Ging vin: Phan Hoai Nam

Ging vin: Phan Hoai NamLuat so sanh Michael BogdanGao trnh luat so sanh ai hoc luat Ha noi

Nhng he thong phap luat chnh trong the gii ng ai Rene DavidNhng he thong phap luat c ban tren the gii Michael Fromont

Gao trnh luat so sanh - Vo Khanh Vinh

Thong tin phap luat dan s websiteHien phap My c lam ra nh the naoKiem tra60 phut

Trac nghiem ung sai3 cauT luan

2 cau----------------------------------------------------BAI 1: KHAI QUAT CHUNG VE LUAT SO SANHCo nhieu thuat ng

Luat hoc so sanh Khai niem do Bo giao duc at ra nam 2004 nham phan biet vi cac nganh luat khac, khong co oi tng ieu chnh cu the ( nham muc ch nhan manh ay la nganh khoa hoc phap ly, ch khong phai nghien cu nganh luat oc lap trong he thong phap luat Luat so sanh oi chieuCh la s phong phu ve ngon ngSo sanh luat

Han che do khong ch so sanh ma con phai ly giai nguyen nhan cua s khac biet, la ca 1 nganh khoa hoc phap ly

Luat so sanh : la nganh khoa hoc phap ly, nghien cu so sanh gia cac he thong phap luat cua cac quoc gia khac nhau nham tm ra iem tng ong vakhac biet ong thi ly giai nguon goc cua s tng ong va khac biet cua nhng hien tng phap ly o e hng en nhng muc tieu nhat nh nh phuc vu cho hoat ong lap phap hay qua trnh hai hoa hoa phap luat gia cac quoc gia Phap : phap luat dan s la hien phap trong lnh vc t ( he thong phap luat dan s ong vai tro rat quan trong, lien quan mat thiet vi phap luat ve lao ong, thng mai, hon nhan gia nh V du Viet nam tien hanh so sanh luat vi Phap va nh ra v tr vai tro cua bo luat dan s 2005, tach tai phan hanh chnh ra khoi toa an t phap, tr thanh 1 nhanh toa oc lapIoi tng nghien cu cua luat so sanhHien nay co nhieu quan iem khac nhau trong viec xac nh oi tng nghien cu cua luat so sanh.

Cac hoc gia XHCN chu trng liet ke cac oi tng cu the : phai la cac phap luat thc nh ( cac che nh luat, cac qui pham phap luat, cac nganh luat trong he thong phap luat quoc gia Cac hoc gia phng Tay cho rang oi tng nghien cu cua luat so sanh rat rong, bao gom ca van hoa phap ly ( chu trng khai quat hoa cac van e thuoc ve oi tng nghien cu cua luat so sanh.

V du Khai niem trang 13 tai lieu Michael BogdanKhac biet gia 2 quan iem

XHCN liet ke cu the trong khi phng Tay th khai quat hoa

Phng Tay cho rang chnh ban than phng phap so sanh cung la oi tng cho nganh khoa hoc nay nghien cu

Han che

XHCN : co quan iem nen liet ke cu the ( khong on do kha nang lac hau so vi s phat trien cua cac quan he xa hoi

V du :Khai niem van hoa phap ly co y ngha, yeu cau khac nhau trong tng giai oan Khi mi thanh lap : phai u cac nganh luat ieu chnh Giai oan hoan chnh : noi dung ieu chnh phai ay u Giai oan hien nay : kha nang phap luat i vao thc te Phng Tay : cho rang khong the khai quat hoa het cac van e thuoc ve oi tng nghien cu cua luat so sanh

V du : Khong co oi tng nghien cu cu the nen co the b xem la phng phap, khong phai la 1 nganh khoa hoc phap ly oc lap ( la kha canh b cong kch bi nhng ngi khong ung ho s ton tai cua nganh khoa hoc phap ly nayNhng trong thc te, luat so sanh ong vai tro rat quan trongV duLuat 12 bang cua La ma la ket qua so sanh s tng ong, khac biet vi cac he thong phap luat cua cac thanh bang co ai Nam 1896, hiep hoi quoc te ve luat so sanh ra i nham hai hoa hoa phap luat cac nc tao ieu kien cho viec ay manh giao thng hoi nhap quoc te

Viec nghien cu luat so sanh gup nhan nh c khuynh hng phat trien cua phap luat cac nc tren the gii ( hoach nh ke hoach phat trien cua phap luat cua quoc gia, am bao giam thieu s khac biet vi phap luat cac ncMac du co nhieu quan iem khac nhau trong viec xac nh oi tng nghien cu nhng gia cac quan iem van co iem chung : oi tng nghien cu cua luat so sanh eu hng en gan nh toan bo cac kha canh phap ly trong he thong phap luat cua cac quoc gia khac nhau va co nhng ac iem sau

Khong co ranh gii cu the e xac nh oi tng nghien cu cua luat so sanh ( do quan iem phap luat cu the cua tng quoc gia la khac nhau, do oi tng nghien cu qua rong lnV duTuy cung trong he thong an le, Hien phap thanh van cua My ong vai tro rat quan trong trong he thong luat phap quoc gia, khac han vi vai tro cua hien phap bat thanh van cua Anh

Mang tnh chat bien oi khong ngng, thay oi theo thi gianV duKhi khoi XHCN sup o, Viet nam phai xay dng lai he thong phap luat, th muc tieu hoan thien phap luat, khai niem van hoa phap ly thay oi theo tng giai oan oi tng nghien cu cua luat so sanh phai c nghien cu di ca 2 goc o ly luan va thc tien ( do phap luat mang tnh tnh trong khi cac quan he xa hoi mang tnh ongV duPhap luat chau Au luc a coi trong hnh thc qui pham phap luat, nghiem cam an le, nhng cac tham phan Phap a phai van dung het sc linh hoat trong thc te th bo luat dan s 1804 mi tranh c tnh trang ch co hieu lc trong ly thuyetV duTuy trong he thong an le, phap luat Anh van chap nhan cac cam ket quoc te co gia tr phap ly cao hn an le. e thay oi an le, ngh vien Anh phai ban hanh van ban phu quyet ( neu co mau thuan th phap luat thanh van co gia tr cao hn an leV duMy co so lng phap luat thanh van rat ln nhng so lng an le t hn rat nhieu so vi he thong phap luat AnhIIPhng phap nghien cu

Co 2 nhom phng phap

1Phng phap chungPhng phap phan tch, tong hp, thong ke2Phng phap ac thu

APhng phap so sanh lch s : s dung nhng iem tng ong va khac biet cua nhng ieu kien ve kinh te chnh tr van hoa xa hoi vv nhng thi iem lch s cu the cua cac quoc gia e lam c s cho viec giai quyet nguon goc cua s tng ong va khac biet cua nhng van e thuoc ve ban chat phap luat cua cac quoc gia V du Ngh quyet 49 ve cai cach t phap cua Bo chnh tr : e an ve tha nhan an le trong he thong phap luat Viet nam ( can phai tien hanh nghien cu an le, phap luat thanh van cua Anh, Phap ( chu anh hng cua phap luat La ma, a phap ien hoa va pho bien rong rai cho cac quoc gia chau Au luc a ), tra li cau hoi ve anh hng cua nhng iem tng ong va khac biet ve cac ieu kien kinh te chnh tr xa hoi e xay dng c s cho viec tha nhan an le tai Viet nam

Anh : co v tr a ly cach biet vi chau Au luc a, co nen kinh te t cung t cap, trnh o dan tr con thap, s bao thu ( La ma buoc phai cho s dung tap quan cua tng vung. An le c hnh thanh trong thc te xet x. Sau nay, thong luat (common law) ra iPhap : phap luat La ma phu hp vi trnh o phat trien kinh te cua chau Au luc a, phap luat i ra t cac trng tong hp, can co cuoc cach mang t san e thay the cho he thong phap luat phong kien cu( Phu hp cho viec nghien cu cac van e khac biet thuoc ve ban chat, ac trng cua cac nc

V du Ha lan phan biet luat cong va luat t, cho phep hon nhan ong tnh

Chu yNoi dung phap luat thc nh do cac yeu to giai cap, xa hoi cua quoc gia quyet nh

BPhng phap so sanh quy pham (van ban)

S dung quy pham phap luat trong he thong phap luat cua nc nay e so sanh vi quy pham phap luat trong he thong phap luat cua nc khac( Rat phc tap do noi ham cua cac thuat ng phap ly la khac nhau trong cac he thong phap luat khac nhauV du Dch quyen cua Viet nam khac vi Phap

V duViet nam (Uy quyen) nhan danh ngi uy quyen

Che nh Trust (Uy quyen, uy thac) cua Anh ( Phu hp cho viec nghien cu tam vi mo, cu the, qui mo nho hep. Nhng can phai am bao s tng ong ve noi ham gia cac he thong phap luat va phai hieu theo ngha rong ( Phai am bao so sanh tnh : kha nang co the so sanh gia cac oi tngV duCo the so sanh cau truc cua bo luat hnh s Viet nam vi bo luat dan s cua Phap. Nhng khong the so sanh qui pham phap luat ve hanh vi lai xe qua toc o : Phap luat Phap cho la thng toi hnh s trong khi phap luat Viet nam ch cho la vi pham hanh chnh CPhng phap so sanh chc nang

Thc hien so sanh da tren chc nang ieu chnh cac quan he xa hoi cua cac hien tng phap ly, t o xac nh cac nguyen tac phap ly c s dung trc tiep hay gian tiep e ieu chnh oi vi cac quan he xa hoi o ong thi xac nh nhng yeu to ve kinh te, chnh tr van hoa xa hoi a tac ong en cac giai phap phap ly o nh the nao qua o lam c s cho viec ly giai nguon goc cua s tng ong va khac biet V duKhi so sanh qui nh ve tr cap xa hoi cua Viet nam (rai rac trong nhieu van ban, bao gom ca tac ong trc tiep va gian tiep : mien giam hoc ph, hoc bong) va Thuy ien ( tr cap trc tiep ) ( phai tap hp cac van ban khac nhau, nghien cu cac ieu kien kinh te xa hoi, cac nguyen tac phap ly e ly giai cho s tng ong va khac biet : la ca 1 cong trnh nghien cu ( Phng phap nay thch hp vi viec so sanh tam v mo, rong ln. Nhng phai am bao yeu to thi gian (keo dai), chi ph, trnh o cua ngi nghien cu (phai co kien thc ve phap luat lan kinh te, van hoa, a ly)

ay la cac phng phap ac thu cua luat so sanh (can hieu theo ngha rong: c s dung pho bien trong nganh khoa hoc nay, nhng cung co the c ap dung trong cac nganh khoa hoc khac, ch oc lap, khac nhau ve muc ch nghien cu) V duLch s nha nc phap luat cung s dung phng phap so sanh, cung co cung oi tng nghien cu, nhng lai co muc ch khac

Nhan nh sai Luat so sanh c xep vao nganh khoa hoc nghien cu cac van e chung nhat do co cung muc ch nghien cu Bat nguon t nhom cac quan he xa hoi ( gan giong nh cac bc e thc hien cong trnh so sanh Moi phng phap co u nhc iem rieng, viec s dung se phu thuoc vao pham vi va cap o nghien cu khac nhau, vao trnh o cua ngi nghien cu. Tuy vay phng phap so sanh chc nang la phng phap c s dung pho bien va thng xuyen nhat ( Tot nhat la s dung phoi hp ca 3 phng phap tren e at c hieu qua cao nhatNhan nh sai

Phng phap so sanh chc nang la phng phap tot nhat IIIng dung1oi vi hoat ong lap phap

Gup rut ngan thi gian xay dng, giam thieu chi ph cho hoat ong lap phap, tao ra tnh on nh cho cac van ban qui pham phap luat Gam thieu rui ro lap phap ve kha nang Phap luat tao ra khong phu hp vi thc te bang cach tham khao kinh nghiem cua the gii, a c thc te kiem nghiemTuy vay van can phai xem xet cac thuoc tnh giai cap, ieu kien kinh te xa hoi cua Viet nam ma quyet nh ap dung cac qui nh cu the (khong may moc ap dung mot cach c hoc)V duTo chc he thong c quan t phap cua Viet nam da tren n v hanh chnh, trong khi he thong c quan t phap cua Phap ket hp linh hoat gia n v hanh chnh va khu vc ( Viec toa pha an tra ban an cho toa an cung cap (nhng khac khu vc) e xet x s tham lai Nang cao kha nang d oan luat cua cac nha lap phap : trnh o lap phap phai rat cao th mi co the d oan c tat ca cac tnh huong co kha nang phat sinh trong tng lai, tao hanh lang phap ly hieu qua u e ieu chnh c toan bo cac quan he xa hoi mi phat sinh ( cac nc ang phat trien nh Viet nam co the tha hng thanh qua nghien cu cua nen phap luat thanh van cua cac nc i trc2Qua trnh hai hoa hoa phap luat va nhat ien hoa phap luat Hai hoa hoa phap luat la qua trnh lam cho cac nen phap luat cac quoc gia khac nhau ngay cang tr nen tng ong vi nhau hn khi ieu chnh 1 van e cu the Nhat ien hoa phap luat la lam cho phap luat cac quoc gia khac nhau giong nhau khi ieu chnh 1 van e cu theHai hoa hoa phap luat mc o thap hn, ch giup cho cac nen phap luat ngay cang tng ong ( nhng lai la xu the dien ra sau rong hn, pho bien hn Nhat ien hoa phap luat mc o cao hn ch la muc tieu mang tnh ly tng

V du ve nhat ien hoa phap luat

Cong vien Vien 1980 ve hp ong mua ban hang hoa quoc te

Phap luat EU la san pham cua qua trnh nhat ien hoa phap luat

V duViet nam u tien ap dung luat chuyen nganh trong khi Phap u tien ap dung luat chung (phap luat dan s)UNIDROIT 2004 ve hp ong quoc te do vien thong nhat ve luat t ban hanh luat mau ( phai s dung cong cu luat so sanh e a ra giai phap chung, nhan c s ong thuan cua cac quoc gia thanh vien V duieu 11 cong c Vien ve hnh thc hp ong: chap nhan bat c hnh thc nao nhng lai cho phep cac quoc gia bao lu (do cac quoc gia kem phat trien can phai quan ly chat cac quan he xa hoi, phai qui nh hnh thc bat buoc la van ban)

Viec giam thieu khac biet vi phap luat the gii, tao c che am bao thc thi phap luat ( tao moi trng thong thoang cho au t nc ngoai, giao lu thng mai Gop phan hnh thanh nen cac loai nguon cho cac nganh luat : t phap quoc te, cong phap quoc te ( ieu c quoc te, tap quan quoc te ) Gup cho cac tham phan khi phai ap dung luat nc ngoai trong xet x, Cau hoi :Hay trnh bay khuynh hng phat trien cua cac he thong phap luat tren the gii ( s khac biet gia phap luat an le ( cu the ) va phap luat thanh van ( khai quat ) ngay cang m nhat ( nhng khong sap nhap ) V du : khuynh hng s dung an le cua cac nc chau Au luc a ( am bao ieu chnh c ay u hn, mang tnh on nh cao hn.BAI 2

NHNG VAN E LIEN QUAN EN HOAT ONG NGHIEN CU PHAP LUAT NC NGOAIKhong the co hai quoc gia co he thong phap luat giong het nhau ( Ngoai le duy nhat la x Wale va Anh s dung chung he thong phap luat

Can lu y en cac gia nh ve s tng ong va khac biet ve he thong phap luat gia cac quoc gia

V duNguyen tac stare decicis trong phap luat an le ( an le cua toa an cap tren phai c toa an cap di tuan thu, c quan ban hanh an le phai tuan thu tuyet oi cac an le do mnh ban hanh ) ( Tr trng hp vien nguyen lao, phap luat Anh ap dung tuyet oi nguyen tac nay. Nhng My khong buoc tham phan phai tuan theo nhng an le do mnh a tuyen ( nham phat huy s sang tao trong xet x + loai tr anh hng cua luat Anh )V duTuy cung la phap luat thanh van nhng tai Phap th Toa an hanh chnh va toa an t phap la 2 nhanh c quan rieng biet. Con c th Toa an hanh chnh va toa an t phap la 2 nhanh rieng biet nhng lai cung trc thuoc bo t phapV duNgha vu cua ngi s dung tai san cua mnh oi vi ngi chu s hu bat ong san lien ke : Khai niem dch quyen cua Phap khac vi Viet nam Phap luat nc ngoai phai c nghien cu 1 cach khach quan ve mat t duy

V duTham phan trong he thong an le khong s dung t duy cua nha lap phap e dien giai phap luat INguon thong tin ve phap luat nc ngoai

1 -Nguon thong tin chu yeuLa nguon luat trong he thong phap luat quoc gia u iem: Co gia tr ve tnh phap ly (co tnh chat chnh thong trong viec cha ng thong tin ve phap luat nc ngoai)Nhc iem:

Viec thu thap nguon thong tin th lai kho khan (s cach tr ve a ly)Kho e tiep can (van phong phap ly khac nhau, the hien quan iem cua nha lap phap)

2 -Nguon thong tin th yeu

Cac cong trnh khoa hoc trong lnh vc phap ly: bnh luan khoa hoc, giao trnh, bai viet tren bao u iem: De thu thap, de tiep can (s dung van phong viet e trnh bay, phan tch anh gia cho phan ln ngi oc)

Nhc iem:

Noi dung de b tac ong bi quan iem chu quan cua ngi nghien cu (khong co tnh chnh thong)

( Thch hp cho cac cong trnh so sanh lien quan en cac hien tng phap ly cu the, qui mo nho hepViec la chon s dung nguon thong tin se phu thuoc vao cap o pham vi nghien cu, trnh o cua ngi nghien cu. Ve nguyen tac, nguon thong tin chu yeu c tiep can au tien. Nhng khi gap kho khan th nguon thong tin th yeu se c s dung.

IICac nguyen tac lien quan en hoat ong nghien cu phap luat nc ngoai Nguyen tac chung : Khach quan trong nghien cu phap luat nc ngoai

1 -Ton trong nguyen tac phan cap nguon luat trong he thong phap luat cac quoc gia

e am bao tnh ay u, chnh xac cua thong tin phap luat nc ngoai th can phai ton trong nguyen tac nay, khong ch tren ly thuyet ma con phai ca trong thc te.

V duAnh se ap dung phap luat thanh van do ngh vien ban hanh neu co khac biet vi an le. Trong khi o th My se vien dan Hien phap khi co s khac biet gia phap luat thanh van va an le

2 -Phap luat nc ngoai phai c nghien cu trong tnh toan dien va tong the

Toan dien : Phai nghien cu toan dien cac noi dung, ca cac qui nh trc tiep lan gian tiep, ve ly luan cung nh thc tien

Tong the : Phai at trong boi canh kinh te xa hoi cua quoc gia o e nghien cu

3 -Nguyen tac ve giai thch phap luat

Phap luat nc ngoai phai c giai thch ung nh cach thc giai thch cua chnh quoc gia o ( Phai co nen tang kien thc tot + kha nang ngon ng4 -Dch thuat

Cong cu chuyen ng phai mang tnh chat chuyen mon ( t ien chuyen nganh ) V duSentence : ban an, hnh phat ( khong phai la cau

Phai quan tam en ca 2 yeu to : ngon ng ( co ngon ng e dch khong ? ) lan noi ham ( co y ngha tng ng khong ? )

IIIC s e ly giai nguon goc cua s tng ong va khac biet

T nghien cu

Trong cong trnh so sanh, co can phai luon giai quyet nguyen nhan cua ca s tng ong lan nguyen nhan cua s khac bietNeu nghien cu cac quoc gia trong cung nhom he thong phap luat c ban th nen tap trung khai thac vao iem tng ong hay iem khac bietNeu nghien cu cac quoc gia khac nhom he thong phap luat c ban th nen tap trung khai thac vao iem khac biet hay iem tng ong

Can phai da tren kien thc c ban nen tang cua cac he thong phap luat tren the gii + ket hp cac nguyen tac nay e xac nh phng phap nghien cu thch hp--------------------------------------------------------BAI 3

CAC HE THONG PHAP LUAT CHNH TREN THE GIIIHe thong phap luat quoc gia

La tong the cac qui pham phap luat co moi lien he noi tai thong nhat c the hien di dang cac van ban do cac c quan nha nc ban hanh theo nhng trnh t luat nh

oi tng chu yeu cua luat so sanh chu yeu la phap luat quoc gia

Y ngha

Nham e xac nh cac phng phap phap ly trong cac he thong phap luat

Phap luat quoc gia la nguon nghien cu cua luat so sanh Nham e hoan thien he thong phap luat quoc gia cua ngi nghien cu. V du : che nh tha phat lai cua Phap rat giong khi ap dung phap luat tai Viet nam

IIHe thong phap luat the gii

Khai quat

La tap hp cua 2 hay nhieu cac he thong phap luat quoc gia khac co nhng iem chung tng ong nhat nh va co nhng iem khac vi cac he thong phap luat con lai tren the gii

Co rat nhieu ket qua cua hoat ong phan nhom khac. V du : co quan iem cho rang co 42 he thong theo Dezus. Nhng co 1 quan iem c chap nhan rong rai hn ca la quan iem cua Rene David : the gii ch co 4 he thong phap luat bao gom chau Au luc a, Anh My, Hoi giao, XHCN

Gai thch noi ham

He thong phap luat quoc gia : legal system, legal tradition, legal family

He thong phap luat quoc gia ch la ten goi qui c ma thoi, khong phai la ten goi chnh xac do thuat ng he thong phap luat phai thoa man 2 ieu kien : tnh he thong ve mat hnh thc va tnh he thong ve mat noi dung

Truyen thong phap luat, dong ho phap luat la thuat ng ac thu cua luat so sanh trong o eu nhan manh en yeu to nguon goc cua cac he thong phap luat. Tuy nhien so vi thuat ng dong ho phap luat th truyen thong phap luat mang so sanh tnh cao hn. Mat khac dong ho phap luat lai mang tnh phan loai cao hnIIIMuc ch phan loai cac he thong phap luat tren the gii

oi vi muc ch giang day : viec phan nhom cac he thong phap luat giup cho giang day cac mon t phap quoc te, luat thng mai quoc te, nghien cu phap luat nc ngoai c de dang va thuan tien trong cach tiep can. Ngoai ra co the giang day 1 mon phap luat ai cng duy nhat cho tat ca cac he thong phap luat thuoc cung 1 truyen thong phap luat . V du : Phap luat Anh Uc New Zealand trong cung khoa hoc oi vi muc ch nghien cu : giup cho cac nha nghien cu nc ngoai co the tiep can oi vi cac he thong phap luat cua cac quoc gia tren the gii, tiet kiem thi gian, cong sc nghien cu

IVCac tieu ch phan nhom

1Cac quan iem ve tieu ch phan nhomCan c vao 1 tieu ch la u

V du cac nha nghien cu XHCN ch can c vao tieu ch hnh thai kinh te xa hoi la co the phan nhom. T o se co 2 he thong phap luat : TBCN va XHCN. ( Tuy vay quan iem nay khong c cac nha nghien cu khac chap nhan do cac he thong phap luat quoc gia trong cung he thong phap luat TBCN th van rat khac nhau. V du He thong phap luat Phap c Y Thuy sy rat khac vi he thong phap luat Anh My UcCan c vao nhieu tieu ch

Can co t 2 tieu ch tr len th mi co ket qua phu hp, co gia tr khoa hoc cao.

V du : Giao s Rene David can c vao 2 tieu ch : hnh thai kinh te xa hoi va ky thuat phap ly th co 4 he thong phap luat :

chau Au luc a, Anh My, XHCN, ton giao

Ky thuat phap ly

x

0

xcan c sieu t nhienHe thong kinh te xa hoi x

x

0

2Cac tieu ch phan nhom

2.1Nguon goc phap luat : Can c vao tieu ch nguon goc phap luat, ta nhan thay tat ca cac he thong phap luat tren the gii ieu bat nguon t 2 nguon phap luat : luat La ma, tap quan co cua Anh ( hnh thanh trc 1066 ) ( co nguon goc t nhien ( khac vi nguon luat co nguon goc sieu t nhien nh kinh thanh Coran )Can c vao nguon goc phap luat co the phan cac he thong phap luat thanh 2 nhon : He thong phap luat bat nguon t La ma la he thong phap luat chau Au luc a va XHCN. He thong phap luat bat nguon t tap quan Anh la he thong phap luat Anh My

Ngoai ra con he thong phap luat bat nguon t ton giao ( nhat la ao Hoi )2.2Hnh thc phap luat : Tap quan phap, Tien le phap Phap luat thanh vanCan c vao hnh thc phap luat ong ngha vi viec se xem xet he thong phap luat cua 1 quoc gia s dung chu yeu la loai hnh phap luat nao e t o phan he thong phap luat quoc gia o vao nhng nhom tng ong

Can c vao tieu ch nay ta se co c 2 nhom he thong phap luat : He thong phap luat co hnh thc chu yeu la tien le phap ( V du Anh My Uc ) He thong phap luat co hnh thc chu yeu la luat thanh van ( V du : chau Au luc a, XHCN )Chu yPhap luat Hoi giao co the la bat thanh van hay thanh van ( nhng cac qui nh cua Thanh kinh co gia tr cao nhat )

2.3Moi tng quan gia luat to tung va luat thc nh

Mot nhom cac he thong phap luat quoc gia trong o vai tro cua moi nganh luat to tung hay luat thc nh gi vai tro quan trong hn th se c phan vao cung nhom he thong phap luat. Can c vao tieu ch nay se co 2 nhom he thong phap luat : Nhng he thong phap luat ma trong o luat to tung gi vai tro quan trong hn luat thc nh : ien hnh la he thong phap luat Anh My ( V du phap luat Anh My : quan niem phap luat ch tham gia can thiep khi co tranh chap : lo hong i sau; an le ; to tung i trc trnh t thu tuc hnh thc n kien c xem xet trc ) Nhng he thong phap luat ma trong o luat thc nh gi vai tro quan trong hn : ien hnh la he thong phap luat chau Au luc a, XHCH ( chau Au luc a, XHCH ( do cach nhn nhan ve vai tro cua phap luat : phap luat can qui nh khuon kho cho hanh vi trong xa hoi : i trc; e ra quyet nh th can phai kiem tra xem co qui pham phap luat ieu chnh cha )2.4Vai tro lam luat cua c quan t phap

Can c vao chc nang lap phap cua tham phan co the phan nh c 2 nhom he thong phap luat :

Cac quoc gia ma tham phan ch co duy nhat chc nang xet x ( he thong phap luat chau Au luc a, XHCH ),

Cac quoc gia ma o tham phan ben canh chc nang xet x con co chc nang th 2 la lap phap, sang tao ra phap luat (he thong phap luat Anh My ) Ngoai le cua chc nang xet x chau Au luc a : c, tham phan cua toa hien phap va co chc nang xet x va co chc nang lam luat. Nhng ban an co lien quan en van e hien phap cua toa hien phap se la 1 nguon luat tai cong hoa lien bang c Phap, nhng ban an cua toa pha an nc Phap trong 1 so trng hp se tr thanh an le va se c ap dung chung tren toan quoc

Nhan nh

Vai tro lam luat cua cac tham phan cac quoc gia chau Au luc a la kha thi trong 1 so trng hp ( ung

Nguon luat cua cac quoc gia chau Au luc a khong bao gom an le ( Sai

5S phan chia gia luat cong va luat t

Can c vao s phan cong luat cong va luat t co 2 nhom

Nhom 1 cac quoc gia chau Au luc a co s phan chia gia luat cong va luat t trong khi cac quoc gia con lai tren the gii khong ton tai s phan chia gia luat cong valuat t.

V duBat nguon t cach mang t san Phap 1789, dan en he thong phap luat Phap phan chia thanh 2 nganh luat cong va luat t, trong o luat cong lien quan en hanh chnh, luat t lien quan en dan s va hnh s. Nhom 2oi vi he thong phap luat Anh My va XHCN th co s triet tieu cua luat t. cac quoc gia nay ch ton tai duy nhat luat cong. 6Phap ien hoa

Khai niem phap ien hoa :la qua trnh tap hp cac van ban phap luat a co, thay the van ban phap luat khong con phu hp

Nhng quoc gia thuoc he thong phap luat chau Au luc a hay XHCN e cao vai tro phap ien hoa. cac he thong phap luat cua cac quoc gia nay luat thanh van la nguon luat vo cung quan trong va la nguon luat chu yeuoi vi cac quoc gia thuoc he thong phap luat Anh My, v ly do nguon luat chu yeu la tien le phap nen vai tro luat thanh van khong quan trong bang an le. Ngoai ra mc o phap ien hoa cua cac quoc gia trong he thong phap luat Anh My cung khong giong nhau, trong o he thong phap luat My co mc o phap ien hoa cao hn he thong phap luat Anh

7Xu hng phat trien cua cac he thong phap luat

Xu hng chung cua he thong phap luat cac quoc gia tren the gii trc nhu cau toan cau hoa ve thng mai la cac quoc gia xch lai gan nhau va cang co nhieu iem tng ong

Trong o, cac quoc gia thuoc he thong phap luat chau Au luc a, XHCN dan dan chap nhan tap quan phap va ngc lai, cac quoc gia he thong phap luat Anh My co mc o phap ien hoa ngay cang caoChau Au luc aAnh My

XHCN

Hoi giao

Nguon goc phap luat La maTap quan co nc AnhLa maKinh thanh

Hnh thc phap luatLuat thanh vanTien le phapLuat thanh vanLuat thanh van

Moi quan he gia luat to tung va luat thc nhThc nhTo tungThc nhThc nh

Luat cong tCoKhongKhongnghien cu sau

Vai tro lam luat cua tham phanKhongCoKhongKhong

Mc o phap ien hoaPhat trien trnh o caoHan chePhat trienPhat trien

VCac he thong phap luatChau Au luc aCivil law luat thanh van La ma c

Anh My

Common law bat thanh van, bang an le

Hoi giao

XHCN

1He thong phap luat Hoi giao

Lch s hnh thanhao Hoi : trong ngon ng Islam co ngha la s tuan menh, phuc tung. Khai quat tinh than cua ao Hoi co the tm thay trong 2 cau cau kinh

Khong co chua tri nao khac ngoai ang AlaMohamed la tien tri cua ngai ( the ky 7 )

Nguon luat bao gom

Kinh thanh Coran :ghi nhan li day cua ang Ala thong qua Mohamed,

Sunna : cach x s cua MohamedIdjma : giai thch cua cac hoc gia co uy tn, a ra nhng qui pham mi tuy nhien co nhieu han che khong c s dung ay u Qiyas ( phng phap suy xet theo s viec tng t : giong tien le phap, tap quan phap Phap luat Hoi giao

Phap luat Hoi giao khong phai la 1 bo phan oc lap ma c xem la 1 phan cua ao Hoi, a ra quan niem ve nhng g c lam va khong c lam oi vi cac tn o Hoi giao.ac iem cua phap luat Hoi giao

Khong phai la 1 bo phan oi lap ma c xem la 1 phan cua ao Hoi, c quan niem la nhng g c lam va khong c lam oi vi cac tn o Hoi giao. Luat Hoi giao co cac ac iem sau Phap luat Hoi giao mang tnh ben vng cao so vi cac ton giao khac nh Thien chua giao, Do thai giao. ao Hoi ra i muon hn nhng co tnh ket noi rat chat che va c tuan thu 1 cach tuyet oi, nghiem tuc. Cho nen mac du ra i t the ky 7 nhng en nay van c ap dung 1 cach tron ven nh luc hnh thanh Vai tro lap phap cua nha nc : nha nc co ngha vu phuc tung va tuan theo thanh kinh Coran. Nha nc ch co vai tro la the che hoa cu the nhng qui nh cua thanh kinh vao trong i song xa hoi, ac biet tap trung vao vai tro cng che bat buoc ngi dan phai tuan thu nhng qui nh cua kinh Coran va nhng qui nh cua luat Hoi giao

V duCo cac trng hp quoc gia tap hp nhieu he thong phap luat nh ao Hoi Ha lan ( Chau Au luc a ) va con chu s o ho cua ngi Anh ( hnh thanh he thong phap luat hon hpV duPhap luat Viet nam la he thong phap luat XHCN va la phap luat thanh van nhng van co giai oan chu anh hng cua phap luat chau Au luc a

Pham vi ieu chnh cua luat Hoi giao

Rat rong rai, ben canh viec ieu chnh ve phap luat, ao Hoi con ieu chnh ve cac mat at ai ton giao. ieu nay tao ra nhng s khac biet gia ao Hoi va phap luat cua cac nc tren the giii

Cau truc cua qui pham phap luat

Hoi giao ch bao gom 2 phan : gia nh va qui nh, khong bao gom phan che tai. Nhng qui nh ve che tai khong c qui nh 1 cach cu the trong kinh Coran ma thong qua nhng qui nh trong Sunna va cac hnh thc phap luat khac

V duNgi theo ao Hoi b cam uong ru ( theo kinh Coran ) nhng kinh Coran khong a ra che tai hay hnh phat oi vi hanh vi vi pham nay ma no se c qui nh trong Sunna, o la hnh phat anh roi

Nhng qui pham ve phap luat dan s thng mai cua ao Hoi

Mang tnh phat trien rat cao do la s tiep thu ve phap luat dan s thng mai cua cac nc Anh My va cac nc thuoc he thong phap luat chau Au luc a

Kinh Coran co nhng qui pham bat buoc cac thng nhan phai thc hien 1 cach t nguyen va nghiem tuc cac hp ong, cac giao dch thng mai cho nen t rat sm cac thng nhan Hoi giao co y thc rat cao trong viec tuan thu cac cam ket cua hp ong ( Cac can c phan nh 1 he thong phap luat quoc gia thuoc he thong phap luat Hoi giao la 2 ieu kien sau

Hoi giao phai la ton giao chnh thong hay la quoc ao cua 1 quoc gia

Phap luat phai c xay dng tren c s ao Hoi va nhng qui nh cua no

V duIndonesia, Tho Nh ky khong la quoc gia thuoc he thong phap luat Hoi giao ma la he thong phap luat the tucNhan nh sai :Nh Indonesia Tho nh ky ( ngoai le )

2Phap luat chau Au luc a ( ngoai tr Bac Ailen Vng quoc Anh )

2.1S pho capCac quoc gia thuoc he thong phap luat chau Au luc a co the c phan thanh 4 tieu he thong Nhom Phap nc Phap ong vai tro tieu bieu ien hnh, bao gom Phap, Y, Tay ban nha, Braxin

Nhom c bao gom c, Thuy sy, Tho nh ky, Han quoc, Nhat ban

Nhom Slavobao gom Nga Balan, Ucraina

Nhom Scandinavi ( khu vc pha Bac chau Au ) bao gom Na uy, Thuy ien, Phan lan, Ai len2.2S lc ve lch s hnh thanhHe thong phap luat chau Au luc a c hnh thanh t the ky 12 tren c s tiep thu cua luat La ma

Nhan nh : Phap ien hoa c phat trien t the ky 18 vi s ra i cua Napoleon

S lc ve luat La ma

Luat 12 bang c xem la nguon goc cho s hnh thanh cua luat La ma. Tuy nhien no ch ton tai dang s khai.

en au the ky 6, hoang e ong La ma Justinan I a cho ban hanh bo luat Copus Jusis Civilics vao nam 529. Bo luat nay tap hp cac che nh ve dan luat

T 536, bo luat nay c sa oi bo sung bi nhng quy nh mi trong bo luat Novels. Cuoi the ky 5 au the ky 6, e che La ma b sup o nhng phap luat cua no van con c ap dung cho en the ky 11 va c lu tr tai cac th vien cua cac trng ai hoc, cac nha th. Vao the ky 11 dien ra qua trnh bien soan, chu giai, bnh luan oi vi luat La ma trong cac trng ai hoc chau Au luc a

Giai oan hnh thanh he thong phap luat chau Au luc a : the ky 12 13S phat trien cua nen kinh te Tien-Hang-Tien oi hoi phai co 1 nguon luat mi phu hp e ieu chnh cac quan he xa hoi mi phat sinh trong khi cac quoc gia chau Au cha co 1 he thong phap luat ien hnh lam mau e giai quyet cac van e mi phat sinh o. Ho nhan ra rang luat La ma co nhng qui nh cu the, chi tiet ro rang trong ngon ng phap ly va nhng qui nh rat sang tao cho nen rat phu hp e s dung, lam nguyen lieu e ieu chnh nhng quan he xa hoi ma ho ang gap phai

chau Au dien ra phong trao van hoa Phuc hng ( khoi phuc lai nhng gia tr tot ep trc ay : kien truc, hoi hoa )

Phap luat can thiet phai c tr thanh 1 bo phan oc lap e ieu chnh cac van e cua xa hoi, ong thi cung khong c e xay ra tnh trang lan quyen cua cac the lc khac, ng len tren phap luat

ong thi chau Au cac trng ai hoc lai dien ra qua trnh giang day cho sinh vien trong nganh luat ve luat La ma. Nhng sinh vien nay sau khi tr ve quoc gia cua ho, ho a truyen ba nhng kien thc ve luat La ma nham xay dng, hoan thien cho he thong phap luat quoc gia cua mnh

( ieu nay dan en ket qua la chau Au a hnh thanh 1 nen tang cua 1 truyen thong phap luat trong o lay luat La ma lam nguon goc

Giai oan hnh thanh trng phai phap luat t nhien the ky 17 18

giai oan nay cac nha luat hoc cung bat chc cac nganh khoa hoc khac, o la ly giai cac van e phap luat mang tnh t duy va logic mot cach bien chng , choi bo cac phng phap kinh vien ( ly giai cac van e, qui pham phap luat bang kinh thanh ) nham xay dng phap luat lay con ngi lam trung tam cua toan bo hoat ong ( vao the ky 12 13 s phat trien cua phap luat cha u e lat o anh hng cua ton giao )Tuy nhien phai en cach mang t san Phap the ky 18 th nha th mi cham dt s anh hng oi vi nha nc phap luat

Luat La ma trong giai oan nay khac biet sau sac so vi luat La ma nguyen thuy va s khac biet nay c the hien nh sauVe hnh thc phap luat, van gi nguyen nhng cau truc nhng quan iem, nhng khai niem nh trc o Ve luat noi dung, hnh thanh nen nhng che nh mi khac xa so vi luat La ma ban au, ac biet la trong lnh vc luat cong hanh chnh

Nhng trong lnh vc luat t th luat La ma van chiem u the, nh vay trng phai phap luat t nhien co vai tro rat ln oi vi viec hnh thanh cac che nh ve luat cong cac quoc gia chau Au luc a

Vao nam 1804 vi viec hnh thanh va ra i bo luat dan s Napoleon a bat au bc ngoat ve tien trnh phap ien hoa cung nh s ra i cua phap luat chau Au luc a

2.3ac iem cua phap luat chau Au luc a

Ve nguon gocPhap luat cua cac nc thuoc he thong phap luat chau Au luc a eu bat nguon t luat La ma va luat La ma la nen tang c ban cho viec xay dng he thong phap luat nay. Ngoai ra trc 1907 khi he thong phap luat XHCN cha ra i th cac nc XHCN chau Au cung eu co nguon goc t luat La ma, ieu nay ly giai cho viec tai sao khi cac nc XHCN sup o vao 1991 th eu quay tr lai vi truyen thong chau Au luc a

ong thi s anh hng cua luat La ma cac nc chau Au cung khong giong nhau trong o nhom phap luat c chu anh hng cua luat La ma manh me hn so vi nhom phap luat Phap

Ve hnh thc phap luat

Luat thanh van la hnh thc phap luat chu yeu cua cac nc thuoc he thong phap luat chau Au luc a, sau khi bo luat dan s Nopoleon 1804 ra i cac quoc gia chau Au khac cung xay dng phap luat dan s rieng

V du : c Thuy sy, Y va c xem la ?????????? trong lnh vc luat t va m au cho qua trnh phap ien hoa cua cac nc chau Au luc aMoi quan he gia luat thc nh va luat to tung

Luat thc nh gi vai tro quan trong va chi phoi oi vi luat to tung, cac toa an cua cac quoc gia chau Au khi xet x du can c tren nhng quy nh thanh van c ghi nhan trong cac phap luat S phan chia thanh luat cong va luat t

He thong phap luat chau Au luc a c xem la he thong phap luat duy nhat ma trong o co s phan chia thanh 2 mang luat cong luat t nham hng en viec bao ve nhng li ch khac nhau ma cac qui pham phap luat tac ong en. ieu nay dan en he qua la he thong toa an cua Phap c to chc theo nguyen tac nh nguyen vi 2 nhanh toa hanh chnh va t phap rieng biet va oc lap nhau. ong thi do viec xem trong vai tro cua luat thc nh, viec ao tao luat va nghe luat cua cac quoc gia chau Au luc a theo hng la cung cap cho sinh vien nhng kien thc c ban cua tat ca cac lnh vc phap luat. Trong khi o Anh viec ao tao luat s lai chu trong en ky nang thc hanh ac biet la kha nang tranh tung

Toa an cua cac quoc gia chau Au luc a ch co vai tro xet x ma khong co chc nang sang tao ra phap luat, ly do ( se hoc trong bai Phap )Mc o phap ien hoa

Phap ien hoa cac quoc gia chau Au luc a c xem la ni khi nguon cua trao lu phap ien hoa cua tat ca cac nc tren the gii, c hnh thanh t giai oan xuat hien cua luat 12 bang. Tuy nhien phap ien hoa ch at en nh cao thong qua viec ban hanh bo luat dan s Napoleon 1804 va chnh phong trao phap ien hoa a giup hnh thanh phap luat chau Au luc a nh la 1 he thong phap luat oc lap va khac biet oi vi cac he thong phap luat con lai tren the gii

Ngay nay, s xuat hien cua lien minh chau Au co moi lien he vo cung mat thiet oi vi viec hnh thanh he thong phap luat chau Au luc a

Cau hoi Khuynh hng hien ai la ket hp u iem cua ca an le va thanh van

Tai sao co s phan chia luat cong luat t

Phap ien hoa ( tieu ch phu ) trnh o cao hay thap, cach hieu khai niem 6 tieu ch phan loai th tieu ch nao quan trong nhat

He thong phap luat XHCN khac vi he thong phap luat chau Au luc a 3 iemChu anh hng sau sac cua chu ngha Mac Lenin

Khong co s phan chia luat cong va t do quan niem quyen lc nha nc la thong nhat, khong the tach ri, ch phan cong phan nhiem

Khong cong nhan t hu nen hoat ong thng mai khong phat trien ( lam cho luat t khong phat trien )

chau Au luc a phan nh luat t e nha nc khong can thiep sau vao hoat ong thng mai. Trong khi o nha nc XHCN thong nhat quan ly toan bo cac hoat ong

Tham phan chau Au luc a han che lap phap. Nhng XHCN khong chap nhan an le nen tham phap khong co kha nang lap phap.

Hien nay, cac cu quoc gia XHCN phat trien theo hng nao ?ieu kien nao e xep loai vao he thong phap luat Hoi giao

Cac ac trng : nguon luat, vai tro cua nha nc ( ch e thi hanh kinh Coran cua thanh Ala, vai tro lam luat rat han che ); ha khac, bat bnh ang cho phu n ( nhieu v, ngoai tnh )------------------------------------------------------------------------BAI 4

HE THONG PHAP LUAT NC PHAP

ILch s hnh thanh phap luat nc PhapCach mang t san Phap 1789 la cach mang triet e, xoa bo hoan toan s thong tr cua giai cap phong kien ( khac vi cach mang t san Anh khong triet e )1Giai oan trc 1789

1.1Tnh hnh phap luat

Sau 475 e che La ma b tan ra vi s xam lc cua nhng ngi German t mien Bac, lanh tho b phan hoa thanh nhieu vung khac nhau. Tuy nhien luc nay a co s chuyen tiep t viec ap dung luat cua ca nhan sang luat cua vung. Ghi chuLuat ca nhan can c tren s ap dung cua luat La ma. Ngi cua bo toc th toc nao th luat cua bo toc th toc o se c ap dung vi ca nhan o. V du cong dan La ma se chu s ieu chnh cua luat La ma. Trong khi o, luat cua vung se c ap dung cho ngi sinh song hay thc hien hanh vi phap ly tren vung lanh tho o

Toan bo nc Phap c chia lam 60 vung phap luat khac nhau. Tuy nhien khi can c tren ranh gii cua song Loire, th ve c ban phap luat nc Phap se c phan chia ra 2 vung : mien Nam la vung phap luat thanh van, mien Bac la vung phap luat tap quan oi vi mien Nam, Luat La ma la nguon luat c u tien ap dung v nen kinh te thng mai rat phat trien. Luat La ma vi ban chat chnh xac, ay u, pham vi ieu chnh rong, ac biet trong lnh vc luat dan s cho nen rat c thng xuyen ap dung tai vung nay. Ngoai ra nhng van e khong c ieu chnh bi luat La ma, th se c giai quyet bang cach ap dung tap quan. Luat La ma c ap dung mien Nam la nhng ban chep tay tom tat luat La ma t nam 526. Sau o vao the ky 12, cung vi viec tm lai c bo luat Justinian I, th bo luat nay c ap dung thay the cho ban chep tay trc o. Ngoai ra tap quan cung khong c a chuong e ap dung v tnh chat rat han che trong viec ieu chnh cac quan he xa hoi. ong thi nen kinh te cua mien Nam nc Phap cung rat phat trien cho nen rat thch hp e ap dung luat La ma. Ben canh o xet ve a ly, mien Nam nc Phap la vung gan lien vi e che La ma trc ay oi vi mien Bac nc Phap Tap quan c xem la nguon luat chu yeu v nen kinh te ay mang tnh chat thu cong, t cung t cap nen tap quan la nguon luat rat thch hp e ap dung. Nhng van e luat tap quan khong ieu chnh th luat La ma se ap dung nh la nguon luat bo sung. Ly do luat La ma khong c ap dung ay v :

Nen kinh te kem phat trien,

Nam rat xa nam ngoai tam anh hng cua luat La ma,

Trnh o dan tr mc thap ( trc the ky 11 vung nay cha co ch viet cho nen rat kho ap dung luat La ma von la luat hanh van. Luat tap quan ap dung vung nay la bo luat Xa lch cua ngi German hnh thanh the ky 5 -6. Do cha co ch viet cac tap quan ch ton tai dii hnh thc noi. e xac nh co hay khong ton tai 1 tap quan th can phai thanh lap 1 hoi ong gom 10 ngi tr len ( ay la nhng ngi co uy tn, co tham nien trong vung tap quan o ) va ca 10 ngi nay cung xac nhan rang co ton tai tap quan o th tap quan o mi c xem la co ton tai vung o

en the ky 13, mien Bac nc Phap dien ra qua trnh bien soan cac bo tap quan do cac ca nhan t thc hien ma khong phai do nha nc ban hanh va nhng tap quan nay c bien soan 1 cach ngau nhien khong tuan theo 1 tieu ch nhat nh nao cho nen rat kho e ap dung, rat kho e xac nh 1 tap quan phu hp trong 1 trng hp cu the. en the ky 16 viec bien soan cac tap quan c thc hien 1 cach khoa hoc can c tren vung ap dung cua tap quan va moi quan he ma tap quan o ieu chnh. Luc nay nc Phap co 30 vung tap quan ln va tap quan quan trong nhat la tap quan Paris c bien soan nam 1510 di anh hng cua toa an Paris la toa an cua thu o nc Phap Phap luat nc Phap nhn chung du co s khac biet, tuy nhien xuyen suot t trong qua kh a phan anh 1 thc trang rang phap luat nc Phap la phap luat thanh van vi viec ap dung luat La ma mien Nam va qua trnh bien soan tap quan mien Bac nc Phap Ben canh luat La ma va tap quan phap th con co nhng hnh thc phap luat khac c ap dung tren toan nc Phap. o la Luat cua nha vua ( oi vi luat cua nha vua, chu yeu ieu chnh trong lnh vc hnh s va dan s lien quan en cac van e ve tha ke

Luat cua giao hoi ( oi vi luat cua giao hoi chu yeu ieu chnh cac van e lien quan en viec ang ky ket hon, khai sinh khai t vv

Cac hoc thuyet phap ly1.2ac iem

Cha co 1 he thong phap luat thong nhat, phap luat con mang tnh chat vung mien cung vi nhieu loai hnh phap luat khac nhau. V the trong giai oan nay cac toa an a hnh thanh cac phng phap giai quyet xung ot phap luat e co the giai quyet cac tranh chap V duLuat giao hoi c ap dung cho van e ket hon ly hon, luat tap quan cua ni co toa an ang phan x se c ap dung cho cac tranh chap tai san

Phap luat mang tnh khong bnh ang va chia lam 3 hang ngi : tang l, qu toc va ang cap th 3 ( e bao ve cho quyen li cua giai cap thong tr ). Phap luat se c ap dung khac nhau oi vi nhng hang ngi khac nhau. V du oi vi van e phan chia di san tha ke th oi vi ang cap qu toc tai san se ch c chia cho ngi con trai trng, oi vi cac hang ngi con lai tai san se c chia ong eu cho tat ca nhng ngi con trai Phap luat mang tnh chat gia trng, ngi chong co vai tro quyet nh oi vi tat ca nhng van e quan trong trong gia nh va ngi v khi ve nha chong phai co 1 khoi lng ln cua cai hoi mon Phap luat ch bao ve cho quyen li cua giai cap phong kien

1.3Thanh tu

Co s ke tha cua luat La ma, lam nen tang e xay dng phap luat trong giai oan sau a hnh thanh nen cac nguyen tac giai quyet xung ot phap luat ong thi cung hnh thanh nen t duy phap ien hoa, thong nhat hoa phap luat cho toan bo nc PhapTon tai nhieu rao can cho s phat trien cua chu ngha t ban

2Phap luat nc Phap trong giai oan chuyen tiep 1789 17992.1Thc trang phap luat

Cach mang t san Phap 1789 la cuoc cach mang triet e lat o hoan toan s thong tr cua giai cap phong kien. Cac nha lanh ao cua cuoc cach mang la nhng ngi c ao tao rat bai ban ve phap luat tuy nhien ho van cha the xay dng 1 he thong phap luat thong nhat va toan dien v cac tranh chap lien quan en yeu to chnh tr. San pham tieu bieu cua cuoc cach mang t san 1789 la tuyen ngon dan quyen nhan quyen ngay 10/8/1789 ghi nhan nhng gia tr rat tch cc va nhan thc cac van e rat mi ve nhan quyen dan quyen. Nhan quyen bao gom nhng quyen t nhien cua con ngi : quyen c oi x bnh ang, quyen c song, bau c ng c vv. Dan quyen bao gom nhng quyen dan s cua cong dan trong 1 pham vi lanh tho quoc gia

Trong tuyen ngon a ghi nhan nhng gia tr c ban nh sau : Cac quyen t nhien cua con ngi Cac quyen trong lnh vc dan s : c t do s hu, t do ngon luan, t do lap hoi vv

Trong lnh vc thng mai a ra chu trng t do hoa thng mai, bat buoc cac ben thc hien cac cam ket trong hp ong

Trong lnh vc hnh s, a ra nguyen tac suy oan vo toi va cac bien phap che tai phai tng thch vi hanh vi pham toi. Ngoai ra s t do va bnh ang la nhng yeu to khong the thieu trong 1 xa hoi dan s va ong thi phap luat ch do c quan co tham quyen cua nha nc ban hanh Ben canh o con co s ra i cua cac ban hien phap lan lt vao cac nam 1791, 1793, 1795

2.2ac trng c ban cua phap luat

e cao cac quyen ve bnh ang va t do, dan chu cua cong dan nh trong ieu 1 cua tuyen ngon con ngi c sinh ra va duy tr s t do ve bnh ang va quyen a ra nen tang ve 1 nha nc phap quyen dan chu au tien chau Au

2.3Thanh tu

Cach mang t san Phap co v tr anh hng rat manh me en cac quoc gia chau Au khac ve viec xay dng 1 nha nc cua giai cap t san. Nhng gia tr cua ban tuyen ngon dan quyen nhan quyen van c xem la kim ch nam cho toan bo he thong phap luat nc Phap trong qua kh lan hien tai va c xem la phan m au cua tat ca cac ban hien phap cua nc Phap ve sau Nam 1799 dien ra qua trnh thong nhat phap luat nc Phap 3Phap luat nc Phap sau 1799

3.1Tnh hnh phap luat

a dien ra s khong tuan thu cua nhng gia tr trong tuyen ngon nhan quyen dan quyen. V du trong hien phap 1791 a rakhai niem cong dan tch cc theo o ch nhng ngi giau co va ong thue cao cho nha nc th mi co quyen bau c ng c. Van e nay dan en ket qua la a dien ra rat nhieu bien ong oi vi nen chnh tr cua nc Phap. Nam 1799, Napoleon len nam chnh quyen va co nhng anh hng rat quan trong oi vi viec hnh thanh va thong nhat cua phap luat nc Phap. Nam 1799 Napoleon cho thanh lap hoi ong nha nc ( la c quan va co t phap va co chc nang hanh phap : la c quan t van rat quan trong ) Ben canh o trong giai oan nay Napoleon a cho bien soan hang loat cac bo luat quan trong. V du nam 1804 cho ban hanh bo luat dan s va tiep theo la nam 1806 luat to tung dan s, nam 1807 luat thng mai, nam 1808 luat to tung hnh s, nam 1810 bo luat hnh s ( trc o ch la tap quan ). 3.2 ac iem cua phap luat Dien ra qua trnh phap ien hoa rat manh me va at c nhieu thanh qua Phap luat mang tnh ke tha nhng co s gian oan, s gian oan the hien viec thay oi ve ban chat cua xa hoi t cho nam trong tay cua giai cap phong kien chuyen sang giai cap t san vi muc ch xay dng nha nc phap quyen va 1 xa hoi dan s phat trien Phap luat mang tnh bnh ang va dan chu. S bnh ang va dan chu la nhng nguyen tac hien nh va cung mang tnh t do trong nhng khuon kho va gii han do phap luat cho phep Hnh thanh nen s thong nhat cho viec xay dng 1 he thong phap luat chung.

Ngoai ra phap luat nc Phap con mang tnh chat ke tha t nhng thanh tu cua phap luat trong giai oan trc. V du bo luat dan s Napoleon trong cac van e qui nh ve hp ong, ve thng mai ve hnh thc cau truc va ngon ng chu anh hng rat manh me t luat La ma. Trong khi o, cac van e lien quan en luat hnh s, hon nhan gia nh chu anh hng rat ln t luat tap quan cua mien Bac nc Phap va luat giao hoi3.3Thanh tu

at ra viec hoan thien va xay dng mot he thong phap luat thong nhat tren toan quoc ong thi tac ong manh me en trao lu phap ien hoa tai cac quoc gia chau Au khac va gop phan vao viec hnh thanh nen he thong phap luat chau Au luc a IIBo luat dan s Napoleon1Hnh thc, ngon ng, cau truc, ky thuat lap phap cua bo luat Ve cau truc, bo luat c chia thanh quyen - thien - chng - muc ieu, bao gom 3 quyen vi 2,283 ieu luat trong 36 thien trong o quyen 1 qui nh cac van e ve the nhan, quyen 2 qui nh cac van e ve vat quyen 3 qui nh cac phng thc e co c vat. Bo luat c qui nh t nhng van e chung en cac van e cu the, the hien tnh logic va hp ly ong thi de dang tiep can va la chon cac qui pham phu hp Ngon ng cua bo luat trong sang de hieu, ay u va chuan xac ve cac che nh cua luat dan s. o la do bo luat xuat phat t luat La ma, la hnh thc phap luat thanh van, c ban hanh bi c quan lap phap. Toa an khi xet x se can c vao nhng qui nh trong bo luat 1 cach de dang do bo luat s dung ngon ng i thng. ong thi qua o, bo luat cung at c muc ch mong muon ap dung 1 cach nhanh chong va thong nhat tren ca ncKy thuat lap phap : thanh phan soan thao bo luat bao gom cac tham phan cua toa pha an, cac hoc gia ve luat, va cac chuyen gia ngon ng. ieu nay giup cho bo luat dan s co c ngon ng phap luat chuan xac ro rang ong thi cung de hieu de ap dung tren c s phng phap phap ien hoa cua luat La ma Ghi chuBo luat dan s Phap khong can phai hng dan ma van co the ap dung chnh xac, de dang ( khac vi luat dan s Viet nam 2Noi dung cua bo luat

Quyen 1 qui nh cac van e ve the nhan, bao gom 12 thien qui nh cac van e ve cong dan, quoc tch va hon nhan gia nh. ong thi trong bo luat a ra nguyen tac xac nhan quoc tch theo huyet thong. oi vi van e cho va nhan con nuoi, qui nh cu the ve o tuoi cua ngi con nuoi va cha me nuoi cung nh khoang cach chenh lech ve o tuoi gia cha me nuoi va con nuoi. Ngoai ra con co thu tuc xin con nuoi rut gon : o la viec khong qui nh khoang cach chenh lech ve o tuoi gia cha me nuoi va con nuoi. oi vi van e hon nhan gia nh, qui nh o tuoi ket hon oi vi n la 15 tuoi, oi vi nam la 18 tuoi, theo s cho phep cua cha me va cong dan ch co quyen t nh oat viec ket hon cua mnh khi t 25 tuoi tr len. Ngoai ra trong quan he gia v va chong, gia cha va con con ton tai rat nhieu bat bnh ang va khuyet iem. Quyen 2 qui nh cac van e ve vat. Cac qui nh oi vi tai san, bo luat dan s Napoleon trong quyen 2 nay bao gom 4 thien, qui nh oi vi cac van e ve tai san, s hu va hoa li. Lan au tien bo luat a ra khai niem phan biet gia ong san va bat ong san can c tren tnh chat vat ly cua chung la kha nang di di oi vi cac tai san o ( Hoa ky phan biet da tren gia tr cua tai san phai tren 500 USD ) Ngoai ra bo luat con a ra khai niem a dch hay dch quyen ( khac vi khai niem dch quyen cua Viet nam : chuyen giao quyen s hu oi vi tai san ) : oi vi cac chu cua bat ong san lien ke ma khong co ng giao thong hay bat li ve ieu kien t nhien th nhng chu s hu bat ong san lien ke phai tao ieu kien cho ho s dung quyen oi vi tai san cua mnh. V du : ieu 637 cua bo luat dan s Phap Quyen 3 qui nh cac phng thc e co c vat, cac phng phap xac lap quyen s hu oi vi tai san, c qui nh trong 20 thien. Trong o nhan manh en cac van e ve ieu kien hp ong va quyen s hu chung ve tai san cua v chong. oi vi hp ong, cach mang t san Phap la thanh qua cua giai cap t san. V the khi len nam chnh quyen, giai cap t san a co nhng qui nh thuan li nham tao ieu kien cho chu ngha t ban phat trien. oi vi quyen s hu chung ve tai san cua v chong, bo luat khong co nhng qui nh e ieu chnh nhng moi quan he nay. Tuy nhien tha nhan s thoa thuan cua cac ben trc khi tien hanh ang ky ket hon bang cach qui nh cu the trong hon c di s chng kien cua cong chng vien.3S phat trien va v tr cua bo luat dan s nc Phap hien nayoi vi bo luat dan s, cac qui pham phap luat qui nh nham hng en 1 xa hoi dan s phat trien bang cach qui nh cac van e ma phap luat khong cam ch khong phai la nhng van e ma phap luat cho phep nh trc o. Ben canh o, bo luat dan s con co nhng gia tr tuyet oi nh sau : Tha nhan quyen bnh ang cua moi cong dan trc phap luat nh qui nh tai ieu 8 va ong thi s t do phai c thc hien trong khuon kho cua phap luat. Trong bo luat tha nhan nhng qui nh ve ton trong 1 cach tuyet oi cac giao ket trong hp ong oi vi van e lien quan s hu t nhan, ieu 544 qui nh quyen hng dung va s dung oi vi tai san la tuyet oi ma khong co bat ky 1 s vi pham nao ke ca oi vi c quan nha nc Vao nam 1904, tai hoi ngh tong ket ap dung 100 nam bo luat dan s Napoleon, cac chuyen gia a ra nhan nh la bo luat khong co ke h ve tnh logic cung nh ket cau cua bo luat, ac biet trong lnh vc luat t th hau nh khong co bat ky 1 s thay oi nao ( do co en 102 phien phan bien cho bo luat dan s 1804 ). V du tai ieu 4 bo luat cam cac tham phan t choi xet x v bo luat thieu nhng qui pham phu hp, nhng qui pham khong ro rang hay map m, tai ieu 5 nghiem cam cac tham phan trong qua trnh giai quyet cac tranh chap a ra nhng nguyen tac phap ly mi Ngoai ra cau truc cua bo luat c qui nh t phan chung en phan rieng, tao nhieu c hoi cho cac tham phan khi xet x co the la chon nhng qui pham phap luat phu hp. Hien tai trong he thong phap luat nc Phap, an le co the c chap nhan la 1 nguon luat bo sung trong nhng trng hp ac biet e lap cho trong, khiem khuyet cua bo luat dan s Sau 200 nam, bo luat dan s co nhng thay oi nh sau : Ve nh lng, khoan 1 phan 2 cac ieu luat van c gi nguyen so vi ban au. Khoang 1/3 so ieu luat b bai bo va so ieu luat con lai th c tach ra vao trong nhng bo luat chuyen nganh. Hien tai bo luat dan s co hieu lc phap ly ngang bang vi cac bo luat khac tuy nhien neu co s mau thuan gia bo luat dan s va cac bo luat khac th luat ban hanh sau se co gia tr ap dung (? )IIIHe thong toa an

3.1ac iem cua he thong toa anHe thong toa an nc Phap c to chc theo nguyen tac nh nguyen, tc la co s phan nh 1 cach oc lap gia 2 nhanh toa Nhanh toa tham quyen chung ( nhanh toa t phap ) chuyen giai quyet cac vu viec dan s va hnh s. Nhanh toa th 2 la nhanh toa hanh chnh chuyen giai quyet cac tranh chap trong lnh vc hanh chnh Nguyen nhan dan en cau truc nh nguyen cua he thong toa an Phap : Th nhat, trc cach mang t san, cac toa t phap trong qua trnh giai quyet cac tranh chap trong lnh vc hanh chnh a lam anh hng va can tr en cac hoat ong cua cac c quan hanh chnh. ieu nay c khac phuc sau cach mang t san bang cach c quan nha nc la ngh vien Phap a ban hanh bo luat 16-24 thang 8/1790 va 1 ao luat na vao thang 8/1795 nghiem cam viec tham phan khi xet x lam tr ngai en cac hoat ong cua c quan hanh chnh va hien tai ao luat nay van con hieu lc. Neu vi pham cac tham phan se b truy cu trach nhiem hnh s Th hai xuat phat t nguyen tac tam quyen phan lap : nham bao ve tnh oc lap cua cac c quan hanh phap th cac toa an t phap khong c lam tr ngai en cac hoat ong cua c quan hanh phap

Th ba, nhng toa an co tham quyen chung v khong con chc nang xet x cac tranh chap hanh chnh th can co 1 he thong toa an hanh chnh oc lap vi nhanh toa t phap giai quyet cac tranh chap hanh chnh nay bang cach giao cho hoi ong nha nc xet x cac tranh chap o. Ve sau, no cung hnh thanh nen cac toa s tham va phuc tham hanh chnh trc thuoc hoi ong nha nc Co ton tai hoi ong hien phap la c quan bao ve hien phap cua nc Phap, oc lap so vi he thong t phap ( khac biet vi My la trach nhiem cua toa an toi cao, khac vi Viet nam la quoc hoi )He thong toa an c phan thanh 3 cap toa : s tham, phuc tham, pha an. Va co 2 cap xet x la s tham va phuc tham. Tuy nhien oi vi nhanh toa hanh chnh, nguyen tac nay khong c tuan thu tuyet oi. Trong 1 so trng hp ac biet hoi ong nha nc con co chc nang xet x s tham. Toa pha an khong co chc nang xet x s tham. Toa an toi cao trong 1 so trng hp co the tao ra an le Khong co s phan nh gia toa dan s va toa hnh s 1 cach oc lap nh Anh ma trong 1 toa se co cac tieu toa la tieu toa dan s va tieu toa hnh s

Che nh boi tham oan c ap dung duy nhat ch toa an hnh s ac biet 3.2Nhanh toa tham quyen chung

3.2.1Cac toa s thamToa dan s tham quyen hep c to chc theo nguyen tac lanh tho ma khong phu thuoc vao n v hanh chnh va moi huyen se co t nhat 1 toa. Hien tai Phap co 455 toa nay.

Ve to chc, toa nay khong co bien che tham phan oc lap ma ch co cac tham phan c biet phai t toa s tham dan s tham quyen chung vi nhiem ky 3 nam Ve tham quyen : oi vi cac vu viec dan s co tham quyen giai quyet cac tranh chap co gia tr di 10,000 EUR. oi vi cac vu viec hnh s th co mc hnh phat cao nhat la 6 nam tu hay phat tien en 3,000 EUR.

Ve thu tuc xet x : thng c xet x bi 3 tham phan. oi vi cac vu viec nho gon th c giai quyet bi 1 tham phan.

Cap phuc tham : nhng ban an t toa nay se c giai quyet theo trnh t phuc tham tai cac toa phuc tham vung

Gii han tham quyen phuc tham : nhng tranh chap gia tr di 4,000 EUR th se khong c xet x phuc tham. Tuy nhien co kha nang c xet x theo trnh t pha an tai toa pha an nc Phap.

Toa dan s tham quyen chungToan nc Phap co 181 toa loai nay (6 toa hai ngoai + 175 toa quoc noi ) va moi tnh se co t nhat 1 toa. Ve c cau to chc, so lng tham phan chuyen nghiep tai cac toa nay phu thuoc vao khoi lng cong viec ma no am nhiem

Trong toa nay se co cac tieu toa dan s va cac tieu toa hnh s. Phu thuoc vao khoi lng cong viec ma no giai quyet th so lng tieu toa cung khac nhau. V du : Pari co 30 tieu toa trong khi Nancy ch co 3 tieu toaThu tuc xet x : c xet x bi 1 hay 3 tham phan chuyen nghiep

Ve tham quyen : oi vi cac vu viec dan s co tham quyen giai quyet cac tranh chap co gia tr tren 10,000 EUR. oi vi cac vu viec hnh s th co mc hnh phat la 6 nam tu tr len hay phat tien t 3,750 EUR tr len

Cap phuc tham ( toa phuc tham vung ) xet x nhng ban an t toa s thamGii han tham quyen phuc tham : khong at ra nhng gii han ve tham quyen xet x

Toa vi canh :

c xet x bi 1 vien canh sat va hnh thc phat tien toi a la 1000 EUR oi vi cac hanh vi vi pham luat giao thong, hay cac toi hnh s nhe Toa hnh s ac bietC cau to chc : bao gom 1 chanh an va 2 tham phan t toa phuc tham vung hay toa dan s s tham tham quyen chung c biet phai theo vu viec ma khong co bien che rieng Tham quyen : xet x cac vu an hnh s nghiem trong nh toi giet ngi, khung bo, xam pham an ninh quoc gia vi hnh phat tu t 10 nam cho en chung than Thu tuc xet x : c xet x bi 3 tham phan va s dung che nh boi tham oan. Ban an cua toa an nay ch c xem xet lai toa pha an

Cac toa ac biet khac : toa thng mai, toa lao ong, toa nong nghiep S dung lc lng la cac tham phan hoa bnh, la nhng ngi co chuyen mon trong lnh vc cu the, lam viec khong hng lng

Cap phuc tham : c giai quyet tai toa phuc tham vung3.2.2Cac toa phuc tham

Toan nc Phap co 35 toa phuc tham vung c to chc theo khong gian lanh tho. Moi toa phuc tham vung se co trach nhiem xet x phuc tham t cac ban an s tham cua cac toa s tham trong pham vi vung ma no phu trachTham quyen xet x : xet x ca ve tnh tiet lan noi dung cua phap luat, cac ban an dan s va hnh sThu tuc xet x : t 3 en 7 tham phan t cac ban lien quan en ban chat cua vu viec 3.2.3Cac toa pha an

Chc nang : ay la cap cao nhat cua nhanh toa t phap co chc nang thong nhat viec ap dung phap luat trong pham vi ca nc oi vi nhanh toa t phap ( giong Viet nam ve ap dung phap luat )

Tham quyen : ch xem xet viec ap dung phap luat cua cac ban an b khang cao khang ngh ( khong bao gi xem xet lai mat tnh tiet , noi dung cua ban an )

Cac ban an c phep khang cao khang ngh len toa an toi cao bao gom : ban an b gii han tham quyen phuc tham, ban an cua cac toa ac biet, ban an b phuc tham

Ket qua cua hoat ong xem xet se cho ra 2 loai quyet nh : gi nguyen ban an ( co gia tr chung tham ) huy ban an ( ay la ten goi cua toa pha an ) bang cach tra lai cho 1 toa an cap di khac cung cap vi toa a ra ban an b khang cao, khang ngh hay tra lai cho chnh toa an a ra ban an nhng se giao cho hoi ong xet x khac hoa toan. Chu y : Khi tra ban an lan 1 th toa pha an co quyen a ra y kien cua mnh nhng cac toa an cap di khong bat buoc tuan theo. He qua la toa an cap di van co the xet x khac i, dan en khang cao khang ngh lan 2.Nhng neu toa pha an tiep tuc tra lai ban an lan th 2 th y kien cua toa pha an bat buoc toa an cap di phai tuantheo.Hoi ong xet x cua toa pha an thng co t 3-5 thanh vien lan pha an th nhat, nhng tat ca cac thanh vien cua toa pha an se phai tham gia lan th hai,.

Chu y

Toa pha an Phap ch xem xet lai viec ap dung phap luat cua cac toa khac

Toa toi cao Viet nam cung co chc nang xet x phuc tham

Toa toi cao My co chc nang xet x s tham va phuc tham

Tai sao viec thong nhat phap luat la ac iem cua cac nc chau Au luc a, rat quan trong oi vi phap luat thanh van ?

3.3Nhanh toa hanh chnh

Xet x cac vu viec mang yeu to cong ( khac vi nhanh toa tham quyen chung xet x cac vu viec mang yeu to t ). ieu ac biet cua nhanh toa hanh chnh khong ch co chc nang xet x ma con co chc nang t van cho hanh phap ( tr toa phuc tham hanh chnh ) Ve phan cap, nhanh toa hanh chnh cung c chia ra 3 cap toa ro rang : toa hanh chnh s tham, toa hanh chnh phuc tham, toi cao phap vien ( hoi ong nha nc, tham chnh vien )

Khac vi nhanh toa t phap, nhanh toa hanh chnh khong co s phan nh ro rang ve cap xet x. Hoi ong nha nc va co chc nang xet x s tham, xet x phuc tham, xet x pha an ( xem xet lai viec ap dung phap luat ) Hoi ong nha nc ( tham chnh vien )

Chc nang t van cua hoi ong nha nc: Co 2 trng hp bat buoc phai co s tham van cua hoi ong nha nc nhng y kien tham van nay khong bat buoc phai tuan theo Khi chnh phu chuan b trnh 1 d an luat len ngh vien

Khi ngh vien qui nh ro rang bang van ban rang ngh nh cua chnh phu hng dan thi hanh 1 ao luat nao o bat buoc phai co y kien cua hoi ong nha nc

Ngoai ra bat au t 1963, hoi ong nha nc co them 1 chc nang la e xuat cac cai cach can thiet oi vi he thong phap luat hanh chnh hien hanh trong ban bao cao hoat ong hang nam gi len cho tong thong Chc nang xet x cua hoi ong nha nc

Hoi ong nha nc ong thi co chc nang xet x s tham ong thi chung tham cac vu viec hanh chnh phc tap co kha nang tao ra nhng nguyen tac phap ly mi, cac vu viec co lien quan en cong chc, vien chc cao cap cua chnh phu

Toa se xet x phuc tham cac ban an c chuyen len t cac toa an hanh chnh ac biet : khi ap dung thu tuc xem xet tnh hp phap cua hanh vi hanh chnh theo thu tuc s bo, khi co khieu nai ve bau c hoi ong thanh pho, th tran ( Chu y : khieu nai ve bau c tong thong se do hoi ong bao hien x ) khi co khang cao phuc tham en t cac toa an hanh chnh ac biet Hoi ong nha nc co tham quyen pha an oi vi bat ky toa an hanh chnh nao ( trong khi o, nhanh toa an t phap th ch co tham quyen pha an oi vi toa phuc tham, toa s tham ac biet ) Theo o, hoi ong nha nc se xem xet tnh hp phap va tuyen huy hay gi nguyen ban an cua toa an cap di. Can c quan trong nhat khi xem xet theo thu tuc pha an la co dau hieu vi pham ve mat tham quyen, sai pham trong thu tuc hay ap dung phap luat sai. Sau khi huy phan quyet cua toa an cap di, hoi ong nha nc co the trao vu viec cho toa an khac cung cap vi toa an a xet x. Khac vi toa pha an trong nhanh toa t phap, sau khi huy an hoi ong nha nc co the trc tiep xet x ve mat noi dung neu thay co li cho cong tac quan ly xet x . Ngoai ra hoi ong nha nc co quyen a ra y kien hng dan giai quyet vu viec theo yeu cau cua toa hanh chnh s tham va toa hanh chnh phuc tham 3.4Toa xung ot

Do ranh gii phan biet luat cong t khong ro rang ( V du : vu viec hnh s Phap co the la luat t ) ( can co toa xung ot, co v tr oc lap vi ca nhanh toa t phap va hanh chnh Chc nang cua toa xung ot Toa xung ot co chc nang phan nh tham quyen gia 2 nhanh toa hanh chnh va nhanh toa t phap trong cac trng hp sau :

Khi ca toa hanh chnh va toa t phap t choi xet x

Khi ca toa hanh chnh va toa t phap eu gianh nhau xet x

Khi ca toa hanh chnh va toa t phap eu xet x nhng lai a ra phan quyet trai ngc nhau

Toa xung ot la 1 toa oc lap trong he thong toa an Phap. Thanh phan toa bao gom 9 tham phan, trong o chanh an se do bo trng bo T phap am nhiem, 4 tham phan cua nhanh toa t phap, 4 tham phan cua nhanh toa hanh chnh

Toa nay khong xet x ve mat noi dung cua cac tranh chap ma ch a ra phan quyet vu viec thuoc tham quyen cua nhanh toa hanh chnh, hay thuoc tham quyen cua nhanh toa t phap. Nhng ke t 1932, nguyen tac nay co 1 ngoai le : trng hp duy nhat ma toa xung ot c xet x noi dung vu viec la khi mot vu viec a c xet x bi ca 2 nhanh toa an, 2 ban an a c cong bo nhng mau thuan vi nhau, cac ben ng s se c a s viec ra toa xung ot. 3.5Hoi ong bao hien

Hoi ong bao hien c lap ra nham theo doi, giam sat viec tuan thu hien phap cua ngh vien, chnh phu cung nh theo doi viec phan chia quyen lc gia ngh vien va chnh phu ( do Phap theo thuyet tam quyen phan lap Thanh phan hoi ong bao hien bao gom cac cu tong thong Phap ( ay la thanh phan ng nhien va co nhiem ky suot i ). Chn thanh vien khac bao gom 3 thanh vien se do tong thong ch nh, 3 thanh vien se do chu tch thng vien ch nh, 3 thanh vien se do chu tch ha vien ch nh. Nhiem ky cua hoi ong bao hien la 9 nam vakhong c tai bo nhiem khi het nhiem ky. Chu y : c 3 nam 1 lan, hoi ong bao hien se bau lai hay ch nh lai 1/3 so thanh vien nham tranh tnh bao thu, tr tre. Chu tch hoi ong bao hien se do tong thong bo nhiem. Cac thanh vien cua hoi ong bao hien khong c kiem nhiem them cac chc danh sau : bo trng, ngh sy, uy vien hoi ong kinh te xa hoi va lanh ao cac ang phai chnh tr nham am bao tnh khach quan cua hoi ong bao hien. Chc nang cua hoi ong bao hien

Kiem tra tnh hp hien oi vi cac van ban do c quan lap phap ban hanh trong 2 trng hp sau :

Neu 1 van ban c ban hanh vi t cach la 1 luat to chc hay 1 qui tac to tung th bat buoc phai co y kien cua hoi ong bao hien

Neu khong thuoc trng hp tren hay neu la 1 ieu c quoc te th co the c hoi ong bao hien xem xet khi co yeu cau cua 1 trong cac chu the sau : tong thong, thu tng, chu tch cua 1 trong 2 vien, khi co t nhat 60 thanh vien cua 1 trong 2 vien e ngh X ly nhng khieu nai lien quan en cac cuoc bau c ngh vien, tong thong, thng ngh sy, ha ngh sy hay trng cau dan y ( chc nang nay c qui nh tai ieu 58, 59, 50 cua hien phap 1958. Hoi ong bao hien thc hien chc nang nay thong qua cac hoat ong nh cung cap y kien t van hay giai quyet cac khieu nai . Vi chc nang nay hoi ong bao hien co vai tro nh c quan t van va giam sat cho cac cuoc bau cHe qua phap ly cua viec kiem tra tnh hp hien oi vi cac van ban phap luat : Trong thi gian hoi ong bao hien ang xem xet tnh hp hien th viec cong bo van ban luat b tam nh ch cho en khi co quyet nh cua hoi ong. Khi van ban luat b tuyen bo vi hien th khong the co hieu lc phap luat. Neu 1 van ban luat b tuyen bo vi hien 1 phan th phan vi hien o khong lam anh hng en phan con lai cua van ban Thi iem kiem tra tnh hp hien :

Thc hien khi van ban luat a c ngh vien thong qua nhng cha c cong bo ( giam sat trc )Thi han kiem tra tnh hp hien :

Thi han e hoi ong bao hien ra quyet nh la 1 thang ke t ngay nhan c yeu cau. Trong trng hp khan cap, theo yeu cau cua chnh phu th thi han tren c rut xuong con 8 ngay

Hnh thc, hieu lc cua van ban do hoi ong bao hien ban hanh

Cac van ban do hoi ong bao hien ban hanh c the hien di hnh thc quyet nh ( khac vi My ) co gia tr chung tham, khong the b khang cao khang ngh, co gia tr bat buoc thi hanh oi vi tat ca cac cap cac ban nganh. Quyet nh c ang toan van tren cong bao va phai co ay u ch ky cua cac thanh vien. Nhc iem Thi gian ngan va ch c thc hien oi vi cac van ban a c cong bo

Khong c xem xet cac van ban do chnh phu ban hanh

IVNghe luat ao tao luat

Phap la 1 trong nhng quoc gia co nghe luat a dang nhat tren the gii ( tai sao ?Tai sao Anh khong co nghe cong chng vien ? Phap co 1 so nghe luat mang tnh oc quyen : cong chng vien, luat s

Toa Phap phan ra 2 nhanh toa t phap va toa hanh chnh ( tham phan c ao tao khac nhau

Tham phan, luat s , cong to vien ( ngoai ra con co tha phat lai, cong chng vien )

------------------------------------------------------------------------BAI 5

HE THONG PHAP LUAT ANH

La he thong phap luat goc cua an leUnited Kingdom bao gom England, Wales, Scotland, North Ireland ( He thong phap luat Anh ch bao gom luat ap dung England va x WalesICac bo phan cau thanh phap luat Anh

Bao gom 3 bo phan

Thong luat ( common law )Luat cong bang ( equity law )

Luat thanh van

Chng trnh ch tap trung nghien cu thong luat va luat cong bang ( an le )

Trc 1066giai oan phap luat tap quan

1066 1485giai oan ra i common law khi no t khang nh mnh va vt qua s phan khang cua cac tap quan a phng

1485 1832giai oan ra i cua luat cong bang, bo sung cho thong luat

1832 - Naygiai oan thong luat bao gom common law va equity law ung o vi s phat trien cha tng co cua he thong phap luat thanh vanac iem cua phap luat Anh Khong gian oan va mang tnh noi tai ( nang tap quan a phng len thanh tap quan chung )1Lch s hnh thanh cua common law

Tai sao common law ( ra i sau 1066 ) lai phai nghien cu phap luat trc 1066 ?Ttai sao phai nghien cu tap quan a phng ieu kien kinh te xa hoi ( boi canh lch s )Trc 1066 Anh chu s thong tr suot 4 the ky cua La ma, ch cham dt the ky 5 trc cong nguyen. Khi e quoc La ma sup o, cac bo toc khac nhau co nguon goc German bao gom nhng ngi nh la Xac xong, Angle, Jut, an mach tran vao va chiem u the. Nc Anh b chia thanh nhieu vng quoc nho.Ve mat kinh te che o no le bc vao thi ky tan ra khi e quoc La ma sup o. Luc nay kinh te chau Au ang dien ra s an xen gia 2 phng thc san xuat bo toc va phong kien. Tnh phan quyen cat c rat cao, ng au moi vung la chua at, thau tom trong tay ca vng quyen va than quyen, cac vung ton tai nh nhng quoc gia oc lap vi nhau. ( Phong kien Anh mang tnh tap quyen rat cao, rat kho e yeu cau dan chu ) Tap quan la nguon xet x chiem v tr oc ton tai giai oan nay. ( Viec du nhap cua Thien chua giao va ch viet lam xuat hien 1 so luat thanh van Anglo Xacxong, nhng ch ieu chnh cac lnh vc rat hep va khong co gia tr moi ni ) khong tiep thu luat La ma. Nc Anh chu s o ho cua La ma trong 4 the ky, nhng phap luat La ma lai khong anh hng nhieu en phap luat Anh do v tr a ly xa xoi, viec chong oi cua cac chua at, ch viet, nen kinh te bo toc t cung t cap khong phu hp vi luat La ma ( c thiet ke e ieu chnh quan he buon ban t ), luat La ma ch ap dung trong quan he gia cong dan La ma vi cong dan khac ( lnh vc ieu chnh hep ), La ma khong co y nh ong hoa Anh ma ch tap trung khai thac khoang san

Tap quan cua Anh giai oan nay co nhng ac iem sau Ap dung theo nguyen tac vung nen vi cung 1 quan he co the co nhieu cach ieu chnh khac nhau. Nguyen tac nay ch phu hp vi hnh thai kinh te bo toc, khi moi giao lu quan he gia cac vung gan nh khong co. Nhng se la vat can cho van e trao oi giao lu kinh te gia cac vungCac tap quan thi ky Anglo Xacxong ch ton tai di hnh thc noi nen de dan ti tnh trang d ban. e chng minh cho s ton tai cua tap quan nao o th nhng ngi ln tuoi va uy tn nhat trong vung se c mi en phien xet x. Tap quan ch c ap dung khi tat ca cac ngi nay noi giong nhau ve tap quan o. en cuoi the ky 9, phap luat Anh co the chia ra 3 vung tng oi khac nhau : Wessex, Mercian, Nordic ( cha co he thong phap luat thong nhat Viec xet x cua Anh trong thi ky nay se do 2 toa am nhiem : toa a hat ( county court nong thon va toa shire court thanh th ) va toa 100 ( toa hundred court ( to chc tng t La ma ).

Toa 100 thc chat la ai hoi cua ngi dan t do, c to chc 1 thang 1 lan va do ngi ng au bach ho khu chu toa. Cac toa 100 xet x vu dan s va hnh s, cac phan quyet cua toa nay phai c cac ho dan trong bach ho khu chap nhan.Toa a hat c trieu tap toi thieu 2 lan 1 nam do quan trng chu toa. Tham quyen cua toa nay rat rong, bao gom tat ca cac tranh chap con lai, nhng chu yeu la cac vu viec a c xet x bi toa 100 khi nguyen n cho rang toa 100 a khong trao cho ho cong ly. Phan quyet cua toa cap quan co the c khang cao len hoang e trong trng hp toa an cap quan t choi trao cong ly cho nguyen n ( hoat ong xet x khong thng xuyen, khong the x ly toan bo cac tranh chap; ch nguyen n c quyen khang cao ) Phng thc xet x cua toa an het sc tuy nghi, con mang nang tnh than thanh sieu t nhien nham bao ve quyen li cua chua at luc bay gi ( V du : nhung tay vao dau soi e chng to vo toi, om a nung o ) Chnh nhng nhc iem trong viec xet x cua toa a hat va toa 100 a lam cho no mat u the so vi nhng toa an hoang gia sau nay ( Tnh en thi iem trc s xam lc cua ngi Norman, nc Anh cha co he thong phap luat thong nhat, phap luat Anh chu yeu bao gom cac tap quan a phng.Tham phan la ngi lam luat nen phai nghien cu trcGiai oan 1066 1485

William la ngi Phap, lai la ke i xam lc nen can phai cai tr that kheo leo. Vi chien thang cua ngi Norman vao nam 1066 th William len ngoi vua nc Anh. ong thi vi s chinh phuc cua ngi Norman, th nen kinh te cham dt hnh thai bo toc va phat trien manh me trong the ky 11 - 13. Vao the ky 13 Anh a tr thanh 1 trong nhng quoc gia hung manh nhat chau AuTuy vay s chinh phuc cua ngi Norman co y ngha lch s to ln, khong ch ve mat thong nhat lanh tho ma con ong vai tro quyet nh oi vi s ra i cua thong luat Anh

Cac cuoc cai cach cua vua William

Ly do can cai cach : Che o phong kien nc Anh ang dien ra tnh trang phan quyen cat c cao o, quyen lc chu yeu nam rai rac cac lanh chua phong kien Vi ngi dan Anh th William va ngi Norman la ngi i xam lc nen se xay ra s chong oi cua dan Anh.

William phai co tien e nuoi quan oi, thng cho binh s nen phai tang ngan kho nha nc( e at c cac muc ch tren, William a tien hanh cai cach toan dien tren cac lnh vc quan s hanh chnh t phap

Ve quan s : ch vua co quyen s hu quan oi, cho phep 1 bo phan binh lnh tr ve vi gia nh, thc hien viec cap at cho ho co thu thue ( giam nguon chi cho quan oi, tang nguon thu cho ngan sach, giam tap trung at ai vao 1 so t lanh chua phong kien, c long ngi than gia nh cua cac binh lnh, cung co long trung thanh tuyet oi cua quan oi vao hoang gia.

Ve hanh chnh : la trong tam cua cuoc cai cach vi muc tieu xay dng nc Anh thanh nc phong kien tap quyen cao o, tap trung ( William tien hanh tch thu at ai, tuyen bo quyen s hu at ai cua mnh tren toan quoc, xem toan bo nhng ngi s dung at nh nhng ngi i thue at; tien hanh phan chia lai at ai cua cac lanh chua phong kien cho cac hoang than cua mnh nhng am bao cho khong ai co the tap trung at ai nhieu hn nha vua. Vao 1086, nha vua tien hanh lap so ien tho, thong ke tat ca at ai cua mnh nham quan ly viec thu thue t nhng ngi s dung at nham tang ngan sach cua hoang gia. Ve quan ly hanh chnh : nha vua la ngi ng au nha nc, a thanh lap ra hoi ong co van bao gom nhng ngi than tn va co tri thc. Nha vua se thc hien viec quan ly at nc thong qua s t van cua hoi ong co van, va co chc nang kiem soat viec nop thue, va co chc nang xet x cac vi pham lien quan en viec nop thue Ve lnh vc t phap : William gi vai tro chanh an toi cao nhng ch giai quyet cac van e lam cho hoang gia lo ngai nh thue, an ninh quoc gia, cac tranh chap gia cac lanh chua. Vua con cho thanh lap he thong toa an phong kien thay the cho cac toa an a phng. Nhng nhng van e cua a phng van tiep tuc do cac toa a hat va toa 100 giai quyet. oi vi nhng vu viec nay, vua khong the can thiep c.

Ve lnh vc phap luat : vua khong chu trng ap at phap luat cua mnh at nc va b khuat phuc, khong lap tc bai bo cung nh sa oi phap luat hien hanh ma tuyen bo duy tr phap luat thi ky Anglo Xacxong ( khong gay hiem khch vi cac lanh chua phong kien vangi dan + ch viet cha pho bien, trnh o dan tr con thap.Tnh tap trung : cac c quan quan trong eu tap trung Westminter( Bang tr tue cua mnh William a xay dng c che o phong kien tap quyen tap trung cao o. Nhng cai cach cua ong cung tao tien e cho s ra i 1 he thong phap luat chung cho toan bo nc Anh, thay the cho tap quan a phng

S ra i cua common law

Cac ieu kien e common law ra i : Phai co he thong toa an tap trung

Phai co oi ngu tham phan va luat s co kinh nghiem Phai co tuyen tap cac ban an

Lay ly do tai chnh lam ly do c ban e tang s can thiep cua hoang gia vao cac quan he phap luat hnh s va dan s co lien quan en ngha vu nop thue, vua v the co tham quyen ac biet oi vi tat ca cac toi pham nghiem trong va tien phat cung nh tai san tch thu c a tr thanh nguon thu mi cua hoang gia. Bang cach nay, t phap hoang gia a phat trien manh me t the ky 12 en the ky 13 : t tham quyen ac biet chuyen giai quyet cac vu viec tai chnh cua quoc gia tr thanh tham quyen chung giai quyet pham vi rong rai cac vu viec. T hoi ong co van cua nha vua, 3 toa an trung ng c dan dan hnh thanh vi oi ngu tham phan co tri thc va c quyen thay mat nha vua e xet x

Toa an tai chnh chuyen giai quyet cac vu viec lien quan en thue

Toa an tham quyen chung co tham quyen giai quyet cac vu viec thong thng gia cac ca nhan va giam sat cac toa an truyen thong cap di ( he thong toa an hoang gia ) Toa nha vua co tham quyen giai quyet cac vu viec chnh tr ac biet nghiem trong

Thi gian au, anh hng cua cac toa an nay khong ln do Gap phai s chong oi cua cac lanh chua phong kien

S ton tai biet lap cua cac khu dan c cung nh s ton tai cua cac tap quan mang tnh a phng a hnh thanh nen thoi quen trong dan chung la muon vu viec c giai quyet tai a phng mnh

Cac toa an tap trung tai Westminster khien cho cac ben lien quan se ton nhieu thi gian va chi ph cho viec kien tung Viec khi kien tai toa an hoang gia c coi nh 1 ac an cua nha vua gianh cho than dan ( ngi dan phai a 1 thnh cau len quan ai chng an e trnh bay vu viec. Sau o quan ai chng an se xem xet va cap 1 trat ( writ ), ngi dan phai ong ph roi mi a vu viec ra toa an. Nhng en the ky 13 cung ch mi co 23 loai trat ( vu viec ) ma toa an hoang gia co the x ly : luat to tung luon i trc luat noi dung ( common law Tuy nhien oi ngu tham phan ngay cang co kinh nghiem, co chuyen mon qua thc tien xet x, phng thc xet x u viet a lam cho uy tn cua cac toa an hoang gia bat au c thiet lap. Vua Henry II a kheo leo m rong tham quyen cua cac toa an hoang gia bang hnh thc xet x het sc oc ao : hnh thc xet x lu ong Xet x lu ong la viec vao mua he cac tham phan cua toa an hoang gia i khap at nc e xet x, mua ong ho tap trung ve Westminster. Trong qua trnh xet x, cac tham phan hoang gia giai quyet tranh chap theo 1 cach thc ac biet : phu thuoc vao cach thc ho hieu va nhan thc nh the nao ve tap quan a phng

ac iem cua xet x lu ong

Nguon luat c ap dung la cac tap quan a phng ( do khong co nguon luat nao khac + e tran an dan chung va lanh chua phong kien : ch em en cong ly ) ( ch viet + phu hp vi trnh o phat trien + giai thch co li cho hoang gia Cac tham phan phai ghi chep lai t m tnh tiet vu an ( e nha vua co the kiem soat c viec xet x + lam kinh nghiem xet x cho cac tham phan Viec xet x cua cac tham phan hoang gia c thc hien bang viec nghe li khai cua cac ben tai toa. Viec xem xet li khai hay cac chng c cua cac ben a ra co hp le hay khong c xem xet bang 1 hoi ong. Hoi ong nay sau nay tr thanh che nh boi tham oan trong phap luat to tung Anh. ( Nha vua a khong dung quyen lc cua mnh e bai bo cac toa an a phng ma chnh s u viet cua toa an hoang gia a mang lai thang li cho no trong cuoc canh tranh vi cac toa an a phng Thu tuc to tung toa an hoang gia u viet hn toa an a phng cac iem sau Cac tham phan toa an hoang gia co uy quyen hn tham phan a phng, am bao phan quyet c thi hanh triet e Kinh te xa hoi ngay cang phat trien, khien giao thng gia cac vung ngay cang gia tang, tat yeu dan en cac tranh chap gia 2 than dan thuoc 2 lanh a khac nhau ( nham am bao cho viec tuan thu cac phan quyet, cac ben ngay cang muon vu viec c giai quyet tai toa an hoang gia

Vi nhng u viet nh tren, so lng cac vu viec ma toa an hoang gia giai quyet ngay cang nhieu va en cuoi thi ky trung co ( the ky 15 ) cac toa an hoang gia a thay the hoan toan cho cac toa an a phng cua lanh chua phong kien. Khi cac vu viec ngay cang nhieu, cang a ang cac tham phan khong ch ap dung cac tap quan cua a phng cung nh cac tri thc cua ban than ma con dung en kinh nghiem xet x cua mnh thong qua cac ban an a xet x

Trong qua trnh xet x lu ong khap at nc, cac tham phan se lam quen vi cac tap quan khac nhau. Sau khi thc hien viec xet x vao mua he cac tham phan lai tr ve London vao mua ong.Tai ay ho a gap g va cung nhau trao oi cac kinh nghiem trong thc tien xet x. Nhng trao oi cua ho thng xoay quanh nhng vu an ma ho a x, nhng tap quan ma ho a ap dung, nhng phan quyet ma ho a a ra. Torng qua trnh thao luan, ho se phan tch iem manh iem yeu cua cac tap quan khac nhau, c ap dung e giai quyet cac vu viec tng t. S hoc hoi nh vay gia cac tham phan a tao ra 1 tien le khi xet x cac tham phan thng t nguyen tham khao cac phan quyet a co trc o e xet x neu co s tng t ve mat tnh tietCang ve sau, tham phan hoang gia ngay cang ap dung thng xuyen cac qui nh phap luat giong nhau tren khap at nc. Luat common co ngha la luat chung thay the cho cac tap quan a phng a ra i vao the ky 13 nhng phai en the ky 15 mot he thong luat chung hoan thien mi ra i. ( Nh vay thong luat Anh c hnh thanh t 1066 en 1485 bang viec cac tham phan t nguyen ap dung cac phan quyet trc o e ap dung cho vu viec ang giai quyet neu nh co s tng t ve mat tnh tiet. Ve sau a hnh thanh mot nguyen tac co ten la stare decissis hay con goi la nguyen tac tien le phai c tuan thu. T o viec ap dung ban an co trc khong con la quyen ma a tr thanh ngha vu bat buoc. Qua phan tch nay co the nhan thay phap luat Anh hnh thanh bang con ng noi tai, do cac tham phan hoang gia tao ra ch khong phai do cac nha lap phap tao ra da tren cac tap quan a phng.

2ac iem cua thong luatThong luat Anh co nhng ac trng sau Thong luat Anh c hnh thanh bang con ng t phap ch khong phai con ng lap phap

Cac luat gia Anh coi trong thu tuc to tung hn luat noi dung ( s ton tai cua he thong trat writ )Thong luat Anh khong co s phan chia luat cong va luat t do

Viec khong co s phan chia luat cong va luat t co lien quan en viec au tranh chnh tr gia quoc hoi va nha vua. Sau khi phe bao hoang gianh thang li a muon ap at che o quan chu len phap luat

Mot ly do c phan ln cac luat gia Anh ong tnh la s ton tai cua he thong trat nen cac luat gia Anh khong phan chia phap luat thanh cac nganh luat, khong chap nhan s phan biet luat cong t nh cac quoc gia chau Au luc a. Tat ca cac loai trat eu nhan danh nha vua, tham ch tranh chap gia cac ca nhan cung c xem la tranh chap gia nha vua vi ca nhan vi pham ( mang tnh cong hoan toan )

Thong luat Anh ra i chnh t nhu cau quan ly hanh chnh ch khong phai t hoat ong luat phap nen cung ong vai tro quyet nh en thong luat ????Qua trnh hnh thanh thong luat Anh mang tnh lien tuc va ke tha ( tap quan + khong tiep thu luat La ma )

Nguyen tac stare decissis nguyen tac xng song tao tien e cho s ton tai va on nh cua thong luat Anh Noi dung : cac tham phan khi xet x phai can c vao cac ban an a co trc neu nh co s tng t ve mat tnh tiet ( thc te khong the xac nh chnh xac s tng t ve tnh tiet ( tham phan la ngi quyet nh da tren viec tranh tung tai toa )Vai tro la tien e cho viec ton tai va on nh he thong thong luat Han cheNeu tuan thu triet e se lam cho thong luat Anh cng nhac thieu linh hoat khi cac ieu kien kinh te xa hoi thay oi khong ngngNgoai le cho phep vien nguyen lao cua Anh khong chu rang buoc bi nguyen tac nay t 1966. Luat cong bang ( equity law )

Nguyen nhan ra i

Do chnh nhng han che cua thong luat Anh boc lo vao cuoi the ky 15 au the ky 16 + The hien s bao thu cua ngi Anh

Hoan canh lch s Vao the ky 15, Anh tr thanh 1 trong nhng nc phong kien hung manh nhat chau Au. Boi canh tren at ra yeu cau thay oi oi vi thong luat e thuc ay s phat trien nhng thong luat Anh khong con linh hoat nh thi gian au ma a tr thanh can tr nghiem trong oi vi s phat trien cua xa hoi Anh

Trong lnh vc dan s, khi cac ieu kien ve ha tang thay oi oi hoi phap luat cung phai thay oi e thch ng vi tnh hnh mi . Tuy nhien thong luat Anh tai thi iem o boc lo nhng nhc iem Khong co an le e ieu chnh nhng quan he mi nen tham phan phai ap dung cac ban an cu e giai quyet

Che tai duy nhat cua thong luat oi vi cac hanh vi gay thiet hai trong quan he dan s la phat tien boi thng a khong buoc cac ben phai tuan thu hp ong cung nh lam cho ben b thiet hai thay thoa ang. ieu nay a anh hng nghiem trong en lnh vc hp ong noi rieng va lnh vc thng mai noi chung

Trong lnh vc hnh s : cac che tai tr nen ha khac hn luc nao het, nha vua dung thong luat nh 1 trong nhng cong cu ac lc e an ap cac tang lp trong xa hoi oi dan chu va co xu hng chong lai che o phong kien chuyen che cua hoang gia Anh S ton tai cua he thong trat a khien cho thong luat Anh tr nen phc tap, cng nhac va de dan en bat cong trong xet x v : khong co trat th khong co quyen + trat cung lam cho thu tuc to tung b anh hng manh me ( nen ngi dan kho tiep can va phai nh en dch vu luat s phc tap, ton kem ) va tr nen quan trong hn quyen li ang b tranh chap trong vu kien Chnh cac han che tren a lam nay sinh nhu cau e tm giai phap e khac ophuc nhng han che cua thong luat trong 2 trng hp Ngi dan khong the tiep can cong ly t toa thong luat v khong co trat phu hp

Ngi dan khong at c ket qua tron ven t cac giai phap phap ly ma toa thong luat a ap dung

Luat cong bang chu s anh hng cua luat La ma v v ai phap quan hay cac tham phan au tien cua toa cong bang la cac linh muc. Do o ho chu anh hng sau sac cua cac luat le, qui tac cua giao hoi va 1 phan cua luat La ma. en cuoi the ky 15 cac vu viec lien quan en cong ly ngay cang nhieu, vua a lap ra toa an cong bang. Khi a ra phan quyet cac tham phan cua toa cong bang cung giong nh cac tham phan cua thong luat la ke tha va phat trien cac phan quyet a co trc o tuy thuoc vao quyet nh ca nhan cua ho ve cong bang va le phai Thu tuc to tung toa cong bang khac vi thu tuc to tung toa thong luat nhng kha canh sau Can c cho viec xet x toa cong bang la n thnh cau ( khong phai la trat nh toa thong luat ). Cac n nay khong co mau san nh trat va ngi thnh cau se phai neu ro ly do khieu nai va thnh cau s giup . n thnh cau phai kem theo vat lam tin th mi co the khi kien ai phap quan se phat hanh trat trieu tap oi ben b cao phai co mat tai toa ma khong can phai neu ro ly do hay c s phap ly. Ben b se b tch thu tai san, bat gi, tham ch bo tu neu khong co mat tai toa. Ben b se tra li chat van cua ai phap quan ( khac vi tham phan toa thong luat ch la trong tai ) tren c s tuyen the e b n phai khai cac tnh tiet vu viec la thu tuc ac biet khong co toa thong luat

Ngon ng s dung toa ban au la tieng La tinh, sau o chuyen sang tieng Anh trong khi tieng Phap van c s dung toa thong luat

Phien toa khong co s tham gia cua boi tham oan

Cac bien phap khac phuc cong ly cua toa cong bang khac vi toa thong luat : tuyen bo quyen cua ben nguyen, lenh buoc ben b phai thc hien hanh vi nao o, lenh cam ben b tiep tuc thc hien hanh vi nao o anh hng en li ch cua ben nguyen Luat cong bang khong can c vao viec co trat, co thu tuc to tung phu hp hay khong ma ch quan tam en viec co quyen li ch hp phap b xam pham + ch da tren quan iem ve le phai, ao c cong bang ch khong phai luat le nao

T the ky 16 cac phan quyet cua toa cong bang a c xuat ban, theo o cac tham phan cua toa cong bang b rang buoc bi ban an a co trc, giong nh cac tham phan cua toa thong luat. Ben canh o, sau cuoc cai cach toa an 1873 -1875, nhng tham phan cua toa cong bang khong con la linh muc na ma la nhng luat s c ao tao thong luat nen cac an le cua toa cong bang ngay cang cng nhac hn va ban chat cua luat cong bang t the ky 17 en nay khong con ung la nhng nguyen tac phap ly c hieu the ky 15 -16.Nh vay en au the ky 16, he thong phap luat Anh c bo sung them 1 nguon phap luat khac nham khac phuc cho nhng khiem khuyet cua thong luat la luat cong bang.Moi tng quan gia luat cong bang va thong luat

Luat cong bang ch c xem la 1 bo phan bo sung cho thong luat Cac tham phan cua toa cong bang t nhn nhan va a ra nguyen tac luat cong bang i sau thong luat ( luat cong bang ra i ch ong vai tro ho tr giup cho thong luat hoan thien hn. Ch khi thong luat khong ieu chnh c hay khong ieu chnh het th luat cong bang mi giai quyet ( V du khi khong co trat, khi phan quyet cua thong luat khong thoa ang do ch co che tai phat tien ). Luat cong bang a ra nguyen tac nay nham tranh gay ra xung ot vi cac toa an hoang gia luon tm cach bao ve s oc quyen cua mnh trong xet x

Cac phan quyet cua toa cong bang khong ch c ap dung trong toa cong bang ma con c cac tham phan cua toa thong luat tham khao vi t cach la nhng le phai, le cong bang e bo sung cho luatTuy nhien khi giai quyet cac vu viec cac tham phan cua toa cong bang luon at cong bang va le phai len hang au e xem xet vu viec co xam pham en cong ly, ao c hay khong. Neu co th n thnh cau se c chap nhan. Chnh v thu tuc to tung n gian a khien cho ngi co li ch b xam pham de dang tiep can c vi cong ly hn toa thong luat nen uy tn cua toa cong bang ngay cang cao.

Ve phap ly, t 1621, vien nguyen lao bat au xem xet cac phan quyet cua toa cong bang, ong ngha vi viec toa cong bang a co v tr ngang vi toa thong luat. Nh vay tnh en trc cuoc cai cach toa an, nc Anh a co 2 he thong toa an ton tai oc lap vi nhau. Trong o moi toa an ap dung 1 thu tuc to tung rieng, qui pham phap luat rieng. Giai oan sau cai cach toa anThong luat va luat cong bang c xem la 2 bo phan oc lap co v tr ngang nhau trong phap luat Anh.

Nguyen nhan cua cuoc cai cach toa an : Moi toa s dung 1 thu tuc to tung cung nh phap luat hoan toan khac nhau a lam tang tnh phc tap von co, ton kem cho ngi khi kien. Do o trong rat nhieu trng hp, nguyen n phai thc hien 2 thu tuc to tung khac nhau, trc 2 toa khac nhau ( ngi Anh tien hanh cuoc cai cach toa an nham cham dt tnh 2 mat cua thu tuc to tung. Ngi Anh a khong loai bo 1 he thong toa an nao ma thc hien viec sap nhap 2 he thong toa an lam 1 bang cac luat ve to chc toa an t 1873 en 1875. Ket qua cua cuoc cai cach toa an : a xoa bo s ton tai song song cua 2 nhanh toa an, sap nhap 2 toa lam 1, cham dt tnh 2 mat cua thu tuc to tung. Sau cai cach toa an, nguyen n thay v phai nop 2 n khac nhau tai 2 toa khac nhau th sau cai cach th ch can nop 1 n tai 1 toa. Toa nay va co tham quyen oi vi vu viec cua thong luat va co tham quyen oi vi vu viec cua luat cong bang. Tuy nhien nhng qui nh cua thong luat va luat cong bang van c ap dung theo 2 trnh t thu tuc khac nhau ( viec cai cach ch la hnh thc ch khong triet e do van con 2 thu tuc to tung )Cai cach toa an a bai bo hnh thc n kien trat, thay vao o tat ca cac vu viec du c tien hanh theo thu tuc nao cung bat au bang 1 loai trat chung la trat hau toa.Tuy vay thc te van ton tai vai loai trat va kha nang thang kien khi khong co loai trat tng ng la rat thap. Neu co s xung ot gia thong luat va luat cong bang th u tien cho luat cong bang song cac tham phan ngay nay eu co thai o xem thng luat cong bang, nhat la cac nguyen tac cua luat cong bang c xay dng t the ky 15 16.

2.2ac trng cua luat cong bang

Ve c ban, giong nh thong luat, luat cong bang c tao ra bi cac tham phan ch khong phai bi con ng lap phap. Tuy nhien, ban au luat cong bang ra i vi muc ch bo sung cho thong luat nen co 1 so ac trng sau Luat cong bang co 1 he thong cac phng tien phap ly hoan toan mi me, linh hoat, mem deo giup cho ben b xam pham de dang co c cong ly. Tnh mem deo : khong b rang buoc bi an le, ch da tren cong bang ( v luat cong bang la quan iem cua ca nhan tham phan

Tnh mi me, linh hoat : co them 3 cong cu mi la tuyen bo quyen cua ben nguyen, buoc ben b thc hien 1 hanh vi nao o, cam ben b thc hien 1 hanh vi nao o Nh nhng giai phap phap ly cua toa cong bang ma nhng qui nh ve uy thac ( trust : giao tai san cho ngi khac quan ly ) phat trien manh Thu tuc to tung va he thong chng c cua toa cong bang khac vi toa thong luat To chc nhan s cua toa cong bang n gian hn toa thong luat. V du : khong s dung boi tham oan (boi tham oan se quyet nh co toi hay khong, tham phan cua toa thong luat ch la trong tai khong tien hanh xet hoi )Tham phan cua toa cong bang se a ra quyet nh thong qua qua trnh xet hoi b n ma khong co s tham gia cua boi tham oan

Thu tuc to tung cua toa cong bang n gian hn toa thong luat ( a giai thch trc ay )

Ve mat chng c, neu nh thong luat xem to tung nh 1 cuoc au gia cac ben lien quan en vu viec, trong o tham phan ch ong vai tro la trong tai ( cac ben phai t a ra chng c khong ben nao bat buoc c ben kia