thuAc vo9A nh2y câ slthay9Li9A chUn lUc hay câ ho2t tnh xc tcvo nhi>t9A.

-CFn l5u rhng khi gi3m95Gng knh:ngcâ thi6t b< :ng chm th s: :ng se t.ng m2nhv do 9 gi thnh thi6t b< t.ng vUt ln.


Tf (4.13):


177/520

9/12/2012177

Tmax ta l> thuEn vYi v:n t;c ph(n *ng R,nghMa l vYi ho,t tnh xc tc. Trong tr5GnghPp cFn thi6t c th; s_ d?ng xc tc c ho2ttnh thOp (hay xc tc cj) Z 9Fu:ng ph3n4ng9; gi3m gi tr < c^a Tmax .

Tmax ta l> ngh s: trao9Li nhi>t Knn cFn l5u vi>c s_ d?ng tc nhn trao9Linhi>t cjng nh5 lm s2ch bT mIt trao9Li nhi>t9; 93m b3o K c gi tr < lYn.


Tf (4.13):C :i T ta l> th E Yi hi>t 9A


178/520

9/12/2012178

Cu:i cng Tmax ta l> thuEn vYi nhi>t9A

c^a chOt t3i nhi>t TC.

Tuy vEy, ZTBP(nhi>t9A chOt t3i nhi>t TCqu thOp se lm nguAi lYp xc tc v do9 t:c9A ph3n4ng cjng nh5 n.ng suOtthi6t b< thOp.

biTu9 lin quan96n9Ic9i;m


179/520

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Chnh tf 9Ic9i;m ny ph3i ti6n hnh gi3inhi>t cho cc ph3n4ng to3 nhi>tZ nhi>t9A xOp xKnhi>t9A ph3n4ng.

V d?, khi nhi>t9A ph3n4ng l 3000C nh5

Z qu trnh oxy ho mtanol thnhfomaldhit trn xc tc oxit Fe-Mo ph3ilm l2nh bhng dFu nngZ 260-2700C( hnh 4.22).



180/520

9/12/2012180


c/bA nh2y nhi>t c^aTBP( lo2i :ng:


181/520

9/12/2012181

c/bA nh2y nhi>t câTBP( lo2i:ng:

-bA nh2y thng s: l hi>n t5Png x3y ra khimAt thng s: no9 c thay9Li t51ng9:i nhmnh5ng h> th:ng TBP(c sl thay9Li lYn, vYithng s: l nhi>t9A ta c9A nh2y nhi>t.

-MAt v d? 9:i vYi ph3n4ng bEc1, khngthuEn nght9 tm thOy9A nh2y cânhi>t9A 9i;m nng Tmax9:i vYi cc thng s:TC, K/RTL vT 9o2n nhi>t.

Hnh 4.23 diQn t3 sl thay9Li nhi>t9A Tmax

khi nhi>t9A ban 9Fu câ hSn hPp T0=340 K,cn TC thay9Li tf 300 96n 342,5 K



182/520

9/12/2012182


Nhn hnh ve ta thOy mi96n khi TC=335 K,nhi>t 9A trong :ng ph3n 4ng t thay 9Li theo


183/520

9/12/2012183

nhi>t9A trong:ng ph3n4ng t thay9Li theo

chiTu di:ng, c th; ni lYp xc tc b< nguAi vvEn t:c ph3n4ng thOp, do 99A chuy;n ho Xkhng92t y u cFu.

Khi t.ng TC thm 2,5 K (TC=337,5 K) 95Gng

bi;u diQn nhi>t9A t2i tm:n g c clc92i caoh1n T096n 80 K (Tmax=420 K).

Khi t.ng TC ln mAt t nJa (TC=342,5 K) nhi>t9A 9i;m nng v5Pt nhi>t9A ban 9Fu96n 100K.


. d/bA Ln9


184/520

9/12/2012184

-Khc vYi TBP(lo2i thng c khuOy, ph3n4ng ti6n hnh trong thi6t b< lo2i:ng lun lunLn9 th:ng quay vTtr2ng thi cj.

-oTBP(lo2i:ng c trao9Li nhi>t giJas3n ph`m9i ra v nguyn li>u vo ( hay c trao9Li nhi>t giJa lYp xc tc vYi nguyn li>u vo )

c th; c tr2ng thi dfng khngLn9 h3 4 Yi t i Ot h I t


185/520

9/12/2012185

-H> ph3n4ng vYi xc tc r in rOt hay gIp trong

cng nghi>phohUc ni chung v ring9:i vYicng nghi>phodFu.

-Cc vOn9T 95Pc9It ra9:i vYi h> ph3n4ng d< th; ny l:

BT mIt ti6p xc pha.Cc bi>n php duy tr ch6 9A nhi>t t:i5u

cho qu trnh: rOt quan trUng v3nh h5Zng96ncOu t2o v hnh dng c^a thi6t bu suOt s_ d?ng bT mItbn trong c^a xc tc:


186/520

9/12/2012186

Gi3i php93m b3o bT mIt ti6p xc pha c^ah> kh rin l s_ d?ng xc tc x:p c bT mItbn trong rOt pht tri;n, tf 1-2 m2/g 96n gFn1000 m2/g.

a/Cc9.c tr5ng c^a xc tc x:p:

+BP mMt ring:

K hi>u - SR, 91n v< - m2/g.


MAt s: vEt li>u x:p thng d?ng:


187/520

9/12/2012187

MAt s: vEt li>u x:p thng d?ng:

Diatomit: SR = 5 - 10 m2/g.Al2O3 ho2t tnh,silicagel: SR = 200 - 400 m2/g.Zolit: SR =700 - 800 m2/g.Than ho2t tnh: SR = 800 -1000 m2/g.

VYi cOu trc h2t c^a vEt li>u x:p: c h2t s1cOp v h2t th4 cOp, bT mIt ring l tLng bTmIt cc h2t s1 cOp trong 1 gam vEt li>u.

BT mIt ring95Pc xc9u 91n v< cm3/g


188/520

9/12/2012188

K hi>u -, 91n v< - cm3/g.

L kho3ng tr:ng giJacch2t s1 cOpv t h4 cOptrong vEt li>u x:p.

Ph? thuAcvosl sip x6p (s: ph:i tr) c^a cch2t s1 cOpv t h4 cOp, 9A x:pc t h; thay9Li tf

0,1 96n 1cm3

/g.Th5Gng s: ph:i tr gi3m th9Ax:p t.ng v9A bTn c1 hUc c^a vEt li>u gi3m.

b5Pc tnh tf kh:i l5Png ring thEt v kh:il5Png ring bi;u ki6n theo cng th4c:

= 1/bk

- 1/thEt

. ( 5 . 1 )


+Phn b; l\ x;p theo kch th@c:


189/520

9/12/2012189

LS x:p c kch th5Yc khc nhau do slsip x6p c^a cc h2t s1 cOpv th4 cOp,c th; diQn t3 theo m hnh 5.1, phnchia thnh lS x:pb ( 95Gng knh d5Yi

0,2 nm ), lS x:p trung (tf 0,2 96n 50 nm)v lS x:p lYn (trn 50 nm).

Phn b: lS x:p theo kch th5Yc95Pcxc9


190/520

9/12/2012 190


+H% s; khuEch tn hi%u dFng:

bA x:p v phn b: lS x:p theo kch th5Yc l nhJng y6u t:6 6


191/520

9/12/2012191

A p p p g yquan trUng3nh h5Zng96n qu trnh khu6ch tn trong xc tc

x:p.H> s: khu6ch tn hi>u d?ng De trong h2t xc tc c th; diQn t3theo cng th4c sau:

De = D . / ( 5 . 2 )

Trong9 D - H> s: khu6ch tn trong pha kh.

- bA x:p câ xc tc.

- H> s: ni ln tr2ng thi hnh hUc câ lS x:p: 9Aquanh co, g* ghT câ bT mIt lS x:p, sl thay9Li95Gng knh câlS x:p...

Th5Gng ta s:/ c gi tr< tf 1/10 96n 1/20 v h> s: khu6ch tnhi>u d?ng c th; 95Pc xc9m.


b/Hi%u su8t sU dFng bP mMt bn trongc>a xc tc :


192/520

9/12/2012192

c>a xc tc:

Ngoi h% s; khuEch tn hi%u dFng De, cn phF thu6c vo v:n t;c ph(n*ng bP mMt (t*c ho,t tnh c>a xc tc)

, vo kch th@c v hnh d,ng c>a h,txc tc.

GQn


193/520

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Trong a h,t xc tc.

.Sh - BP mMt ngoi c>a h,t xc tc.

.Vh/Sh -4Mc trng cho kch th@ch,t xc tc:

V@i h,t hnh trF bn knh R, Vh/Sh = R/2.

V@i h,t hnh cQu bn knh R, Vh/Sh = R/3.

.RS - V:n t;c ph(n *ng bP mMt.


.Th - Hm tang hyperbolic. Sl ph? thuAc votheo pt (4.3) 95Pcdi;n t3 Z hnh 5.2.


194/520

9/12/2012 194


Tf (5.3) v (5.4), khi kch th5Yc c^a h2t t lY (V /S lY ) E t: h3 4


195/520

9/12/2012195

xc tc lYn (Vh/S

hlYn), vEn t:c ph3n4ng

bT mIt lYn v h> s: khu6ch tn hi>u d?ngb thlYn, do 9 hi>u suOt s_ d?ng bTmIt xc tc c gi tr< thOp. Tf 9Ic tr5ngc^a hm tang hyperbolic ta c:

-Khi< 1 th th= , do 9 = 1.

-Khi 3 th th= 1 , do 9 = 1/.


Do vEy vYi tfng qu trnh ph3n 4ng yu


196/520

9/12/2012196

Do vEy, vYi tfng qu trnh ph3n4ng yucFu xc tc c bT mIt ring, kch th5Ych2t v cOu trc x:p thch hPp9; c tch s:SR. clc92i. Ho2t tnh c^a mAt91n v 6 thng ).

H2t xc tc khng95Pc qu b,th5Gng kch th5Yc tf 3 96n 10 mm, 9; trZllc c^a l5u th; qua lYp khng qu lYn, vYil5Png xc tc lYn hay FV lYn dng l5u th;chuy;n9Ang theo h5Yng xuyn tm thay

cho h5Yng tr?c:ng.


Do kch th5Yc h2t xc tc lYn nn


198/520

9/12/2012198

Do kch th5Yc h2t xc tc lYn nnhi%u su8t sU dFng bP mMt xc tcthCng th8p.

TBP(th5Gng gIp:

-ThiEt bK ;ng chm, xc tc9It trong:ng,chOt t3i nhi>t9i giJa cc:ng.

-Thi6t b< c l@p xc tc


199/520

9/12/2012199

Dng cho xc tc mau mOt ho2t tnh v cth; lin t?c lOy xc tc9 lm vi>c ra 9em9iti sinh v bL sung xc tc c ho2t tnh cao voh> th:ng TBP(m khng ph3i ngfng qutrnh.

b; thlc hi>n lYp xc tc chuy;n9Angthi6t b< c cOu t2o ph4c t2p h1n, tuy nhin ho2t9A c^a lYp xc tc hFu nh5 khng thay9Litrong su:t qu trnh lm vi>c, 9 l mAt5u9i;m c1 b3n9:i vYi qu trnh lm vi>c lin t?c.

Xc tc cFn c9A bTn c1 hUc cao ch:ng

mi mn v v5 v?n trong khi chuy;n9Ang.


LYp xc tc chuy;n9Ang c 3 d2ng vYi nhJng9Ic9i;m ring: -LYp r1i: + H2t xc tc chuy;n9Ang nhG trUng llc. + Kch th5Yc h2t t51ng 951ng vYi lYp tMnh


200/520

9/12/2012200

+ Kch th5Yc h2t t51ng951ng vYi lYp tMnh.

+CFn c c1 cOu phn ph:i h2t xc tc9*ng9Tu trongkhip ti6t di>n c^a thi6t b< nh5 sng phn ph:i hnh 5.2.


+H> th:ng TBP(xc tc chuy;n9Ang lYp r1i c th; diQn t3 Z hnh5.4.


201/520

9/12/2012 201


-LYp si:


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*biTu ki>n t2o lYp si: Dng kh9i tf d5Yi lnng5Pc vYi chiTu trUng llc, khi vEn t:c dng kh9^ lYn llc nng câ dng kh cn bhng vYitrUng l5Png câ h2t rin, h2t rin bit9Fu l1l_ng, th; tch câ lYp nZ rAng ra, ta c tr2ngthi nh5 chOt lmng.

TrZ llc câ dng kh hFu nh5 khng thay9Likhi bit9Fu t2o tFng si nh5 Z hnh 5.4 .



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*Tnh chOt c^a lYp si:

Nh ch8t l`ng: MIt thong nhm ngang ch3y


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Nh ch8t l`ng: MIt thong nhm ngang, ch3y

nh5 chOt lmng, tun theo9


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h2t xc tc lYp si c ch6 9A chuy;n9Ang c^a dng gFn vYi m hnh KLT (hnh 5.5 )

HEu qu3 TGL c>a ch8t ph(n *ng trongl@p xc tc khng


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H> s: trao9Li nhi>t giJa lYp si v thnh lYn:Vai tr chnh c^a qu trnh trao9Li nhi>t giJa


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q g

lYp s i vYi thnh l do sl chuy=n a cc h,t rOn mang nhi%t.

VEn t:c trao9Li nhi>t c th; t.ng hng ch?clFn so vYi tr5Gng hPp chKc mi tr5Gng kh.

H> s: trao9Li nhi>t K ph? thuAcv o vEn t:cdng c^a kh nh5 Z hnh 5.6.

NhG tnh chOt ny lYp si ngy cng95Pc s_

d?ng cho cc qu trnh ph(n *ng xc tc to(nhiPu nhi%t.



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-LYp cu:n theo:

Khi vEn t:c dng kh lYn, cc h2t rin cu:n


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E g 2

theo dng kh t2o thnh lYp cu:n theo. Tr2ng thiny95Pc s_ d?ng rAng ri9; vEn chuy;nc c vEtli>u rGi d2ng h2t nn cn gUi l lYp vEn chuy;n.

Ph? thuAc vo9Ic tr5ng c^a h2t, vEn t:c khc th; gOp 2 96n 5 lFn vEn t:c h2t

Ch6 9A dng ch3y gFn vYi m hnh4LT, thGigian ti6p xc c^a pha kh vYi xc tc


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VI.1-L ;ng:

C bT mIt trao9Li nhi>t lYn vZ nhi>t9A cao ( > 3000C )bhng cch9:t nhin li>u lmng hay kh.

Th5Gng gIp trong cng nghi>p ho dFu vYi cc ch4c n.ngsau:

-TBPJcho cc qu trnh pha kh, kh-rOn, thu nhi%t G nhi%t

t phn hydrocacbon c mIt h1i n5Yc( steam cracking ) 9; s3n xuOt etylen v olefin, chuy;n ho kh tlnhin vYi h1i n5Yc ( steam refoming ) 9; s3n xuOt hi dro v kh tLnghPp (synthesis gases, thnh phFn g*m CO v H2), dehydroclo hodicloetan9; s3n xuOt vinyl clorua.

-ThiEt bK gia nhi%t hSn hPp nguyn li>u cho cc h> th:ngch5ng luy>n, cho cc h> th:ng TBP(nh5 cr.cking xc tc, refomingxc tc, dehidro ho xc tc...


COu t2o c^a l:ng g*m 2 phFn:

-Zn 9:i l5u: Nhi>t 9A thOp h1n c1 ch6


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Zn9:i l5u: Nhi>t9A thOp h1n, c1 ch6trao9Li nhi>t l do ti6p xc c55ng b4c giJa khchy vYi:ng tr5Yc khi9i ra:ng khi.

-Zn b4c x2: Nhi>t9A cao c^a bu*ng l_a,n1i9:t nhin li>u.C1 ch6 trao9Li nhi>t ch^ y6u

l do b4c x2 nhi>t c^a bu*ng l_a96n thnh:ng.

Nguyn li>u9i ng5Pc chiTu tf cu:i zn9:il5u96n zn b4c x2,Z 9y92t nhi>t9A cFn thi6tcho ph3n4ng, sau995Pc lm l2nh nhanh

trnh phn hua s3n ph`m v thu h*iZ d2ng h1in5Yc p suOt cao ( hnh 6.1 ).



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L c cng suOt nhi>t khc nhau


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bIc bi>t l:ng cho qu trnh cracking h1is3n xuOt etylen c cng suOt lYnvh i>n92i, vYi yu cFu95a nhanh nhi>t9A nguynli>u tf zn9:i l5uZ 450 - 5000C ln96nnhi>t9A ph3n4ng ( 800 - 9000C ) nn:ngtrong zn b4c x2 95Pc9It vo giJa9;95Pc b4c x2 tf hai pha ( hnh 6.2 ).



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H.6.1.3-L


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:ng choqu trnhRefomingh1i n5Yc

trong s1 9*cng ngh>s3n xuOtNH3 tf khtl nhin.


H.6.1.4-


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L :ngtrongcngngh>s3n xuOt

NH3 tfkh tlnhin.


VI.2- H> th:ng thi6t b< cr.cking xc tc: bIc tr5ng c^a ph3n4ng:


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-Ph3n4ng ph4c t2p: song song, n:i ti6p theo m hnhsau ( hnh 6.3 )



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b.c tr5ng c^a xc tc:


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-Xc tc nhanh chng m8t ho,ttnh do c:c t2o thnh che ph^ bT mIt,xc tc95Pc ti sinh bhng cch9:t c:cbT mIt vYi khng khZ 650 - 7200C theo

ph3n4ng to3 nhi>t:C + O2 (khng kh) COX + Q

Do vEy cFn ti6n hnh vYi lYp xc tc

chuy;n9Ang9; lin t?c lOy ra9i ti sinhv bL sung xc tc.


-Xc tc cr .cking hi>n nay ch4a zolit c ho2t


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tnh cao95Pc s_ d?ngZ d2ng h2t vi cFu vYi95Gng knh c5 0,05 96n 0,1 mm.

VYi tnh n.ng c^a xc tc nh5 vEy cng vYi9Ictr5ng n:i ti6p c^a ph3n4ng yu cFu TGL


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l5Png xc tc tuFn hon lYn v xc tcsau ti sinh c nhi>t9A cao nn n95Pclm chOt mang nhi>t cho ph3n4ngcr.cking ( nh5 Z hnh 4.4 )

Qu trnh ph3n4ng trong:ng94ng l9o2n nhi>t v ta l> xc tc/nguyn li>uquy6t9t9A ph3n4ng v9Achuy;n ho X.


Tf cc9Ic tr5ng9 niZ trn h> th:ng TBP(cr.ckingxc tc hi>n92i g*m:


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Thi6t b< ph3n4ng cr.cking d,ng ;ng


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b; 9:t c:c tri>t9; h1n trong lYp si vYi sl khuOytrAn m2nh câ lYp h2t, nhOt l vYi x u h5Yng s_d?ng nguyn li>u cho qu trnh cr.cking ngycng nIng h1n, hai tFng si n:i ti6p95Pc s_d?ng vYi tFng9FuZ nhi>t9A thOp h1n (630 -6500C) v tFng sauZ nhi>t9A cao h1n (96n7200C).

Vi>c chia thnh 2 tFng ti sinh xc tc nh5 vEyngoi vi>c9:t c:c tri>t9; do TGL câ h2t trongthi6t b< 9*ng9Tu cn gip cho xc tc trnh ti6pxc vYi h1i n5YcZ nhi>t9A cao v thnh phFnc:cZ tFng ti sinh sau hFu nh5 khng cn hidro.


n Hnh 6.4 trnh by mAt d2ng h> th:ngRCC câ UOP.


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Nguyn liuvpha phn tn

Pha phn tn

React ngng

Sn phm phnng

Khng kh thcp

Khng kh thcp

Khng kh scp

Thit b honnguyn xc tc 2giai on

Kh x sau honnguyn


H.6.2.3-H> th:ng FCC c^a ABB Lummus Global Inc.(Hydrocarbon Processing, November 2000, trang 107).


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H.6.2.4-H> th:ng FCC c^a Kellogg Brown &Root, Inc.

( nt , trang 108 )


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H.6.2.5-H> th:ng FCC c^a Shell Global SolutionsInternational B.V. ( nt , trang 108 )


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H.6.2.6-H> th:ng FCC c^a Stone & Webster Inc., aShaw Group Co/Institut Francais du Ptrole. ( nt ,trang 110 )


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H.6.2.7-H> th:ng FCC c^a UOP LLC.( nt , trang 110 )


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H.6.2.8-H> th:ng RCC(Resid Catalytic cracking) c^a Stone &Webter Inc., a Shaw Group Co. and Institut Francais du Ptrole.

( nt , trang 139 )


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H.6.2.8-H> th:ng MSCC c^a UOP LLC . 1-TB ti sinh; 2-TBP(3-zng dn xc tc nng9 ti sinh; 4-BA phEn t2o lYp r1i; 5-BAphEn nh3 hOp ph? s3n ph`m khmi bT mIt xc tc. ( nt , trang94 ).


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VI.3-H> th:ng TBP(s3n xuOt x.ng alkyl ho:

X.ng alkyl ho95Pc s3n xuOt bhng


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ph3n4ng alkyl ho izobutan vYi ccolefin C3, C4 vYi sl c mIt c^a xc tcl axit m2nh, nghMa l tf cc nguyn li>ukh chuy;n thnh s3n ph`m lmng, x.ngalkylat c tr< s: octan cao, khng ch4abenzen nn95Pc ch hi>n nay.

bIc tr5ng c^a ph3n4ng v xc tc:


-S1 9* ph3n4ng c th; trnh by nh5 sau:

+ C H + i-C4H10


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C4H8 + H 4 9

n-C4H10i-C4H9

+C4H8

i-C8H17+ i-C4H10

i-C8H18C4H8

i-C12H26

i-C16H34

Buten izo-Butan

Buten Tert-Butylcacbenium cation

izo-OctanButen

izo-Butanizo-Octyl cacbenium cation

H+

H+


-Tf nguyn li>u ban 9Fu buten v i-butan t2othnh x.ng vYi thnh phFn ch^ y6u l i-octan


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v hPp chOt ny trong9iTu ki>n ph3n4ng vYixc tc axit c th; ti6p t?c ph3n4ng vYi butenthnh hydrocacbon nIng C12, C16 ...l s3nph`m ph? v c nhi>t9A si cao trn 2000C,nhm ngoi thnh phFn c^a x.ng.

b; h2n ch6 ph3n4ng ph? ny v qu trnhpolime ho olefin trong cng nghi>p dng t" s;i-butan/buten l@n (tN 10 dEn 20) v h% th;ng

TBPJgQn v@i4LT , c thCi gian lu


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VYi xc tc H2SO4 v HF l h> d< th; lmng-lmngcFn t,o nhH t!ng p s_ d?ng h> th:ng nhiTu thi6t bt ph3n4ng bhng cc gi3i php


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sau: +VYi xc tc H2SO4, nhi>t9A ph3n4ng tf 0

96n 100C, bhng cch bay h1i i-butan ( Tsi = -110C ) trlc ti6p tf hSn hPp ph3n4ng nh5 cng

ngh> c^a Kellogg - Exxon ( hnh 6.5 ) hay trao9Li nhi>t qua thnh vYi alkylat nh5 cng ngh>c^a Stratco ( hnh 6.6 ).

+VYi xc tc HF, nhi>t9A ph3n4ng caoh1n ( 30 96n 500C ) c th; lm l2nh qua thnhbhng n5Yc ( hnh 6.8 v 6.9 ).


H> th:ng TBP(:


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-Cng ngh> Kellogg-Exxon vYi xc tcH2SO4 g*m 5 thng c khuOy n:i ti6p9Ittrong thi6t b< d2ng:ng nhm ngang d5Yip suOt tf 0,3 96n 0,7 MPa ph? thuAc

vo thnh phFn c^a nguyn li>u, h1i i-butan t2o thnh do gi3i nhi>t ph3n4ng tf5 thng95Pc tEp trung v9i raZ 9Knhthi6t b< d2ng:ng96n h> th:ng nn v

lm l2nh ho lmng.


H.6.3.1-H> th:ng TBP(s3n xuOt x.ng alkyl

ho c^a Kellog-Exxon


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H.6.3.2-H> th:ng TBP(alkyl ho nhmngang, lm l2nh qua thnh c^a Stratco.


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H.6.3.4-TBP(alkyl ho vYi xc tc HF c^aPhillips.


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H.6.3.5- TBP(alkyl ho vYi xc tc HF c^aUOP.


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-VYi xc tc r in-cng ngh> mYi9ang nghinc4u pht tri;n, c th; 95a ra TBP(c^a cng

h> Ak l ^ UOP Z h h 6 10


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ngh>Akylene câ UOP Z hnh 6.10.

* Xc tc mau mOt ho2t tnh do polime bmvo bT mIt xc tc nn s_ d?ng lYp xc tcchuy;n9Ang9; lin t?c thay th6 v ti sinh xc

tc: dng lYp cu:n theo9; TGL 9*ng9Tu theoyu cFu câ ph3n4ng.

* Ti sinh xc tc bhng cch dng i-butanbo ho hidro9; kh_ n:i9i gi3m kh3 n.ng

hOp ph? câ cc hPp chOt nIng khng no lnbT mIt xc tc v r _a s2ch bT mIt.


H.6.3.6-TBP(alkyl ho vYi xc tc r in theo cng ngh>Alkylene

câ UOP.


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VI.4-H> th:ng TBP(s3n xuOt MTBE(Metyl Tert-ButylEther) Qu trnh ti6n hnhZ pha lmng, nhi>t9A 50 - 1000C, p suOt

1 5 MP


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1,5 MPaTa s: MeOH/i-B= = 1,1 9; gi3m ph3n4ng polime ho olefin.

Xc tc l axit, trong cng nghi>p dng axit r in l nhla cationitc nhm axit m2nh -SO3H, d2ng h2t hnh cFu95Gng knh c5 0,8- 1mm.

+H> th:ng TBP(: Ph? thuAc vo nguyn li>u i-B= :

-Rafinat-1(phn 9o2n C4 c^a cr.cking h1i sau khi tchButadien) ch4a 45 - 50% i-Buten.

-Phn9o2n C4 cr.cking xc tc ch4a 15 - 20% i-Buten.

-HSn hPp s3n ph`m dehidro ho i-Butan ch4a 40 - 50% i-Buten.

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