bÀi giẢng vÀ lỜi giẢi chi tiẾt hÓa hỌc 12 - nguyỄn hoÀng long

8/10/2019 BI GING V LI GII CHI TIT HA HC 12 - NGUYN HONG LONG

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Chng 1.ESTE - LIPIT

Chng Este - Lipit tip ni chng trnh Ha hc hu c lp 11, c. bit l phn axit cacboxylic v este l n xut ca axit cacboxylic. Cc kin

; thc ca chng ny c mi lin h vi nhau v lin h vi phn kin thc

; hc chng trnh Ha hc lp 1 1 , c th l phn hirocacbon. Nidung kin thc ca chng ny bao gm:Bi : Este,Bi 2: LiptBi 3: Khi nim v x phong v cht git ra tng hp.Chng ta ln lt xt tng bi hc c th ca chng:

Bi 1: ESTEA. BI GINGI. KHI NIM, DANH PHP

1. Khi nim- Xt cc phn ng:

I C2H5OH + CH 3 CO O H CH 3 COOC 2 H 5+ h 20etyl axetat

CH3COOH + HO [CH2]2 c H CH3

I c h 3

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2. Danh php: Tn ca este c gi theo qui tc sau:Tn g c hirocacbon ca ancol + tn g c axit (ui ic thay b ng ui atTh d:

+ CH3COOCH2CH2CH3 : propyl axetat+ HCOOCH3: metyl fomat

II. TNH CHT VT L

- Quan st mt mu du chui (isoamyl axetat) v sau ha tan n nc.

- Xt nhit si, kh nng ha tan trong nc ca ba cht hu ccng khi lng moi: axit, ancol v este:CH3CH2CH2COOH CH3[CH2]3CH2OH CH3COOC2H5

(M = 88) ts 63,5c (M = 88), t = 132c (M = 88), ts = 77

Tan nhiu trong nc Tan t trong nc Khng tan trong nT ta c th kt lun:

- Cc este l cht lng hoc cht rn trong iu kin thng v hu khng tan ong nc.

- Cc este c nhit si thp hn hn so vi cc axit ng phn .hcc ancol c cng khi lng mo phn t hoc c cng s nguyn t cacbon

- Cc este thng c mi c trng: isoamyl axetat c mi chu i cety butirat v etyl propionat c mi da; geranyl axetat c mi hoa h ng

Nguyn nhn: Do gia cc phn t este khng to c lin kt hivi nhau v lin kt hiro gia cc phn t este vi nc rt km nn e

hu nh khng tan ong nc.III. T NH CH T H A HC

1. Thu phn trong mi trng axit- Tr li hai phn ng este ha u bi:

C 2H5OH + C H 3 C O O H C H 3 C OOC 2H 5 + H 20etyl axetat

CH3COOH + HO - [CH232- c H - CH3

c h 3

H?SO,dac,t0< - - 1 4 >c h 3c o q - [ c h 2 ]2 - c h - c h 3 4-h

CH3

- Thc hini nghim: Cho vo mt ng nghim 2ml etyl axetat v dung dch H2SO420%. Lc u ng nghim v un si nh trong 5 phthy cht lng ong ng phn thnh hai lp.

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W.DAYKEMQUYNHON.UCOZ.COM

g gp PDF bi GV. Nguyn Thanh T


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T t c th kt un:

+Phn ng este ha l phn ng thun nghch v xy ra chm.+Mt phn este to thnh s b thy phn:

H2so4ac,t0CH3COOC2H5+ H20 C2H5OH + CH3COOH

2. Thu phn trohg mi trng baz (Phn ng x phng ha)Thc hin th nghim: Cho vo mt ng nghim 2ml etyi axetat v Iml

dung dch NaOH 30%. Lc u ng nghim v un si nh trong 5 pht tathu c mt cht lng trong ng ng nht. iu ny chng t:Phn ngthy phn este trong mi trng kin ch xy ra theo mt chiu:

t _ CHCOQHs + NaOHCH3COONa+ C2H5OH

XV. IU CH

1 . Phng php chung: Bng phn ng este ha gia axit cacboxylic v ancol. ...... H2SO4c, t " -----

RCOOH + ROH RC00R' + H20

2. Phong php ring: iu ch este ca ancol khng bn bng phn nggia axit cacboxylic v anco tng ng.

t,xtCH3COOCH=CH2CH3COOH+ CH-CH

V. NG DNG

- V c kh nng ha tan tt nhiu cht nn mt s este c dng lmdung mi tch, chit cht hu c (etyi axetat), pha sn (butyl axetat),...

- Mt s poime ta este c dng sail xut cht do nh poll (vinyaxetat), poii (metyl metaciyat),.. hocng lm ke dn.

-M t s este c mi im, khngc, c dng m cht to hngtrong cng nghip thc phm: ko bnh,nc gii kht (benzyl fomat, etlfomat,-.), m phm : x phng, nc hoa

(linalyl axetat, geranyl axett,...),...

Mtloi-nc hoa

B. L GII CHI TIT CC CU HI V BI TP

I. CU HI V BI TP C BN

1. Hy in ch (ng) hoc s (sai) trong mi trng bn cnh cc cu sau:a) Este l sn phm ca phn Dg gia axit v ancol._____________

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b) Este l hp cht hu c trong phn t c nhm COO". c) Este no, n chc, mch h c cng thc phn t

CnH2D0 2 vi n> 2 . d) Hp cht CH3COOC2H5 thuc loi este.

e) Sn phn ca phn ng gia axt v ancl l este._______________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

- Cc cu ng () ;a) Este l sn phm ca phn ng gia axit v ancol.

c) Este no, em chc, mch h c cng thc phn t CnI2n0 2 vi n>2d) Hp cht CH3COOC2H5thuc loi este.e) Sn phm ca phn ng gia axit v anco l este.

- Cc cu sai (S) l:

b) Este l hp cht hu c trong phn t c nhm COO.

2 *ng vi cng thc phn t C4Hg0 2 c bao nhiu ng phn este ca nhau?

A. 2 B.3 c . 4 D.5.___________

Tr li:Chc c . Cng thc phn t C4I8O2c 4 ng phn este l:

1. HCOOCH2CH2CH3 2. HCOO c H CH3I

' 3

3. CH3COOCH2-CH3 4. CH3-CH2COOCH33. Cht X c cng thc phn t C48O2 . Khi X tc ng vi dung dch

NaOH sinh ra cht Y c cng thc CyHbCbNa. Gng thc cu to ca X l:

A.HCOOC3H7 B.C2H5COOCH3 C.CH3COOC2HS D.HCOOC3H5

Trii:Cha c . V X tc dng vi NaOH sinh ra C2H32Na nn X c cng th

cu to thu gn CH3COOC2H5 :CHsCOOCzHs+NaOH CH3COONa-f C2HsOH

4. Phn ng thy phn este trong mi trng axit v mi trng baz khcnhau im no?_____________

Gii:

- Thy phn este trong mi trng axit l phn ng thun nghch:

RCOOR* +HQH = =h RCOOH + R-OH

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- Thy phn este ong mi trng baz l phn ng xy ra theo mt

chiu: RCOOR + NaOH RCOONa + R-OH

5. Thy phn este X c cng thc phn t C4H6O2 trong dung dch NaOHthu c hn hp hai cht hu c Y v z c t khi hi so vi H2bng23. Tn ca X l:

.etyl axetat. B.metyl axetat. c.metyl propionat- D.propyl fomiat.Gii:

Chn A. Tn ca X l etyl axetat v:

CH3COOC2H5+ NaOH * CH3COONa + C2H5OH

Y z

V ^- = 23 => Mz =46.2

Cng thc ca z l C2H5OH v X l CH3COOC2H5: etyl axetat.6 . t chy hon ton 7,4g este X n chc thu c 6,72 lt CO2(ktc) v

5,4g nc.

a) Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.b) n 7,4g X trong dng dch NaOH va n khi phn ng hon

ton thu c 3,2g ancoi Y v mt lng mui z. Vit cng thc cu toca X v tnh khi lng ca z._______________________________Gii:

a) Ta c: nco-1 = = 0,3mol; nHo = = 0,3mol.2 22,4 Hs0 18

Nh vy, khi t chy este X cho s moi C2bng s moi H2O th esteom chc X l este no n chc:

C2n0 2 + j o 2 ------->nC02+ nH20

(14n+32)g n mol7,4g 0,3 mol

T phng trinh trn, ta c: (14n + 32) X0,3 = 7,4n

Suy ra n = 3.

Vy: Este X c cng thc phn t l C3H6O2 .b)Khi lng ca mui Z:

7 4

Ta c: neste = 1 1 - 0,1 mol

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RCOOR + NaOH---- >RCOONa + ROH

0 ,1 mol 0 ,1 moi 0 , 1 raol 0 ,1 mol

nieste HlNaH nimuQi fflROH

7,4 + 0,1.40 = mmui + 3,2Suy ra: mmui = 7,4 + 4 - 3,2 = 8,2g

Vy: Khi lng mui z l: mz =* 8,2g.

II. CU HI V BI TP M RNG, NNG CAO

1. ng vi CTPT C46O2c bao nhiu este mch h l ng phn ca nhau

A.4. B.3. C.5. D .6 ..

Tr :Cbn D. Este thuc oi khng no, n chc c cc rig phn

HCOCH = CHCH3(cis v trans); HCOOCH2CH = CH2; HCOOCCCHCH2; CH3COOCH = CH2; CH2= CHCOOCH3 .2. Trong phn t este X no, n chc, mch h, oxi chi m 36,36%

lng. S CTCT tha mn CTPT ca X lA.2. B.3. C.4. D. 5

Gii:

32 Chon c . Vi este c 2 nguyn t o nn: 1 = 36,36% = > M = 8 8 g/

M

CTPT tng ng l C48O2 v cc ng phn l: CH3CH2COOGCH3COOCH2CH3; HCOOCH2CH2CH3; HCOOCH(CH3)2.3. t chy hon ton 2,2g este X thu c 2,24 it kh CO2 (ktc) v

nc. CTPT ca X lA. C2H4O. B. c 4h 8o 2. C.C 3H6O2 . a c 4H6o 2.

Gii:Chn B. CTTQ ca X (C2H4 0 )n. V este c 2 nguyn t o nn n

v CTPT l C4H80 2.4. Thy phn 8 ,8 g este X c CTPT l C4I82bng dung dch NaOH v

thu c 4,6g anco Y v

A. 4,lg mui. B. 4,2g mui. c. 8,2g mui, D. 3,4g muGii:

8 8Chn c . Ta c: nNaOH = nste * = 0,1 moi.

88

p dng nh lut BTKL cho phn ng thy phn X ta c:

rtteste n^NaOH rriancol rHmuoi

> I lmui nieste niNaOH niancol 8 ,8 + 4 0 .0 , 4 ,6 8 ,2 g .

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5 . Cho anco A tc dng vi axit B thu c este X. Lm bay hi 8 ,8 g X thuc th tch hi bng th tch ca 3,2g kh oxi ( cng iu kin nhit v p sut). Tm CTPT, CTCT ca A, B v X. Vit tn ca X bit rngt A c th chuyn ha thnh B ch bng mt phn ng ha hc.

Gii:3 2 8 8

Ta c: nx = n0 = -1 - 0,lmol. Suy ra: Mx = 8 8 g.

V CTTQ ca este RCOOR nn: Mr+Mr = 8 8 -4 4 = 44.

Suy raXl C4Hg0 2 .V A chuyn inh B ch bng mt phn ng nn A v B c cng mch

c. Vy A v B ln lt C2H5OH v CH3COOH; X c tn l etyl axetat.6 . Este X c t khi hi so vi kh CO2bng 2. X phng ha hon ton

0,1 mol X bng OOml dung dch IM ca mt hiroxit kim loi kimMOH ri chng ct, thu c 9,8g cht rn khan v 4,6 g cht hu c A.Vit cc phng trnh ha hc, xc nh kim loi kim v este.

Gii:

Ta c: nx = I1MOH = 0,1 mol nn X este on chc.

- V Mx = 44.2 = 8 8 g/mol nn CTPT ca X l C4Hg02-

- Khi x phng ha X ta c cht rn (mui) v A (ancol), vi nA= 0,14 6

moi nn Ma --1-- = 46g/mol.

Suy ra A l C2H5OH v X CH3COOC2H5.

- Cng thc mui l: CH3COOM, vi nmui = 0,1 mol

va Mmui 98g/mol.u ? X

=> M = 98-59 - 39, M l kali (K) -7. un hp chat A vi H2O (c axit v c lm xc tc) c axit hu c B

v ancol D. T khi hoi ca B so vi nit l 2,57. Cho hi ancol D i quang un nng ng bt ng thi sinh ra hp cht E c kh nng tham gia

phn ng trng bc. t chy hon ton 2,8g cht A phi dng ht3,92 t kh O2(ktc). sn phm chy gm c kh CO2v hi H2O tieo tl s mol l 3 : 2.

a) Cho bit A v E thuc nhng loi hp cht no?

b) Xc nh CTCTcaB.c) Xc nh CTCT v gi tn ca A bit D ancol n chc

Gii:

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a) -A tc dng vi H2O (c axit v c lm xc tc) c axit hu c Bv ncoi D: A l st.

- E c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng bc: El anhit.

b) Ta c Mb= 2,57.28 = 72 g/mol.V khi lng hai nhm COOH l 90 nn B ch c mt nhm COOH v

cng thc ca B l RCOOH:Mb = Mr+45 = 72 => Rl C2H3v CTCTcaB l CH2= CH-COOH.

_ 3 92c) Ta c: n0 2 - 0,175mol v m0, =0,175.32 = 5,6g.

- Theo nh lut BTKL, ta c:

_ o o , mco, 3.44 11co2 + m H2o = m A + mo = 2,8+5,6 = 8,4g v =

2 mH0 2.18 3

= > mC0 2 = 6,6gv me = 1 ,8 g

mH20 = M g v = 0,2g

mo = 2 ,8 - 1 ,8 - 0 , 2 = 0 ,8 g .Gi CTPT ca A l CxHyOz, ta c:

_ _ 1,8 0,2 0,8 _ - X : y : z 3 : 4 :1

1 2 1 16

_ c jp y c^a A s l C HgC^ vD l ancoan chc nn A cng l est

cm chc.- CTCT ca A : CH2= CHCOOCH2CH = GH2(aniyl acrylat).

Bi 2: u mA. BI GING :

I. KHI NIM

-Nhng cht nh u n, m ln, sp ong ... c c im: c ong tbo sng ca ng, thc vt; khng tan trong nc nhng c th tan ctrong cc dung mi hu c c gi l lipit

Vy:Lpit nhng hp cht hu c c trong t bo sng, khng ho tantrong nc nhng tan nhiu trong cc dung mi hu c khng cc.

- v c u to: Ph n ln lipit i cc este phc tp, bao g m ch t (triglixerit), sp, steroit v photpholipi,...

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Mt s ngun cung cp cht boII. CHT BO

1 . Khi nim:-Cht bo l trieste ca giixerol vi axit bo, gi chung ltrigixerit hay l triaxylglixerol.- Cc axit bo hay gp l:

C17H35COOH hay CH3[CH2]i6COOH: axit stearic.

Ci7H33 COOH hay cis-CH3[CH2]7CH = CH[CH2]7COOH: axit oleic.C15H3iCOOH hay CHbfQHh]14COOH: axit pamnitic.

- T c im cu to ca cc axi bo hay gp ta thy:+ Axit bo l nhng axi n chc c mch cacbon di, khng phn

nhnh, c th no hoc khng no.+ CTCT chung ca cht bo l:

R1COOCH2r2c o o - c h

R3COt>CH2

R1, R2, R3l gc hirocacbon ca axi bo, c th ging hoc khc nhau.Th d:

(CnHjsCOOfcCsHs: tristearoylglixerol (tristearin).(C17H33COO)3 C351 trioleoylglixerol (ioein).(C5H31COO)3C3H5: ipanmitoylglixerol (tripanmitin).

2 . Tnh cht vt l

- T tnh cht ca cc cht bo hay gp nh m ng vt, du thc vt ta thy:+ iu kin thng, cht bo l nhng cht lng hoc cht rn, nu:

R1, R2, R3: Ch yu l gc hirocacbon no th cht bo l cht rn. R1, R2, R3: Ch yu gc hirocacbon khng no thi cht bo l cht

tng.+ Cc cht bo khng tan trong nc nhung tan nhiu trong cc ung

mi hu c khng cc nh: benzen, clorofom,...+ Cc cht bo nh hn nc v khng tan trong nc.

3. Tnh cht ha hc

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V cht bo l trieste ca glixerol vi cc axit monocacboxylic nn bo s c cc tinh cht ha hc sau:

- Phn ng nhm chc (este): phn ng thy phn.

- Phn ng cng nu gc axit bo khng no,a. Phn ng thu phn

Tng t phn ng thy phn ca este trong axit, ch t bo l treste

phn trong axit s cho ra glixero v axt bo. y l phn ng thun ng ^ 3CH3tCH2] lGOOH + C3HOH)3

tristearin axil stearic glixerol

b. Phn ng x phng haTng t phn ng thy phn ca este ong kim, cht bo l tr

thy phn trong ki m s cho ra mu i natri hoc kali ca axit bo. Phnch xay ra theo mt chi u v mu i thu c dng lm x phng nn gi i phn ng x phng ha:

(CH 3[CH2]56COO)3C3H5 + 3N aO H ~ ^ 3CH3[CH2]; 6COON a + C3H5(OH)3tristearin natr steara t gixerol

c. Phn ng cng hiro ca cht bo lngKhi un nng cht bo lng (c gc axit khng no) trong ni kn r

kh hiro c Ni lm xc tc, sau ngui ta c mt khi cht rn:

.(Cj7H33C00) 3C3H5 + 3H 2- ( C 17h 35C 0 0 ) 3 C 3h 5(lng) 175-190c (rn)

4. ng dng

- Cht bo l thc n cho ngi, l ngun dinh dng quan trncung cp phn n nng lng cho c th hot ng.

- Cht bo l nguyn liu tng hp mt s cht khc cn thit chth . Bo m s vn chuy n v h p th c cc ch t ho tan c cht bo.

- Trong cng nghip, mt lng ln cht bo dng sn. xut x pv glixerol. Sn xut mt s thc phm khc nh m si, hp,...

. LI GII CHI TIT CC CU H V BI TP

I. CU HI V B TP C BNl.Cht bo g? Du n v m ng vt c im g khc nhau v cu t

tnh cht vt l? C h o th d m in h ha.______ -

T r i :

- Cht bo l trieste ca glixerol vi axt bo gi chung l triglixeritr iaxylgl ixerol .



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- Du n v m ng vt khc nhau v cu to v tnh cht vt l:+ M ng vt cha cha ch yu gc axit bo no, l cht rn

nhit phng.

+ Du n cha ch yu l gc axit bo khng no, cht lng nhit phng..

Th d: (CI7H35COO)3C3H5;(Ci7H33COO)3C3H5

Tristearin (rn) Trioein (ng)2 .Nhng pht biu no sau y khng ng?

A.Cht bo khng tan trong nc.B.Ch bo khng tan trong nc, nh hon' nc nhng tan nhiu trong

dung mi hu c.

C.Du n v m bi trn c cng thnh phn nguyn t.D.Cht bo l este ca glixerol v axit cacboxylic, mch cacbon di,

khng phn nhnh.___________________________________________

Tr li:Chn c . Pht biu ng l: Du n v m bi trn c thnh phn nguyn

t khc nhau.

3. Trong thnh phn ca mt s loi scm c trieste ca gixerol vi axitlinoleic C 17H31COOH v axit linoeic C|729C00H. Vit cng thc cu tothu gn ca cc trieste c th c ca 2 axit trn vi glixerol. __________

Gii:

Cng thc thu gn ca cc trieste c th c ca hai axit ni trn vi

gixerol l:(Ci7H3iCOO)xC3H5(Ci7H29COO)y vi x+y = 3.

4. Trong cht bo lun c mt lng axit t' do. s miligam KOH dng trung h ing axit t do trong 1gam cht bo gi l chs axit ca cht

bo. trung ha 2,8 gam cht bo cn 3,0 ml dung dch KH 0,1M. Tnhchi s axit c mu cht bo trn.

Gii:

- Khi lng KOH l: niKOH = 0,0003.56 = 0,0168g = 16,8 mg.. _ , . r l , 8.1 _ ,- Ch so axit l: _ 6 . 2,8

' Lu':Ch s axit ca mt cht bo l s mg KOH cn thit trung haaxit t do trong lg cht bo.

;5. Tng s miligam KOH ung ha ht lng axt t do v x phng haht lng este trong 1 gam cht bo *gi l ch s x Dhng ha ca cht bo.

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Tnh ch s x phng ha ca mu ch t bo c ch s axit b ng 7 chtristearoylglixerol cn ln mt lng axit stearic.

Gii:

- Khi lng K.OH trung ha lng axit stearic trong lg cht bo l

niKCH = 7mg = 0,007g

- S mol KOH trung ha lng axit stearic trong Ig cht bo l:

dkoh = - 7 = 0,000125mol56

S mo axit stearic trong lg cht bo l: iaxit = 1KOH= 0,000125moL

- Khi hrng axit stearic trong lg cht bo l:

maxit = 284 .0,000125 = 0,03 55g.

- Khi ing tristearoylglixerol trong lg cht b l:

mtriste... = 1-0,0355 = 0,9645g.

V tristeroylglixerol c CTPT l (CHs [CH2] lCOCXhCsHs

nn Mtriste... - 890. . ,

-S mol tristearoylglixerol trong 1g cht bo l:

ntriste... = 0,00108mol.890

- S moXOH x phng ha lng istearoygixero trong Ig chb o l: n KOH = 3n:ristc... - 3 .0,0 01 0 8 = 0,0 03 24 m ol

- Kh i ing KOH x phng ha lng tristearoylglixerol trong cht bo l: micoH= 0,00324.56 = 0,182g=182mg

Vy: Chi s xphng ha l: 182 + 7 = 189.

^ hu :Ch s x phng ha ca mt ch t bo l s mg KOH c n i trung ha axit t do v x phng ha ht lng este ong lg cht bo.


X. Chn nhn nh ng:

A. Lipit l cht bo.B. Lipit l tn gi chng cho du m ng, thc vt.

c. Lipit l este ca glixerol vi cc axit bo.

D. Lipit l nhng hp cht hu c Gtrong t bo sng, khng ha ttrong nc, nhng ha tan trong cc dung mi hu c khng phcc. Lipit bao gm cht bo, sp, steroit, photphipit,...

Tr li:

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14/253

Chn D. Theo nh ngha, lipit nhng hp cht hu c c trong t bo^ng, khng ha tail trong nlrc, ning ha tan trong cc dung mi hu ckhng phn cc. Lipit bao gm cht bo, sp, steroit, photpholipit,...2 . Cho cc cht lng sau: axit axetic, glixerol, triolein. phn bit cc cht

lng trn, c th ch cn ng:

A. nc v qu tm. B.nc v ung ch NaOH.

c. dung dch NaOH. D.nc brom.Tr li:

Chn . Nc c th nhn bit c triolein (khng tan); qu tm c thnhn bit c axit axetic.

3. un hn hp gm 12g axit n chc X v 9g ancol n chc Y (c xctc axit), gi s phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp A.

: trung ha lng axit X d cn 50g dung dch NaOH 4% thu c 4,lgmui. Xc nh CTCT ca X v Y.

Gii:- Phn ng xy ra: RCOOH + ROH 4 = = > RCOOR + H20

' ' 4 50- S mol NaOH l: nNaOH= = 0,05mol.

100.40

; - S m oi ax it d : Iiaxit d = nNaOH - 0,0 5m ol.

- S mol mui to thnh: Iimui = 0,05mol.

4 1- Khi lng moi ca mui thu c l: Mmui= = 82g/mol.

0,05Vy X l CH3COOH.

12S mol axit ban u l: nX = T = 0 ,2 mol.

60

- S mo axit phn ng l: nx - 0,2-0,05 = 0,15mol.9

Suyrany 0,15mo; My - = 60g/mol.

V y Y l C H 3 C H 2 C H 2 O H .I- Tnh ch s este ca mt loi cht bo cha 89% tristearin.

Gii:

- Cht bo cha 89% tristearin, ngha l trong 1g cht bo c 0,89g tristearin.

0 89- So mol tristearin trong Ig cht bo l: ntristearin = 0 ,0 1 mol

890

So mol KOH cn x pliongj bpa ng' tri;sten trn l:

\ A . 17!p h u j ; fviifnisi



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15/253

hkoh 3*0,01 0s03mol

- Khi ng KOH cn x phng ha lng tristearin trn l:

mKOH - 0,03.56 = 0,168g = 168mg

Vy: Ch s este ca cht bo trn 168.Lu :Ch s este l s mg KOH cn x phng ha cc gixeri

trong lg cht bo.

Bi 3: KHI NIM V X PHNG V CHTGIT RA TNG HP

o

A, BI GING

.1. X PHNG

1. Khi nim

- Trong cuc sng, ra, git sch cc vt bn ngi ta thng dnhng ha cht nh x phng, bt git, thuc ty, chanh, cn... nhng thdng hn c l x phng v bt git.

- T kin thc bi hc pitv thc t ta nhn thy:X phng thng dng l hn hp mui natr hoc mui kai ca

bo, c thm mt s cht ph gia.

-Nh vy, thnh phn ch yu cax phng gm mui natri ca axit

panmitic hoc axit stearic, ngoi ra trongx phng cn c cht n (lm tng cng c bnh), cht ty mu, chtdit khun v. cht to hng,...2. Phong php sn xut

- T kin thc hc bi pitta thy, sn xut x phng cn pun cht bo vi dung dch kim trong cc thng kn nhit cao. P

ng xy ra nh sau: t


16/253

- Ngy nay, x phng cn c sn xut theo s sau:

Ânkaoj_*. axitpacbOTiylic|_-*L m u ^m tn câ jd tcacbO T ^ i^

Thi d:

ZCîCKyHCH^CI^tCHy 14Cf3 4CH3CH2]14COOH2 CH 3 C H5 4C O O H + N a2C 0 3- - 2 CH3 [CH2] COO Na + CO 2 + H20

II. CHT GIT RA TNG HP

1 . Khi nim

-V x phng thng thng smt t nhiu tc dng ty ra trongnc cng nn hin nay ngi tadng cht git ra tng hp. l:

Nhng hp cht khng phi muinatri ca axit cacboxyic nhng c

tnh nng git ra nh x phngc gi a cht git ra tng hp.

- Th d:CH3[Ct2] ]0-CH2-O-SO 3_Na+: natri laury sunfat.2. Phoug php sn xut: Ch yu c tng hp t cc cht ly t dum. Thi d:

.... bu mo 1 -

Mt s ch t git ra tng hp

C i2 H2 3-C 6H4S03H

axi LJodcxy ibj nzcn.su ntonicj.

Nn:COj

^1nam doexylbcnacnsunfonat|

C 12H 25 -C 6H4S0 3Na

axit dodexylbenzen sunfonic natri oex ylbenzen sunfonat

3. TC DNG T RA CA X PHNG V CHT GIT RATNG HP

- Quan st s : Qu trnh lm sch vt bn ca x phng:

- i u i - u u n i i - .

- T s trn chng ta nhn thy:+ Mui natri trong x phng hay ong cht git ra tng hp c kh

nng lm gim' sc cng b mt ca cc cht bn bm trn vi, da,... do

19



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17/253

vt bn c phn tn thnh, nhiu phn nh hn v c phn tn vonc. ....................... .1 J

+ Cc mui panmitat hay stearat ca cc kim loi ha tr II thng khtan trong nc, do khng nn ng x phng git ra trong nc cng(nc c cha nhiu ion Ca2+, Mg24). Cc mui ca axitoexylbenzensunfnic li tan c ong nc cng, do cht git ra c

u im hn x phng l c th git ra c trong nc cng.B. LI GII CHI TIT CC GU HI VA BI TP

I. CU H I V BI TP C BN

, X phng l g?

Tr li:X phng l hn hp mui natri hoc kai ca axit bo, c thm mt s

ph gi.

2.Ghi (ng) hoc s (sai) vo trng bn cnh cc sau:a) X phng l sn phm ca phn ng x phng ha.

b) Mui natri hoc kal ca axit hu c l thnh phn chnh cua x phng.

c) Khi un nng cht bo vi ung dch NaOH hoc KOH ta c xphng. d) T du m ta c th sn xut c cht git Ta tng hp.___________

Tr li:

-C u ng l:a) X phng l sn phm ca phn ng x phng ha.c) Khi un nng cht bo vi dung dch NaOH hoc KOH ta c x

phng.d) T du m ta c th sn xut c cht git ra tng hp.

- Cu sai l b): Mui natri hoc kal ca axit hu c l thnh phn chca x phng.

3. Mt loi m ng vt cha 20% tristearoylglixerol, .30%

tripanmitoylglixero v 50% trioeoylglixerol (v khi lng). a) Vit phng trnh ha hc ca cc phn ng xy ra khi thc hin phnng x phng ha loi m trn.

b) Tnh khi lng mui thu c khi x phng ha 1 tn m trn bngdung dch NaOH, gi s hiu sut ca qu trinh t 90%.

Gii:a) Cc phng trnh ha hc:

20



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18/253

(C17H35COO)3C3H5+ 3NaOH---->3C17H35COONa + C3H5(OH) 3

(Ci5H3 iCOO)3C3H5+ 3NaOH >3Ci5H3iCOONa+ C3H5(OH) 3

(Ci7H33COO)3C3H5-5- 3NaOH --- >3 C]7H33COONa + C3H5(OH)3

b) -Trong mt tn m c 200kg tristearoyglixerol hay ng vi s mo l:_ 2 0 0 0 0 0 _ ~

Htristearin 8 9 0 2 2 4 ,7 2 lio l

- Trong mt tn m c 300kg tripanmitoygixerol hay ng vi s mo l:

_ 300000 _ _ _ _ _frtripanmitin 8 0 6

-Trong mt tn m c 500kg trioleoylglixero hay ng vi s mol l:

_ 500000 _ . . .ltriotein ->OJ,Ol inol

884

- Khi ng mui thu c:+ Natri stearat: 224,72X3 X306 = 206292,9g

+ Natri panmitat: 372,21x3x278 - 310423,14g

+ Natrioeat: 565,61x3x304 = 515836,32g

- Tng khi lng x phng thu c l:

mXphng = 206292,96+310423,14+515836,32 = 1032552,42g. '

4. Nu nhng u im v bn ch ca vic dng x phng so vi dng chtgit ra tng hp.______________________________________________

Tr li:

X phng dng tm gi, git giv.. c u im l khng gy hi choda, cho mi trng (v d b phn hy bi vi sinh.vt c trong thin nhin).

- X phng c nhc im so vi dng cht git ra tng hp l khidng vi nc cng (nc c nhiu ion Ca 2+v Mg2+) th cc mui canxistearat, cauxi pamnitat, ... s kt ta lm gim tc dng git ra v nhhng n cht lng vi si. Cc mui ca axit dodexylbenzensunfonic ctrong cht git ra tng hp li tan c trong nc cag, do cht git ra

tng hp c u im hn x phng l c th git ra c trong nc cng.5- Cn bao nhiu kg cht bo cha 89% khi ng tristearin (cn 1 1% tp

;cht tr b loi b trong qu trinh nu x phng) sn xut c 1 tn xphng cha 72% khi lng natr stearat.____________________________

Gii:

Yr. X-1 - 1000x72- Khi lng nai stearat:--------= 720kg100

21



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19/253

- Phng trnh ha hc:

(C17H35COO)3C3H5 ,+ 3NaOH------>3Ci7H35COONa + C3H5(OH) 3

- Khi lng cht bo: - = 784kg


.Mt s este c dng trong hng liu, m phm, bt git l nh cc e

A. cht lng d bay hi.B. c mi thm, an ton vi ngi.c. c th bay hi nhanh sau khi s dng.

D. u c ngun gc t thin nhin.

Chn B. Da vo c tnh c mi thom v an ton vi ngi nn meste c ng trong hng liu, m phm, bt git.

2 .Cht git ra tng hp c u im

A.d tm. .B. r tin hn x phng.c. c th dng git ra c trong nc cng.

D. c kh nng ha tan tt trong nc.Tr li:

Chn c . u im ca cht git ra tng hp l c th 'dng trongnc cng.3. x phng ha 100kg ioein c ch s axit bng 7 cn 14,lkg

Tnh khi lng x phng thu c, bit phn ng xy ra hon ton.

- Cc phn ng x phng ha v trung ha axit l:

(Ci7H33COO)3C3H5+ 3NaOH 3C17H33COONa + C3H5(OH) 3

RCOOH + NaOH -> RC00Na + H20

- V ch s axit bng 7 nn s mg KOH l 7mg = 0,007g v khi lKOH cn dng trung ha axit l:

890 kgx-kg

3.306 kg

720 kg

= > X

Tr li:

Gii:

rriKOH = 0,007.100000 = 700g

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20/253

hay nicoH - -7 7 - - 12,5 mol56

- S mol NaOH cn ng trung ha axit l: riNaOH= riKOH- 12,5mol.

- Khi lng NaOH cn dng txung ha axit l:

niNaOH = 12 ,5.4 0 = 5 0 0 g

- Khi ng nc sinh ra: mH0 = 12,5.18 = 225g.

- Khi ng NaOH ng: x pnong ha l:

iVaOH - 14100-500 = 1300g

- S mo NaOH dng x phng ha l: nNaOH = 1222. = 340mol4 0

, 340- S mol glixerol thu c l: ngiixerot = = 113,33mol

- Khi lng glixerol thu c l: moiixeroi = 113,33.92 = 10426,36g

- Khi ng x phng thu c :m x phng = 1 0 0 0 0 0 + 1 4 1 0 0 -1 0 4 2 6 , 3 6 -2 2 5 = 1 0 3 4 4 8 , 6 4 g .

4. Tnh ch s x phng ha ca mt mu cht bo, bit rng trong cht bony c 2,84% axit stearic cn li l tristearin.

Gii:

_ CJPT ca axit stearic l C17H35COOH, vi M = 284g/mol.

- Trong lg cht bo c:

ttlaxit stearic 0 ,0 2 8 4 g v Haxit stearic = 0 ,0 0 0 hnoi2 8 4

mtristearin = 1-0,0284 = 0,9716g

v ntristearin = = 0,0 0 1 09 m oloVU -

Tng s mo KOH phn ng (trung ha axit v x phng ha) l:

I1KOH = 0 ,00 01 + 3 .0 ,0 01 09 = 0 ,003 37m ol

- Khi ng KOH cn dng l:

niKOH = 0,00337.56 = 0,18872g = 188,72mgVy: Ch s x phng ha ca cht bo trn l 188,72.

0CHA KHA GII NHANH GC DNG BI TP KHr~-~------------ -------------------------------;-------------------------------------------! T cc kin thc, trinh by phn bi gingv cc dng bi tp 1 gii phn //gii chi tit cc cu hi v bi tp c bn,phn cc cu hi

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21/253

v bi tp m rng, nng caochng ta nhn th y: - gii nhnh cc dn bi tp kh chng ny cn ch : :

Vi cc bi tp vphn ng x phng ha:

- Nu sn phm thu c sau phn ng vi ung ch NaOH em c c; C kh lng l n th ong chat r n th c ngoi mu inatri I cacboxylic cn c th c NaOH d.

- Hai este l ng phn ca nhau s c cng CTPT nhng c gc axit gc ancol khc nhau nn trong phn ng x phng ha ta c th s dicng thc trung bnh thay ch cng thc hai este.

- Este dng RCOOH tham gia phn ng trng bc tng t nh anehi

HCOOR + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH

(NH^CO s + ROH + 2NH3+ H20 + 2ATh d:X phng ha hon ton 6 6 , 6 gam hn hp hai este HCOOC2H

v CH3COOCH3 bng dung dch NaOH thu c hn hp X gm hai anco

un nng X vi H2SO4c 140c thu c m gam H2O. Tnhm.Gii:_. _ 1 _ 1 1 6 6 , 6 _ n . - _ . Nhn xt: n # i 0 = A n .* = n * , = 2 ^ = 4 5 mo1-

=> mH, 0 = 0.45.18 = s,lg.

.Vi cc.bi tp vphn ng chy ca este:

- Nu t chy hon ton mt este thu c: s mol H2O = s mol CO

th l este no, n chc v:n axit = U 5 n C0 , n 0 ,

nco2=> n = ------------

l,5nC02- n 02

- Nu t chy hon ton mt hn hp nhiu este l ng ng ca nhth ta cng c k t qu nh trn:

nfth 1,5 Co2I0 2

_ _ nco2=> n = ------------

l,5nC0 2 - n 0 2

- - _ _ n1x1 +n 2x2 +...+n:Xi . ^v i D = J L v nmia< n < nmax, n > 2.

n hh ;

Th d:t chy hon ton mt hn hp X gm hai este no, om chc, mh cn 3,976 lt kh O2(ktc) v thu c 6,38 gam CO2 . Mt khc cho

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22/253

tc dng vi dung ch NaOH th thu c mt mui v hai ancol l ngng k tip nhau. Xc nh CTPT ca hai este OEg hn hp X.

Gii:

* Nhn xt: Khi thy phn X bi dung dch NaOH thu c mt mui vhai ancol ng ng k tip nhau nn X gm hai este no, n chc, mchh ng ng k tip:

t T 6,38 3,976 n -nx = l,5nCOj- n0j = = 0,04moi

- nC0 i _ 0,145 _= > n = - = 3,625nx 0,04

= > Hi 3 ; 112 = 4

CTPT hai este l: C 3H 6O2v C 4I 8O2.Hy i chiu vi li gii thng thng ca cc bi tp cng dng m

cc em gp v rt ra nhn xtl!!.

ft. BI TP LUYN TP1 . So snh cht bo v este v: thnh phn nguyn t, c im cu to phn

t v tnh cht.2. Khi un hn hp 2 axit vi glixerol (c H2SO4 lm xc tc) c th thu

c my trieste? Vit cng thc cu to ca cc cht ny. 3. Khi thy phn (xc tc axit) mt este thu c glixerol v hn hp cc

axit stearic (C17H35COOH) v axit panmitic (C15H31COOH) theo t lmol 2:1* Este c th c cng thc cu to n sau y?

A.C17H35COOCH2 , B.C17H35COOCH2

Q7H35COOCH ~ C15H31OOOH- P -

I C17H35COOCH2 C17H35COOCH2

C.CI7H35COO^H2 D.Ci7H55COOCH2

C17H33COOCH C15H3 COOCH

|- C5H3iCOOCH2 C15H3iOOOCH24. Lm bay hoi 7,4 gam mt este A no, n chc thu c mt th tch hi

bng th tch ca 3,2 gam kh oxi cng u kin nhit , p sut,a) Tm cng thc phn t ca A.

I b) Thc hin phn ng x phng ha 7,4 gam A vi dung dch NaOH[ n khi phn ng hon ton thu c sn phm c 6 , 8 gam mui. Tm cng thc cu to v tn gi ca A.

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23/253

5. Khi thy phn a gam mt este X thu c 0,92 gam glixerol, 3,02 gnatri linoleat C i7H3iCOONa v m gam mui ca natri oCi733COONa. Tnh gi tr ca a, m. Vit cng thc cu to c thcua X.

6 . Thy phn hon ton 8 ,8 g este n chc, mch h X vi 100ml ddch KOH 1 M (va ) thu c 4,6 gam mt ancol Y. Tn gi ca XA.etyl fomiat. B.etyl propionat.

c.etyl axetat. D.propy axetat.7. t chy hon ton 3,7 gam mt este n chc X thu c 3,36 lt C

(ktc) v 2,7 gam nuc.Cng thc phn t ca X lA.C2H4O2 B.C3H60 2 C.C4H80 2. D.CsHgOz.

8. 10,4gam hn hp X gm axit axetic v ety axett tc dng va 150 gam dung dch natri hiroxit 4%. Phn trm khi ng etyl axtrong hn hp bng:

A.22%. B.42,3%. c.59,7%. D.88%. .

0 HNG DN GII

1. - Thnh phn nguyn t:. + Ging nhau: u gm 3 nguyn t c, H, 0.+ Khc nhau: khi lng mo phn t cht bo phn ln hom khi l

mol phn t este.

- Cu to phn t:+ Ging nhau: u do axit.cacboxylic v ancol to nn.

+ Khc nhau: cht bo do axit bo v gixerol to nn, cn este th do hu c hoc v c tc dng vi ancol bt k.

- Tinh cht vt l:+ Ging nhau: este v cht bo u khng tan trong nc.+ Khc nhau: este rt t tan trong nc, c kh nng ha tan c nh

cht hu c khc.

- Tnh cht ha hc:+ Ging nhau: tham gia phn ng thy phn ong mi tnrng axit, ph

ng x phng ha v phn ng gc hirocacbon.+ Khc nhau: mt s este on gin c lin kt c = c tham gia phn

trng hp ging nh anken; ni i c c gc axit khng no ca cht bb oxi ha nn du m u b i.2 . Khi un hn hp 2 axit vi glixerol (H2SO4lm xc tc) c th thu

6 trieste vi cac gc R l (R \ R \ R1); (R2, R2, R2); (R2, R2, Rl); (R1, R ^ C R ^ R M R ^ R 2)'

26



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24/253

i - t CTPT este no, n chc CH2n0 2 th: 14n + 32 = 74 => n - 3Cng thc phn t ca A: C36O2-

b) RCOO R + NaH ------> RCOONa + ROH

Hnatri finoleat 3 02 ^ mol*

Este X l triglixerit khi thy phn trong mi trng kim cho 0,03 molI mui, theo bi ta c 0 ,0.1moi natri linoleat, vy cn 0 , 0 2 mol mui natri oeat.

I => m = 0,02.304 = 6,08 gam.

I ^ X l C 17H3iCOOC3H5(Ci7H33COO)2

nx - igiixeroi = 0 , 0 1 molva = 0,01.882 = 8,82 gam.: 6. Chn c.I Ta c: njcoH = 0,1 moi, v este n chc nn:

- V este n chc nn ancol Y l ancol n chc:

46 Hmcoi - - 4 6 g ; M CnH2n+j0H = 4 g => 11= 2 .

=> Cng thc phn t ancol Y C2H5OH.

RCOO R + NaOH----- >RCOONa + ROH

M rco o r = 88g = > M r + M r . = 4 4

!m Mr> = 29 nn M r = 5(CH3-).! Vy: Cng thc cu to thu gn ca este l CH3COOC2H5.

74g

7,4g

(R + 67)g

m

- T phng trnh trn v d kin bi, ta c:(R + 67).7,4 = 6,8,74 => R = 1 (H)

Vy: Cng thc cu to ca A l: HCOOC2H5 : etyl fomiat.



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7.Chn B.

Ta c: nco = ? =0,15 mol; nH0 = 2 ^ = 0,15 mol. 2 2 2 , 4 2 18

- Khi t chy este n chc X cho nc 0 = nH Q th este X l este n

n chc. Gi s cng thc tng qut l CnH2n0 2 .

CH2 0 2+ f-n |0 2 ----- > nC02 + nII20V 2 }

(14n+32)g n mol

3,7g 0,15 mol

- T phong trnh trn, ta c:

3,7n =(14+32) .0,15 =>n = 3

Vy: Cng thc phn t ca este l C3I6O2 .

8 . Chn B._ 1 5 0 .4 _Ta c:nNaOH = 0 0 4 0 -.0 ,15 moi

CH3COOH+NaOH > CH3CONa+H2O

xm ol X mol

CH3COOC2H5 +NaOH > CHsCOONa + C2H5OH

ymol ymol

[60x + 8 8 y = 10,4=> |x + y = 0,15

=> y = 0,05 mol v X= 0,1 mol0 () OQ

%meste = -100% = 4 2 ,3 % .10,4

28



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Chng 2.CACBOHIRAT

Cc hp cht cacbhirat nh gucoz, tinh bt, xenluoz... rt ph bintrong t nhin v c nhiu ng dng ong i sng, sn xut. Nghin cucu trc phn t ca cc hp cht trn t c th suy lun c tnhcht ha hc ca chng v mi quan h gia chng vi nhau. Ni dung kinthc ca chng ny bao gra:

Bi 5: Glucozcr.Bi 6: Saccaroz, tinh bt v xenluloz.

Chng ta ln lt xt tng bi hc c th ca chng:

B 5 : G L U C O Z O

A. B GING

I. TNH CHT VT L - TRNG THI T NHIN

- Quan st vi mu glucoz ri cho hatan trong nc, chng ta nhn thy:Gucoz l chat rn, tnh th khng mu, dtan trong Ytc, c v ngt nhng khng

\ ngt bng ng ma.

- Gucoz c trong hu ht cc b phn\ ca c th thc vt nh hoa, l, r,... v\nht l trong qu chn (qu nho), trong mt\ ong (30%), trong mu ngi (0,1%)... Qu ro cha nhiu gucoz

IL CU TO PHN T

- CTPT: C6H u0 6

- CTCT: xc nh CCT ca glucoz chng ta lm cc th nghim sau:+ Cho glucoz vo dung dch AgN3trong NH3v un nng thy Ag

xut hin, chng t: phn t glucoz c nhm -CHO.+ Cho glcoz tc ng vi Cu(OH)2 thu c dung ch mu xanhlam, chng t: phn t glucoz c nhiu nhm -OH k nhau.

+ Cho gucoz tc dng vi (C3C0 ) 2 0 d to ra este cha 5 gc axitCH3COO, chng t: phn t gucoz c 5 nhm -OH.

+ Kh hon ton glucoz thu c hexan, chng t: phn t glucozoc 6 nguyn t c v c mch c khng phn nhnh.

29



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27/253

Nh vy: Gucoz hp cht tp chc, dng mch h phn t c cca anehit n chcv anco 5 chc. CTCT ca gucz l:

6 5 4 3 2_____ 1c h 2o h c h o h c h o h c h o h c h o h c h = o

hay CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO.

III. T NH CH T H A HC

T CTCT ca gucoz chng ta nhn thy:V glucoz c mt nhm CHO nn n c tnh cht ca anehit (

vi hiro, trng gng, cng vi brom...)-- V glucoza c nhiu nhm -OH k nhau nn n c tnh cht ca

a chc (tc ng vi Na, vi axit, vi Cu(OH)2)...

1. Tnh cht ca anco a chc

a)Tc dngv Cu(OH) 22C6H 120 6+ Cu(OH) 2 (C6H n06)2Cu + 2HzO

(dung dch mu xanh lam) b)Phn ng to este

Ciucoza + (CH3C 0)20 p in > Este cha 5 gc C H 3CO O ,

2. Tnh cht ca anehit n chca) Ox ha glucoi bng dung dch AgN3/N 3 CH2 0 H[CH 0 H]4CH 0 + 2AgN0 3 + 3NH3+ H20

CH2OH[CHOH]4COONH4+2Ag + NH4

amoni gluconat

b) Ox ha bng Cu(H) 2 CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO + 2Cu(OH) 2 +NaOH

CH2OH[CHOH]4COONa + 2Cu20 ( gch) +

natri gluconatc) Kh glucoi bng hiro

CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO + h 2 -> CH2OH(CHOH]4CH2OHsobitol

3. Phn ng ln men

C6Hi20 6^ r 2C2H5OH + 2C2 .

IV. IU CH V NG DNG

30



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1. iu ch

-Thu phn tinh bt nh xc tc axit HC1 long hoc enzim.

- Thu phn xenlu!oz (v bo, mn ca) nh xc tc axit HC1 c.

2 . ng dng: Dng lm thuc tng lc, ng gng rut phch, l snphm trung gian sn xut etanol t cc nguyn liu c cha tnh bt hocxenIuoz.

V FRUCTOZOMt ng phn quan trng ca glucoz l fructoz, c:

- CTCT dng mch h6 5 4 3 2 1CH2OH-CHOH-CHOH-CHOH-CO-CH2OH

hay CH2OH[CHOH]3COCH2OH..

- Fructoz l cht kt tinh, khng mu, d tan trong nc, c v ngt hnng ma, c nhiu trong q ngt nh d, xoi,... c bit trong mt ongc ti 40% fructoza

- Tnh cht ha hc: Da vo CTCT ca fructoz ta thy:* V c nhiu nhm -OH nn fructoz c tnh cht ca ancol a chc.

V c nhm xeton nn fructoza tham gia phn ng cng vi hiro.

+ Tnh cht ca ancol chc: Tng t glucoz.+ Phn ng cng H2 :

CH2OH[CHOH]3CCH2OH + h 2. Ni, l

CH2OH[CHOH] aCH2OH

sobitol+ Mc d khng c nhm -CHO nhng trong mi trng baz,

fructoz b oxi ha bi dung ch AgNOa/NHs o trong mi trng bazfructoz chuyn thnh glucoz:

Fructoz

OH"

- OH'Glucoz

c h 2o hc=o

c h 2o hglucozd

c h 2o renil

c h 2o hfructoz

B. LI GII GHI TIT CC CU HI V BI TPI. CU HI V BI TP G BN

31



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1. Glucozo v fructozaA. u to c dung dch mu xanh khi tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 .B. u c nhm CHO ong phn t.

c . l hai dng th hnh ca cung mt cht

D. u tn ti dng ch yu l mch h. - ______

Tr li:Chn A. GUC0 2 v fructoz u to c dung dch mu xanh v

Cu(OH)2 cho phc Ci^CHnOe)?-

2.Cho dung dch glucozcr, glixerol, fomandehit, etanol. Thuc th no sauy c th dng phn bit cc dung dch trn?

A. Cu(OH)2 . B. Dung dich AgNCH trong NH3.c. Na kim loi.________D. Nc brom. _______________________

Tr li:

Chn A. Thuc th Cu(OH)2 c th phn bit cc dung dch trn.3. Cacbohirat l gi? C my loi cacbohirat quan trng? Nu nh ntng loi v ly th d minh ha. _______________________

Tr li:

- Ccbohirat l nhng hp cht hu c tp chc thng c cng thchung l C(H2 0 )m.

- C nhiu nhm cacbohirat, quan trng nht l 3 nhm sau y:+ Monosaccarit l nhm cacbohirat n gin nht khng th thy

phn c. Th d:Glucoza v fructoz (CHnO).+ isaccarit l nhm cacbohirat m khi iy phn sinh ra 2 phn t

monosaccarit. Th d:saccaroz, mantoz (C12H O 11).+ Polisaccarit l nhm cacbohirat phc tp m khi thy phn n

cng lc s inh ra nh iu phn t monosaccar i t . T h d : t inh bt , xen lu loza

(C 6HioOs)n.__________ , ; _ _ _ __________ ______________ 4.Nhng nghim no chng minh c cu to phn t ca glucozor?

Trii:

- Cc th nghim: + Kh hon ton glucoz ta c hexan. Vy c nguyn t c on

phn t glucoza to thnh 1mch khng phn nhnh.+ Glucoz c phn ng ng bc, cn khi tc dng vi nc brom to

thnh axit gluconic, chng t trong phn t c nhm -CH = 0 (anehit).

+ Glucoz tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 to thnh dung ch mu xanh lamchng t phn t glucoz c nhiu nhm OH k nhau.

32



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30/253

+ Glucoza to este cha 5 gc axit CH3COO, vy phn t c 5 nhm-OH.

Phn t glucoz c cng thc cu to dng mch h:

C H2OH- c HOH- C HOH- c HOH- C HOH- c H = o

5

. Tnnh by cch nhn bit cc hp cht trong dung dch ca mi cht sauI y bng phomg php ha hc: a) Glucoz, glixerol, etanol, axit axetic.1 b) Fructoz, glixerol, etanol

I c) Glucoza, fomandehit, etanol, axit axetic.

Tr li:

I a) Cho giy qu tm vo cc dung ch cha cc ha cht trn, dung dch no chuyn mu qu tm thnh l axt axetic. Sau ta tip tc lm nh sau:

Thuc th GIucoz Glixero EtanolCu(OH)2 lc nh t thng

Dung dch muxanh lam

Dung dch muxanh lam

Khng phnng:

Nhn cetano

Cu(OH)2 un si gch nhnra glucoza

Khng phn ng

b)Thuc th Fructoz Glixerol EtanolCu(OH) 2lc nh t thng

Dung dch muxanh am.

Dung dch muxanh lam

Khng phnng:

Nhn cetanol

Cu(OH)2 un si gch nhnra fructoza

Khng phn ng

c) Cho giy qu tm vo cc dung dch cha cc ha cht trn, dung dchno chuyn thnh l axit axeticThuc th Glucoz Pomanehit Etanol

Cu(OH) 2 Dung dch mu Dng dch mu Khng phnxanh lam xanh lam ng: nhn c

- etanolun nng gch nhn gch Khng phn-____________

ra gucoz ng

33



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31/253

6 . trng mt chi c gang soi, ngi ta phi un nng dung dch 36g glucoza vi va u dung dch AgNCb trong NH3. Tnh kh i lna sinh ra bm vo mt knh cua gng v khi lng AgN3 cn d

bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.__________ __________.________

Gii:

- Phng trnh ha hc:

C5H11O5CHO + 2AgN0 3+ 3NH3 + H20 C5HUO5CONH4 + 2NH4NO3 + 2

- = 0,2 mol 0,4 mol 0,4 mol180

- Theo phng trnh trn ta c:+ Khi lng AgN3cn dng l: mAgN03 = 0,4.170 6 8 g.

+ Khi lng bc sinh ra bm vo mt knh ca gng l:

rtAg - 0 ,4 .10 8 = 4 3 ,2 g .II. CU HI V BI TP M RNG, NNG CAO

1. Fructoz khng phn ng c vi

A.H2/Ni, nhit .

B.Cu (OH)2.

C.phc bG amoniac ([Ag(NH3)2]OH) trong kim.

D.dung dch brom.Tr li: C h n D .

2. Phn ng chng t glucoz c dng mch vng lA. phn ng vi Cu(OH)2. B. phn ng vi [Ag(NH3)2]OH.c. phn ng vi H2/N1, nhit . D. phn ng vi CH3OH/HCI.

Tr li:Chn D. Phn ng chng t glucoz c dng mch vng l phn ng

CH3OH/HCI. .3. Cho ll,25g glucoza ln men ru iat ra 2,24 lt CO2(ktc). Hiu

ca qu trnh ln men lA.70%. B.75%. c.80%. D.85%.

Gii: C h n c *

- Phn ng n meH=gucoz: C6H12O6 lnmen -> 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO_ r 2 24

- S mol CO2that ra: nco = - 1- = 0 5lmo.2 . 22,4

34



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33/253

, _ 40+ S moi CaC3to thnh l: nC a C 0 = = 0,4mol

3 1UU

+ s mol CHnO (l thuyt) tham gia phn ng l:

^CaCOj 0,4 . - .In c6H12o6 2 2 ~

+ Khi lng C6Hi20 (l thuyt) tham gia phn ng l:= 0,2.180 = 36g

- Khi lng CHi206 ban u (thc t) l: m'c^^Og = = 48g

Bi 6: sACGAROz, TINH BT

V XENLULOZOA. BI GINGI. SACCAROZO

Saccaroz l loi ng ph bi n nh t, c trong nhi u loi thc vt, nhiu nht trong cy ma, c ci ng, hoa tht nt.

1. Tnh cht vt lQuan st mt mu saccaroz (ng; knh tr ng) v b vo nc chng

thy: Saccaroz l:- Cht rn, kt tinh, khng mu, khng mi, c v ngt, nng chy 185

- Tail tt ong nc, tan tng nhanh theo nhit .

2,Cu trc phn t xc nh CTCT ca sccaroz ta lm cc th nghim sau:

- Cho saccaroz tc dng vi cc dung dch Cu(OH)2 ta c dung dcc mu xanh lam: phn t saccaroza c nhiu nhm -OH:

Cho saecarozor tc dng vi cc dung dch gN3 trong NH3; dudch nc brom: saccaroz khng tham gia cc phn ng n: phn saccaroz khng c nhm -CHO.

un nng dung dch saccaroz vi H2SO4long th c dung ch phn ng trng bc (dung dch ny c cha glucoz v fructoza).

Kt lun: Saccaroz mt isaccarit c cu to t mt gc gucozv mt gc fructoz lin kt vi nhau qua nguyn t .oxi.

36



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b. ng dng

- Trong i s ng, saccaroz l thc ph m quan trng cho ngi.

- Trong cng nghip thc phm, saccaroz l nguyn liu snbnh ko, nc gii kht, hp.

- Trong cng nghip dc phm, saccaroz l nguyn liu dng thu c. Saccaroz cn l nguyn liu thu phn thnh giucoz v fru

ng trong k thut trng gng, trng rut phch...II. TINH BT

1. Tnh cht vt lQuan st mt mu tinh bt (bt go, bt m...) sau cho mt t tin

vo nc lanh ri nc nng v lc nh. Ket qu cho thy:Tinh bt l cht rn, dng bt v nh hnh, mu trng, khn

trong nc lnh. Trong nc nng, ht tinh bt s ngm nc v trphng ln to thnh dung dch keo, gi l h tinh bt.

2. Cu trc phn t_ cypT ca tinh bt l: (CHioOsX

- Tinh bt l hn hp ca hai loi poisaccarit, phn t gm. nhiuxch C6H 10O5lin kt vi nhau:

+ Amiloz: g m cc g c a-glucoz in kt vi nhau to thnh di, xon li c phn t khi ln (- 2 0 0 .0 0 0 ).

+ Amilopectin: g m cc g c a-glucoz lin k t vi nhau to mng khng gian phn nhnh.

- Tinh bt c to thnh trong cy xanh nh qu trnh quang hp: H,0,as ___ _ _____

C 02 ^ r CHi206 (C6H 10O5)ndip lc . ' , .

glucozd tinh bt

3. Tnh cht ha hca, Phn ng thu phn:Tinh bt b thy phn trong mi trng

H"**theo phn ng: ^6^1 0O5)n + nH20 nCH^O

b.Phn ng mu vi ot\Tinh bt tc dng vi dung dch iot to thn

cht c mu xanh tm. y l phn ng c trung nhn bit h tinh bt. Gii thch: Do c u to dng xo n, c l rng nn tnh bt h p

ch mu xanh lc.

4. ng dng

- Trong i sng, tinh bt l cht dinh dng c bn cho ngi vs ng vt.

38



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36/253

- Trong cng nghip, tinh bt c dng sn xut bnh ko v h dn.

- Trong c th ngi, tinh bt b thu phn thnh glucoz nh cc enzimtrong nc bt v rut non. Phn ln glucoz c hp th trc tip quathnh rut v'i vo mu nui c th; phn cn d c chuyn v gan. gan, glucoz c tng hp li nh enzim thnh gicogen d tr cho c th.

Bng, ngun cung cp xeniuloz

Mt s ngun cung cp tinh bt

III. XENLULOZO

1. Tnh cht vt l, trng thi thin nhinQuan st mt mu bng (xenluoz) sau ha tan mu . bng ln lt

vo nc lnh, nc nng, benzerL Kt qu quan st cho thy:

-Xenluloz l cht rn dng si,mu trng, khng mi v; Khng tantrong nc v nhiu dung mi hu cnh etano, ete, benzen,.. nhng tanc trong nc s vayde l ung dch

Cu(OH)2/dungchNH3. ; 1-Xenluoz l thnh phn chnh

to nn mng t bo thc vt, to nnb khung ca cy ci.2. Cu trc phn t

- L mt polisaccarit, phn t gm nhiu gc (3-glucoz in kt vinhau to thanh mch i, c khi hing phn t rt ln (2.000.000). Nhiumch xenluloz ghp li vi nhau thnh si xenluloz.

- Xenluloza ch c cu to mch khng phn nhnh, mi gc CHioOs c3 nhm OH.

CTPT:(C6H10O5)nhay[C6H7O2(OH)3]n

- So snh cu to ca xenluloz v tinh bt ta nhn thy:T Ging nhau:

u c cu to tr cc gc gucoz. Cc gc glucoz to thnh mch c khi lng phn t rt ln.

39



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37/253

+ Khc nhau:.

Xenluoz c cu to t gc p -glucoz to thnh mch khng phnnhnh, khng xon. '

Tinh bt c cu to t gc a -glucoz to thnh mch c th phnhnh hoc khng phn nhnh.3. Tnh ch t ha hc

a.Phn ng thu phn: XeniuIoz b dung ch H2SO4 70% khi unng ha tan v thy phn thnh glucoz:

(C6H10O5)n + nH2O - ^ n C 6Hl2 O6

b. Phn ng vi axi nitric:V mi mt xch CHioOs ca xenluoznhm -OH t do nn xenluloz c tnh cht ca mt ancol a chcXenluloz phn ng vi HNO3 c c H2SO4 c lm xc tc to raxenluloza tnnitrat theo phng trnh:

[C6H70 2(0H)3) + 3HNO3 ~ [C6H70 2(0 N 0 2)3]n + 3H20

4. ng dng- Nhng nguyn liu cha xenluloza (bng, ay, g?tre...) ting

dng trc ti p (ko si dt vi, trong xy ng, l m g,...) hoc ch bithnh giy.

-Xenluloz l nguyn liu sn xut t nhn to nh t visco, taxetat, ch to thuc sng khng khi v ch to phim nh.

' B. LI GII CHI TIT CC CU HI V BI TPL CU HI V BI TP C BN

1.Pht bi u no di y l ng? A. Fructoz c phn ng trng bc chng t uctoz c nhm cng thc -CHOB. Thy phn xeniuloz thu c gucoz. ' ,c. Thy phn tinh bt thu c fructoz v glucoza.D. C xeniuloza v tinh bt u c phn ng trng bc.

Tr li:Chn B. Thy phn xenluloz ong dung dch axit v c c s th

eglucoz: (CHioOs)^ +nH2 0 nC6H ] 2 0 6

2 . Nhng cu pht bi u sau y, cu no ng (), cu no sai (S)?

A. Saccaroza c coi l mt on mch ca tinh bt.B. Tinh bt v xenluloz u l polisaccarit, ch khc nhau v cu to c

gc glucoz.___________ _ _ _____ ______________

40



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38/253

c. Khi thy phn n cng saccaroz, tinh bt v xenlulozo u cho mtloi monosaccarit

D. Khi thy phn n cng tinh bt v xenluloz u cho glucoz._____

Tr li:

- Cc cu pht biu ng: B v D.

- Cc cu pht biu sai: A v c.3 . a) So snh tnh cht vt l ca ghicozo, saccarozor, tinh bt v xenluloza

b) Tm mi lin quan v cu to ca glucozor, saccaroz, tinh bt vxenluloza.___________________________________________________

Tr li:

a)So snh tnh cht vt l:

- Khc nhau:

+ Saccaroz v glucoz u d tan trong nc; tinh bt v xenulozu khng tan trong nc.

+ Gucoz ng tinh th, saccarozo dng kt tinh, xenluloza dng si, tinh bt dng bt v nh hnh.

- Giong nhau: c 4 cht u l cht rn.b) Mi lin quan v cu to:

- Saccaroz l mt saccarit c cu to t mt gc glcoz v mtgc fructoz lin kt vi nhau qua nguyn t oxi.

- Tinh bt thuc loi polisaccarit, phn t gm nhiu mt xch CHioOs Hnkt vi nhau, cc mt xch lin kt vi nhau to thnh hai dng: dng l xokhng phn nhnh gi l amiloz, dng l xo phn nhnh gi l amilopectin.Amiopectin c to thnh t cc gc a-glucoz lin kt vi nhau thnh mchdi, xon li vi nhau v c cc phn t khi ln. Cn amilopectin c cu tomng khng gian gm nhiu mt xch a-glucoz to nn.

- Xenlloz l mt plosaccarit, phn t gm nhiu gc P~glucoz linkt vi nhau thnh mch ko di, c phn t khi rt ln.

: 4. Hy nu nhng tnh cht ha hc ging nhau ca saccarozor, tinh bt v

Ixenluloz. Vit phong trnh ha hc (nu c).________________________Tr li:Cc tnh cht ha hc ging nhau:

+ Phn ng thy phn:

C12H22O11+ H2O c 6h 12o 6+ c 6h ,2o 6

gucoz fructoz

(C6H,o0 5) +nH20 nC6,20 6

41



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39/253

[C6H702(0H)3]. + nH20 - > nC6Hi20 6

+ Phn ng vi (CHsCO^O? HNO3/ H2SQ4- ________ ______5. Vit phng trnh ha hc ca cc phn ng xy ra (nu c) trong

trng hp sau:a) Thy phn saccaroz, tnh bt v xenluloz.

b) Thuy phn tinh bt (c xc tc axit) sau cho sn phm tc dnung dch AgN3 trong NH3 c) un nng xenluloz vi hn hp HNO3/H2SO4 c.

Tr li:a) Phn ng thy phn ca saccaroz, tinh bt v xenluloza

C12H22O11+ H2O -> c 6h 12o 6 + c 6h ,2o 6 glucoza fructoz

(C 6Hio0 5)n +nH 20 nC6Hi 20 6

[C6H70 2(0 H)3] + nH20 nC6H i206b) Thy phn tinh bt, sau cho tc ng vi dung dch AgNOs/NH3

(C 6H 10O5) + n H 20 nC6H i206 CH2OH[CHOHj4CHO + 2AgN03+ 3NH3+ H20

*! CH2OH[CHOH]4COONH4 + 2A g + 2N H

c) Phn ng un nng xenluloz vi hn hp HNO3/H2SO4 c [C6H70 2(0H )3]n + 2nH ON Q 2 H?so*( > [CfitfrCM O NO zM n + 3n

6 trng bc mt s rut phch, ngi ta thy phn lOOg saccarozc tin hnh phn ng trng bc. Hy vit phng trnh ca phn nra tnh khi lng AgNp3c n dng v kh i lng Ag to ra. Gi th

phn ng xy ra hon ton._________________________________

Gii:_ 1 0 0 _

-T ac : nC]2H52on 342 a m 0

C 12H 2 2 O 1 + H 20 > CH kA , + C6H i20 6

amo a moi amol

CH2OH[CHOH]3CO CH 2OH < 0H' GH2OH[CHOH]4CHO

a mol a mol

42



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40/253

CsHi 1O5CH = o + 2AgN 0 3 + 3NH3+ H202a mol 4a mol

> C 5H 11O 5C O O N H 4 + 2A g + 2N H 4N O 3 ( 3 )

4a moi

- T (1), (2) v (3), suy ra:

+ Khi lng AgN3cn dng l: mAgN0 - = 170 = 198,83g

, 4 100+ Khi lng Ag thu c l: mAg = .108 = 126,32g.

n. CU HI V BI TP M RNG, NNG CAO1 . Gia saccarozo v glucoza c c im:

A. u c ly t c ci ng.B. u c trong huyt thanh ngt.

c. u b oxi ha bi ion phc bc amoniac.D. u ha tan Cu(OH)2 nhit thng cho dung dch mu xanh am.Tr li:Chn D. Saccaroz v glucoz u ha tan Cu(OH)2 nhit thng

cho dung dch mu xanh lam.2 . Mt cacbohirat z tc dng vi dung dch Cu(OH>2trong NaOH cho ra

dung dch mu xanh am, nu un nng th cho kt ta gch. z khngth lA.glucoza. B.saccarozo. C.fructozo. D.mantoz.Tr li:Chn B. Saccaroz khi un nng ong dch Cu(OH)2/NaOH khng to

kt ta gch.3. Khi lng saccarz thu c t mt tan nc ma cha 13% saccaroz

vi hiu sut thu hi t 80% lA.104kg. B.140kg. C.105kg. D.106kg.

( r / : C h n A .

' " . .

- Khi lng saccaroz ong 1 tn ma l: .1 = - tn.* 5 100 10080 13 ' '

- Khi lng saccaroz thu c l: = 0,104 tn 104kg.1 0 0 1 0 0

4. Thy phn hon ton 62,5g dung dch saccacroz 17,1% ong mitrng axit va ta iu c dung dch X. Cho AgN3trong dung dch

NH3vo dung dch X v un nh th khi lng bc thu c lA.16,0g. B.7,65g. C.13,5g .6,75g.



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42/253

2nC0 2+ 2nCa(OH)2 2nCaC0 3 + 2nH20 (?)T (1) (3) ta thy:+ S mol (QHioOsXi (l thuyt) l:

+ Khi lng (CHioOs),, ( thuyt) l:

A.sn phm ca phn ng thy phn,c.thnh phn phn t.Tr li:

B. tan ong nc.D. cu trc mch phn t.

C h n D. Xenluloz v tinh bt khc nhau v cu trc mch phn t.8 . Nhn xt no sau y i ng?

A. Xenuloz v tinh bt u c phn t khi nh.B. Xenluoz c phn t khi nh hn tinh bt.

c. Xenluoz v tinh bt c phn t khi bng nhau.D. Xenuloz v tinh bt u c phn t khi rt ln nhng phn t khica xenluloz n hn nhiu so vi tinh bt

Tr li:

C h n D. XenIuoz v tinh bt u c phn t khi rt ln nhng phnt khi ca xenluloz ln hn nhiu so vi tinh bt (xenluloz l 1000000n 2400000, tinh bt l 150000 n 600000).

9. Vit phng trnh ha hc ca dy chuyn ha: saccaroz - canxisaccarat > saccaroza > glucoz --> ancol etylic > axit axetic >na tri axetat -> metan >anehit fomic.

Tr li:Cc phng trnh ha hc l:Ci2H220 i , + Ca(OH)2+ H20 > C,2H220,,.Ca0.2H20C12H22O11.CaO.2H2O + CO2 > C12H22OH + CaC3 + 2H20

C12H22O11 + H2O CH^O + C6H12O6 (glucoz + uctoz)



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43/253

C6H |206 - > 2C2H5OH + 2C02

C2H5OH + O2 c h 3c o o h + h 20

CH3COOH + NaOH -> CH3COONa + H2O

CH3COONa + NaOH 2 ? CH4 + Na2C03

CH4 + O2 * ** HCH O + H 20 1 0 ot chy hon ton 0 ,0 1 mo mt cacbohirat X thu c 5,28g CO

U98g hT o' Xac nh CTPT ca X, bi t ti l kh i lung H v o tro

l mn: nio - 0,125 : 1.

Gii:- Phng trnh ha hc phn ng chy l:

CxHyOz + ^ x + 4 _ f ] 2 xC 2 +

I mol Xmol 0,5y mol

0,01 mol ^=0,12mol

- Suy ra: X= 12; y = 22.

_ ; . m H 0 ,12 5- Theo bi:

m0 1

, 176 _ ri 1Vi mH= 22, suy ramo = 176 v no - 11moi.

Vy: CTPT ca X l Ci2H2 2 0 n*1 1 . Tnh khi lng glucozo thu c khi dng 1 tn khoai ch

bt e sn xut glucoz. Bit hiu sut ca qu trinh ln men l 70%

Gii:

- Phng trnh ha hc: (CeHjoOs),! + n2 1 * nCHnO

- Khi lng tinh bt trong 1 tn khoai l: mtinh bt = 0,2.1 = 0,2

- Khi lng glucoz thu c (l thuyt) l:0 , 2 . 8 0 n n o o o t r m , = 0,222 tan

162n

- Khi lng glucoz thu c (thc t) l:mL * , '= 0,2220,7 = 0,1554 tn = 155,4 kg

46



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44/253

12. e sn xut ancol etylic ngi ta dng nguyn liu l mn.ca v v bot g cha 50% xenluioza Mun iu ch 1 tn ancol etyc vi hiusut qu trnh l 70% th khi lng nguyn liu cn ng l bao nhiu?

Gii: '

- Phng trnh ha hc iu ch ancol etyic t xenluloz l:

(QH,o0 5) + nH20 - HV > nC6Hi20

nC6HI20 6 > 2 nC2H50 H + 2nC02 ;

- Khi lng ngun liu Cn dng l:

162n 1 0 0 1 0 0 _ _ =ninauyn liu 5 ?031 tl 503 lk -

y 92n 70 50

0 CHA KHA GII NHANH CC DNG BI TP KH

T cc kin thc trnh by phn bi gingv cc dng bi tp gii phnLi gii chi tit cc cu hiv bi tp c bn;phn cc cu hi

v bi tp m rng, nng caochng ta nhn thy: gii nhanh cc dngbi tp kh chng ny cn ch :OS ging v khc nhau v tnh cht ha hc giagcozvJhctoz:

- Ging: c hai u tc dng c vi Cu(OH)2 cho dung dch phc muxanh lam (tnh cht ca ancol a chc); tc dng vi hiro cho poliancol(tnh cht ca nhm cacbonyl); b oxi ha bi phc bc amoniac vCu(OH)2 un nng.

-Khc: glucoz lm mt m nc brom cn fructoz thi khng m

mt mu nc brom.- Gia glucoz v fructoz c th chuyn ha qua li ln nhau:

GIucoz fructoz

I Cc tnh cht ha hc casaccaroz: V phn t saccaroz khng c khnng m vng thnh mch h nn khng c cc tnh cht ca nhmIcacbonyl (khng tham gia phn ng trng bc, khng kh c Cu(OH)2,Ikhng lm mt mu nc brom); ch c cc tnh cht ca ancol a chc vc phn ng thy phn ca isaccart.

1 S ging v khc nhau gia tinh bt vxenluoz\- Tinh bt v xenluloza u c CTPT (CfiHioOs),! nhng khng phi l

ng phn ca nhau v c n khc nhau.

- Tinh bt v xenuloz u khng tham gia cc phn ng trng bc,khng kh c Cu(OH)2, khng lm mt mu nc brom. Khi thy phnn cng th tinh bt v xenluloza u sinh ra ghicoz- ________

47



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45/253

-Khi t chy tinh bt v xenluloz u thu c nH2Q< nCo2v'

Hy s dng nhng nhn xt trn y khi gii cc bi tp kh chnny cc em s thy tht b chi v . _____" ........; ______

%BI TP LUYN TP

1. phn bit cc dung ch glucz, saccaroz v anehit axetic c thng dy cht no sau .y lm thuc th?

A.Cu(H) 2v AgN3/NH3 B.Ncbrom vNaOH.C.HNO3 v AgN0 3/NH3 D.AgN3/NH3 vN aO H.

2. Khi t chy hon tn mt hp cht hu c thu c hn hp kh COv hi nc c t l moi r : I. Cht ny c th ln men ru. Cht lcc cht no trong cc cht sau?.Axit axetic. B.Glucoza. C.Saccaroza. D.Fructoz.

3. Trnh by cc phng php ha hc phn bit, cc dung dch ring bitrong mi nhm cht sau:

a) Glucoz, glixero, anehit axetic.b) Glucozo, saccaroza, glixerol. .c) Saccaroz, nehit axetic, h tinh bt

4. T 1 tn bt sn cha 20% tp cht c th sn xut c bao nhiu kgglucoz nu hiu sut ca qu trinh sn xut l 75%.

5.Tnh khi lng glucoz to thnh khi thy phn:

a)l kg bt go c 80% tinh bt, cn li tp cht tr.b)l kg mn ca c 50% xeniuloza, cn li tp cht .

c)l kg saccaroz.Gi thit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.

6. t chy hon-ton 16,2g mt cacbohirat X thuc 13,44 lt (ktc) v 9,0 gam nc.a) Tm cng thc n gin nht ca X. X thuc loi cabohirat no

hc? .

b) un 16,2 gam X trong dung dch axit thu c dung ch Y. Cho %tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgN3/NH3thu c bao nhiu gam AgGi s hiu sut ca qu trnh l 80%.

0 HNG DN GII1 . C h n A .

2 . C h n B .

48



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46/253

3.a)Cht cn tm/

thuc th Glucoztr GlixeroAnehitaxetic

Cch1

Dung dchAgN3/NH3 unnh

Ag Nhn ra

glixerol

Ag

Cu(OH)2 lc nhDung dchxanh nht

Cch2

Cu(OH)2lc nhDung dchmu xanhlam

Dung dchmu xanhlam

Nhn raanehit

Nhit mu gch nhn raglucoza

b)Ch t cn tm/

thuc th Gucoz Saccaroz Gixerol

Dung dch AgNCh/NHs unnh

Ag nhn raglucoz

un vi dung dch H2SO4cho phn ng vi AgNC>3/NH3

Ag nhn rasaccarozo

c)

C h cn tm/thuc th Saccaroz

Anehitaxetic

H tnh bt

Dung dch I2 ,

Xanhnhn ratnh bt

lamh

Cu(OH)2 lc nh tthng

Dung dchmu xanhlam nhn rasaccaroz

4. ~ Khi lng tinh bt: m = *^0-80 = 800 kg100

(C6HiQ0 5 )n + nH20 - > nC6H,20 6162nkg 180nkg

800kg 18nx800kg

49



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47/253


48/253

b) (CHioOs)!! + nHbO - > nCHnO162ng 180n g

' 180nxl6,2 _162g - ^ f - =18g

, 18 80-Khi hrng gIucozthc t thu c: mgiucozo = r= 14,4g-

100

CH2OH[GHOH]4GHO 12AgN03+ 3NH3+ H20

CH2OH[CHOH]4COONH4+ 2Ag + 2NH4NO3

180 g -2.108 g14,4 g xg

_ 2.108.14,4. \ n= ------ = 17,28g

180Vy: Khi lng Ag thu c mA* = 7,28g.

Chng 3.AMIN, AMINO AXIT V PROTEIN *I Cc hp cht amin, amino axit, protein kh ph bin trongt nhin v c

; nhiu ng dng trong i sng v trong sn xut. Nghin cu cu trc phn t, mi quaii h gia cu to v tnh cht ca cc hp cht s gip chng ta hiu c bn cht ca cc hp cht cha nit: Ni dung kin thc ca chng n bao gm:

I Bi 9: Amtu

\ Bi 10: Anno axt\ Bi I : Peptt v protein.I Chng ta n lt xt tng bi hc c th ca chng:

Bi 9:AMINA. BI GINGI. KHI NIM, PHN LOI V DANH PHP

I. Khi nim: Khi thay th nguyn t H trong phn t NH3 bng gc' hirocacbon ta thu c amin.



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49/253

Th d:

amoniac metylamin phenylamn dimetylamin xiclohexlam in

BI B BII BIB II B1

Vi cc amin trn, ta thy:

+ CH3NH2 v C6H5NH2: c mt nguyn t H ng phn t NH3 thay th bng gc hirocacbon, ta ni cc amin trn l amin bc mt.+ CH3NHCH3: c hai nguyn t H trong phn tNH3c thay th bn

gc hirocacbo, ta ni cc amin trn l amin bc hai.Vy: Bc ca amin l s nguyn t hiro trong phn tNH3 b thay t

bi gc hircacbon. Amin thng c ng phn v mch cacbon, v v tr nhm chc v

bc ca amin.

Th d:CH3- c h 2- c h 2- c h 2- n h 2

c h 3

c h 3- c h 2- c h 2- n h 2|CH3CH -CH 3 Vng phn v v tr nhm chc

NH2 J

ng phn v b c ca amin

CH3NH-CH3 J- CTPT on gin nht ca amin l CH5N nn cc ng ng ca amin

c dng CH5(CH2)kN hay Ck+iH2k+sN. t k+1 = n th CnH2n+3N (n> l).

2. Phn oi-Theo gc hirocacbon c amin bo nh CH3NH2, C2H5NH2,..., am

thm nh C65NH2, CH3C64KH2,..- Theo bc ca amin c amin bc I, amin bc II, amin bc III,...

3. Danh php: Gi tn theo tn gc chc (tn gc hrocacbon + amin)

tn thay the.Th d:

CTCT

CH3NH2 metylaminetylaminimetylamin

Tn gc - chcmetanaminetanaxnin

N-metylmetanamin

Tn thay th

CH3CH2NH2CH3NHCH3

52



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50/253


51/253

-C c amin tan nhiu trong nc nh metyiamin, etyamin,...cnng lm xanh gi y qu tm hoc lm h ng phenolphtalein, c tnh mnh hom amoniac nh nh hng ca nhm ankyl.

- Anilin c tnh baza, nhng dvmg dch ca n khng lm xanh gtm, cng khng lm hng phenolphtalein v tnh baz ca n rt yu vhn amoniac. l nh hng ca gc phenyl (tng t phenol).

Tnh baz: CH3NH2 > NH3> C6H5NH2b. Phn ng th nhn thm ca anin

Br(2,4,6-trifaromaniiin)

y l phn ng c trng dng nhn bit anilin.

B. LI GII CHI TIT CC CU HI V BI TPI CU HI V BI TP C BN____________ ______

1 . C 3 ha cht sau y: etyamin, phenyiamin v amoniac. Th tdn lc baz no sau y ng?A. Amoniac < etylamin < phenylamin.B. Etylamin c.amoniac < phenylamin.c. Phenylamin < amoniac < etylamin.D. Phenylamin < etylamin < amoniac.___________________________

Chn c . Th t tng dn lc baz ca ba cht trn phenyaamoniac, etylamin.

2 . C th nhn bit l ng dung dch CH3NH2 b ng cch no troncch sau?A. Nhn bit bng mi.B. Thm v git dung dch H2SO4.c. Thm vi git dung ch Na2C0 3 -

D. a a thy tinh nhng vo dung dch HC 1m c ln pha

Chn D. C th nhn bit dung dch CH3NH2 b ng cch a a tinh nhng vo dung dch HC1 m c ln pha trn ming l ng ddch CH3NH2c, ta th y xung quanh a thy tnh c bay ln mt lntrng theo phn ng: CH3NH2 + HC1 CH3NH3CI (metylamoni clom

+ 3HBr

Tr li:

ming l ng dung dch CH3NH2 c.Tr li:

54



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52/253

3 , vit cng thc cu to, gi tn v ch r bc ca tng amin ng phn ccng thc phn t sau:

a)C3H9N. b)C79N (cha vng benzen).Gii:

a) CH3-CH2-CH2-NH2

propylamin (amin bc I)

_ GH3 - C H - N H 27c h 3

jropylamin (amin bc I)CH,

C H 3 N C H 3CH3CH2NHCH3etyl metylamin (amin bc II) trimetylamin (amin bc III)b)C7H9N

CH2-NH2 n h 2 n h 3


53/253

I 5. Hy tm phng php ha hc gii quy t hai v n sau:) Ra l ng anilin.b) Kh mi tanh ca c sau khi m nu. Bit rng mi tanh c

(c bit ca c m) l do hn hp mt s aiin (nhiu nht l trimetylami v mt s tp cht khc gy nn._______ ... . . ___

Gii:a) Dng img dch axit ra l ng anilin:

C6H5NH2 + HCI > C6H5NH3CIb) Dng gi m kh mi tanh ca c.

6 . a) Tim th tch nuc brom 3% (D = 1,3 g/ml) cn iu ch 4,4 gatribromanilm.

b) Tnh kh i lng anilin c trong dung dch A. Bi t khi cho tc nc brom th thu c 6 , 6 gam kt ta trng.

Gi thit rng hiu sut phn ng ca c hai trng hp trn l 100%.Gii: ... .

Ta c: MC6H2Br.NH2 = 330 g

a) - Phng nh ha hc:

C6H5NH2 + 3Br2 ----- > C6H2Br3NH2 i + 3HBr

3mol 330 g

nBr2 = ? 4,4g

=> nBr = 0,04mol

- Th tch nc brom cn ng l:

_ 0,04.160.100 . ,^ d t Brom 3% " ~ 3 1 3

b) - Phcmg trnh ha hc:

C6H5NH2 + 3Br2 ----- C6HsBr3NH2 + 3HBr

lmol ' 330gX m o l 6 ,6 g

~ Suy raX = 0,02mol v khi lng anilin c trong ung ch A l:

rac6H5NH, = 0,02.93 = l,86g

II. CU HI V BI TP M RNG, NNG CAO1. Chn nhn xt SAI?

56



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A. Cc amin u c th kt hp vi proton.B. Tnh baz ca cc amin u mnh hom NH3 .c . Metylamin c tnh bz mnh hn anilin.

D. Cng thc tng qut ca amin no, mch h l CH2n+2+kNk.Tr li:

Chn B. C mt s amin tnh baz yu hn NH3 nh aniin.2 .iu khng nh no sau y un ng?

A. Phn t khi ca mt amin n chc lun l s l.B. Phn t khi ca mt amin on chc lun s chn.c. t chy ht a mo amin bt k lun thu c ti thiu a/2 mol N2(gi

s phn ng chy ch cho N2).D. A v c ng.Tr li:

Chn D. V CTTQ ca amin n chc l CH5(CH2)kN nn phn t khica n lun l s l v c t chy ht a mol amin bt k un thu c tithiu a/ 2 mol N2 .3. C 4 bnh mt nhn ng ring bit cc cht: metanol, gixero, dung dch

glucoza, ung dch anilin. Bng phng php ha hc hy phn bit tng. cht. Tr li:

- Cho AgNOs/NHs vo 4 mu th v un nng, mu no cho phn ng

trng bc l gucoz,- Cho Cu(OH)2 vo 3 mu th cn li, mu no to ra dung dch muxanh am l gixerol.

- Cho nc brom vo hai mu th cn li, mu no cho kt ta trng l anilin, mu cn li khng c hin tng g l metano.I 4. C hai amin bc mt: A (ng ng ca aniin) v B (ng ng ca mety amin). t chy hon ton 3,21g amin A sinh ra kh CO2, hi H20I v 336cm3kh N2(ktc). Khi t chy B thy t th tch kh CO2v hiI H20 l 2 : 3.: a) Vit cc phng trnh ha hc.I b) Xc nh CTCTc A v B, bit tn ca A c tip u ng para.

I Gii:

\ Gi CTPT ca A l CnH2n+iC6H4NH2; CTPT ca B l CmH2m+iNH2.; a) Cc phng trnh ha hc:

57



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

N

H

N

G

O

T

P

.

Q

U

Y

N

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N




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CJHb^iNHi + [ ^ 1 ] 02 -+mCOz + HzO + N2

b)T (1) ta c: riA = 2 nN2 = 2-- " = 0,03moi.

Suy ra Ma = = 107 = 77+14n+16 = > n = .y 0,03

-CTPT ca A l: C7H9N; CTCT ca A l:

p-metyanilin

-T (2) ta c: VC0 2 : VH;2Q = m : 2 ^ ^ " > m - 3

-CTPT ca B l: C3H9N; CTCT ca B l:CH3-CH2-CH2-NH2v CH3- CH - NH2

CH,

2CnH2n+1C6H4NH2+ ^ ~ H j o 2 ->(2n+12)C02+(2n+7)H20 + N2

Bi 10: AMINO AXIT

A. BI GINGI. KHI NIM - DANH PHP

i. Khi nim

CH3CHCOOH H2NCH2[CH2]3CHCOOH

n h 2 n h 2alanin lysin

Nhng hp cht trn c hai nhm chc: NH2 (amino) v C(cacboxyl) gi l amino axit.

Vy: mino x l nhng hp cht hu c tp chc, phn t cha thi nhm amino (NH2) v nhm cacboxy (COOH).

- CTTQ: (H2N)x-R-(COOH)y (x > 1, y > 1).

58



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

N

H

N

G

O

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P

.

Q

U

Y

N

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N




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57/253

- Thc ra este hnh thnh di dng mui:

H2NCH2COOC2H5 +HC1 C rH 3N O ^ C O O Q H ,

d. Phn ng trng ngng: Cc amino axit thm gia phn ng trngimg to ra polime loi poliamit: _

... + h '| NH - [CH2 ] j C 0Q H + ^ H [ C H 2]5CO&H jr HhJH[CH2 ]5 CO ^H

t , ...-NH-[CHU5-CO-NH-[CHJ5-C0-NH-[CKy5-CO-... + nH2O

hay nH2N -[CH 2 ]jCOOH -(NH-[CH2 ]5 CO)-n +nH20

axit saminocaproic policaproamit

ra . NG d n g - Cc amno axit thin nhin (hu ht l cc a-amino axit) l nhng h

cht c s kin to nn cc loi protein ca c th sng.- Mu i mononatri ca axit glutamic ng lm gia v thc n (m chnh hbt ngt), axit glutamic l thuc h thn kinh, methionin l thuc b gan,

Cc axit 6aminohexanoic (sam inocproic) v 7aminoheptano(c-aminoenantoic) l nguyn iu sn xut t nilon nh nilonnilon-7,...B. LI GII CHI TIT CC CU HI V BI TPI. CU H I V BI TP C BN _______

1. ng vi cng thc phn t C4H9NO2 c bao nhiu amno axit l phn cu to ca nhau?A.3. B.4. C.5. D.6 .

H2N-CH2-COOH + C2H5OH H2N-CH2-COOC2H5+ h20

Tr li:Chn B. Phn t C4H9NO2c 4 ng phn amino axit l ng phn c

to ca nhau:CH 3 -CH 2 -CH -COO H CH 3 -CH-CH 2 -COO H

V NH 2 n h 2

H2NCH2CH2CH2COOH H3CH3 -C-COOHi T

n h 2

2 . C 3 cht hu c: NH2CH2COOH, CH3CH2COOH, CH3[CH2]3NH2. nhn ra dung dch ca cc hp cht trn, ch cn dng thuc th no sau y?A. NaOH B.Hci c. CH3OH/HCI D. Qu tm.

60



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

N

H

N

G

O

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.

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U

Y

N

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N




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Tr li:

Chn D. e nhn ra dung dch ca cc hp cht trn ch cn dng qu

t*Ii:[ +NH2CH2COOH: qu tm khng i mu.I +CH3CH2COOH: qu tm ha .

+CH3[C2]3NH2: q

bÀi giẢng vÀ lỜi giẢi chi tiẾt hÓa hỌc 12 - nguyỄn hoÀng long

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