S IN LI VA pH CUA DUNG DICH(bai tp vn dung t thi h 2007-2014 )+ in ly+ Phn loi cht in ly1.Cht in li mnh:l nhng cht trong dung dch nc in li hon ton thnh cc ion, qu trnh in li l 1 chiu ( )Nhng cht in li mnh bao gm:Hu ht cc mui.Cc axit mnh: HclO4, H2SO4, HNO3, HCl, HBr, HI, HmnO4Cc ba z mnh: Baz kim, bari, canxi..2.Cht in li yu: l nhng cht trong dung dch nc ch in li 1 phn thnh ion cn phn ln tn ti di dng phn t. Qu trnh in li l thun nghch ( ).Vd: NH4OH NH4+ + OH-Nhng cht in li yu bao gm:Cc axit yu: RCOOH, H2CO3, H2SO3, HNO2, H3PO4, H2SCc baz yu: NH4OH, H2O, v cc hi r xit khng tan2.Cht khng in li: l nhng cht tan vo nc hon ton khng in li thnh cc ion. Chng c th l cht rn nh Glucoz C6H12O6, cht lng nh CH3CHO, C2H5OH

AXIT BA Z MUIAxit:I. inh nghia phn loai1.nh ngha:a r ni t: L cht phn li ra ion H+Bronstet: l cht cho proton2.phn loi:Axit mnh: HCl, HBr, HI, H2SO4, HNO3, HCLO4Axit trung bnh: H3PO4Axit yu: HF, H2S, HclO, HNO2, H3PO3 ( 2 nc ), RCOOH, H2SiO3 , H2CO3II,tnh cht ha hc:1, tnh axita) qu tm ha b) tc dng vi bazo to mui v nc2HCl + CaO CaCl2 + H2OFe2O3 + HNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + H2OFeO +2 HCl FeCl2 + H2OFe3O4 + 8HCl FeCl2 + 2FeCl3 + H2OCh : FeO, Fe3O4 + HNO3, H2SO4 c Fe3+ + sn phm kh + H2O.c) Tc dng vi ba z to mui v ncHcl + NaOH NaCl + H2OH2SO4 + Al(OH)3 Al2(SO4)3 + H2OCh : Fe(OH)2 + HNO3, H2SO4 c Fe3+ + sn phm kh + H2O.d) tc dng vi mui:iu kin: to ra axit yu hn+kt ta khng tan trong axit.Vd: CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2ONa2SO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + SO2 + H2OAgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3baCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HCl.e) Tc dng vi kim loi:1. HX, H2SO4 + KL( tr Cu, Ag, Hg, Pt, Au) mui ( Fe2+, Cr2+ ) + H2.2.. HNO3, H2SO4 c + KL( tr Pt, Au) mui ( Fe3+, Cr3+ ) + sn phm kh + H2O HNO3 c ngui, H2SO4 c ngui b th ng vi Fe, Al, Cr.Kt lun: axit th hin tnh oxi ha.II, Mt s axit th hin tnh kh mnh:Bao gm: H2S, HBr, HI, HCl.H2S + Br2 + H2O HBr + H2SO4HCl + MnO2 MnCl2 + CL2 + H2O.HI + FeCl3 FeCl2 + I2 + HClIII, Mt s axit th hin tnh oxi ha mnh: Bao gm: HNO3, H2SO4, HclO4.Tc dng vi phi kim: C, S, P C+4, s+6, S+4, P+5HNO3 + C CO2 + NO2 + H2OHNO3 + S H2SO4 + NO + H2OIV, ring HF tc dng vi thy tinh.HF + SiO2 SiF4 + H2O.BazI.Phn loi:1.Baz kim: MOH (M l kim loi kim), Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)22.Baz khng tan: t Mg(OH)2 Cu(OH)23.Hi ddrooxxit lng tnh:Zn(OH)2, Al(OH)3, Cr(OH)3, Pb(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Sn(OH)2 ring Cu(OH)2 v Be(OH)2 tan trong kim c.4.Mt s baz yu: dd NH3, R(NH2)x II, tnh cht ha hc:1, Baz kim:a) lm i mu cht ch th: - Qu tm xanhphenolphtalein khng mu chuyn thnh mu hngb) tc dng vi axit to thnh mui v nc;to thnh mui g ph thuc v t l mol ca OH- v axit ( H2S, H3PO3, H3PO4 )c) tc dng vi oxit axit: CO2, SO2, P2O5, NO2nOH-/nCO2, SO2ch : 2NO2 + 2OH- NO3- + NO2- + H2O (Phn ng oxi ha kh)d) tc dng vi dung dch mui to thnh:+NH3 (NH4+): NH4Cl + NaOH NH3 + H2O + NaCl+Baz kt ta ( Mg(OH)2 Cu(OH)2 ): 2NaOH + CuSO4 Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2.+ Mui kt ta: BaCO3, CaCO3, BaSO4, CaSO3, BaSO3: Ba(OH)2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaOH.Ch : mui axit2NaOH + 2KHCO3 Na2CO3 + K2CO3 + 2H2O2NaOH d + Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + H2OBa(HCO3)2 d + NaOH BaCO3 + NaHCO3 + H2O(OH- + HCO3- CO32- + H2O)e) tc dng vi Cl2:Cl2 + NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O ( nc gia ven)KOH + Cl2 KCl + KclO3 + H2O.f) tc dng vi oxit v hi r xit lng tnh:ZnO, Al2O3, Cr2O3Zn(OH)2, Al(OH)3, Cr(OH)3Vd: ZnO + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2OZn(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O.2.Baz khng tan:a) tc dng vi axit to mui v nc.b) b nhit phn to oxit baz z v nc:Mg(OH)2 MgO + H2OFe(OH)2 + O2 Fe2O3 + H2O3.Hidroxit lng tnh:Tc dng vi axit mnhTc dng vi baz kim4.dung dch NH3 l 1 baz yu:a) lm qu tm chuyn thnh mu xanh.b)tc dng vi axit to mui.ty thu c v t l:nNH3/nH3PO4c) tc dng vi cc mui (Mg2+ n ) to baz kt ta:Mn+ + nNH3 + nH2O M(OH)n + nNH4+Cc ba z : Zn(OH)2, Cu(OH)2, AgOH, Ni(OH)2 tan trong NH3 d to phcMui I, Phn loi mui:1, Mui axit ( a axit to mui axit)HS-, HSO3-, HSO4-, HCO3-, H2PO42-, H2PO3-2,Mui trung ha: gc axit khng cn H c kh nng phn li ra H+Vd: S2-, SO32-, SO42-, PO43-, HPO3-II, Mi trng ca dung dch mui:Mui to biMi trngpHCht ch th

Axit mnh, baz mnhTrung tnh7Qu tm khng i mu

Axit mnh, baz yuAxit7Qu tm chuyn thnh mu xanh.

Axit yu, ba z yuCn ty

III, tnh tan cc mui:*) Cc mui KL kim, NH4+, NO3- u tan trong nc.*) mui cacbonat khng tan trong nc*)mui sunfat khng tan ( BaSO4, SrSO4, PbSO4 ), Ag2SO4 t tan.*)Mui sufit khng tan tng t mui cacbonat*)Mui sunfua khng tan:+CuS, PbS, Ag2S: kt ta en , CdS: vng: khng tan trong axit.+ FeS, ZnS khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong axit.*) Mui clorua: khng tan, AgCl, PbCl2 t tan.*) Mui photphat H2PO4- tanHPO42-, PO43-: khng tan.IV, tnh cht ha hc:1, mui axit:a) tc dng vi baz kim to mui v nc2NaOH + 2KHCO3 Na2CO3 + K2CO3 + 2H2O2NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2ONaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 d CaCO3 + NaOH + H2O.b) Mui axit tc dng vi axit mnhNaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O.c) Mt s mui axit b nhit phn hy:2HCO3- CO32- + CO2 + H2O2HSO3- SO32- + SO2 + H2OCh : mui HSO4- c y tnh cht nh axit H2SO42, Mui trung ha:a) Mui tc dng vi axit to: + kh+ axit yu+ kt ta khng tan trong axit: AgCl, BaSO4, CuS, PbS, Ag2S.FeS2 + 2HCl FeCl2 + S + H2SCuSO4 + H2S CuS + H2SO4.b) tc dng vi baz kim to dd NH3 + Baz t ( Mg(OH)2 Cu(OH)2 ) Mui BaSO4, CaCO3, BaCO3, CaSO4, BaSO3V d:NH4Cl + NaOH NH3 + H2O + CuSO4 NH3 + H2O + FeCl2 Ba(OH)2 + Na2SO4 Ca(OH)2 + K2CO3 C) tc dng vi mui:iu kin: + 2 mui phn ng tan+ sn phm c kt taVd: Na2CO3 + CaCl2 CaCO3 + 2NaCl.d) tc dng vi kim loi:iu kin: tha mn quy tc anphaFe + Ag+ Fe2+ +Ag+ d Fe3+MgCu + Fe3+ Fe2+ +Mg, Al, Zn Fe0d) Mt s mui b nhit phn:Mui cacbonat khng tan:*)CaCO3 CaO + CO2*) Mui nitrat v nitritNH4NO2 N2 + H2ONH4NO3 N2O + H2OMui nitrat: Ba(NO3)2 BaO + NO2 + O2Fe(NO3)3 Fe2O3 + NO2 + O2KclO3 KCl + O2KmnO4 K2MnO4 + MnO4 + O2K2Cr2O7 Cr2O3 + K2O + O2f)Mt s mui c phn ng thy phn:AlCl3 + Na2CO3 + H2o Al(OH)3 + CO2 + H2ONaAlO2 + NH4Cl + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl + NH3.g) 1 s mui c tnh kh: ( Fe3+, S2-)vd: FeCO3 + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + CO2 + NO2 + H2OZnS + HNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + H2SO4 + NO2 + H2Of) Mt s mui c tnh oxi ha mnh: Fe3+, K2Cr2O7, KmnO4(H+)FeCl3 + KI FeCl2 + I2 + KOHFeSO4 + KmnO4 + H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O

PH CA DUNG DcHI, nPHl ch s c biu din bi h thc[H+] = 10-aPH = aHay PH = -lg[H+]VD: [H+] = 0,001 mol/l = 10-3 PH = 3Trong 1 dung dch: [H+].[OH-] = 10-14 [H+] = 10-14/[OH-]PH + POH = 14 PH = 14 pOH vi POH = -lg[OH-]VD: tnh PH ca dung dchNaOH Na+ + OH-10-2--------------10-2pOH=2 pH = 14 pOH = 12II, Mi trng.Mi trngH+pH

Axit > 10-7pH 7 l A. Na2CO3, NH4Cl, KCl. B. KCl, C6H5ONa, CH3COONa. C. Na2CO3, C6H5ONa, CH3COONa. D. NH4Cl, CH3COONa, NaHSO4.

Dang 3: cac dang bai tp khac (co s dung inh lut bao toan in tich).Trong dung dich: n.in tich ion + = n.|in tich ion -|Lu y khi ap dung bao toan in tich:+ m mui = mion+ + mion-+khi thay th 1 ion phai am bao bao toan in tich: vd: O2- = 2Cl- (mt hai tr phai c thay th bng 2Cl-)

Cu 1cd07 :Mt dung dch cha 0,02 mol Cu2+, 0,03 mol K+, x mol Clv y mol SO42. Tng khi lng cc mui tan c trong dung dch l 5,435 gam. Gi trca x v y ln lt l (Cho O = 16; S = 32; Cl= 35,5; K = 39; Cu = 64) 0,03 v 0,02. B. 0,05 v 0,01. C. 0,01 v 0,03. D. 0,02 v 0,05.Cu 2cd07:Cho mt mu hp kim Na-Ba tc dng vi nc (d), thu c dung dch X v 3,36 lt H2( ktc). Thtch dung dch axit H2SO42M cn dng trung ho dung dch X l A. 150ml. B. 60ml. C. 75ml. D. 30ml.Cu 3cd07:Khi cho 100ml dung dch KOH 1M vo 100ml dung dch HCl thu c dung dch c cha 6,525 gam cht tan. Nng mol (hoc mol/l) ca HCl trong dung dch dng l (Cho H = 1; O = 16; Cl = 35,5; K = 39) A. 1M. B. 0,25M. C. 0,75M. D. 0,5M.Cu 4 ka08:Cho 2,13 gam hn hp X gm ba kim loi Mg, Cu v Al dng bt tc dng hon ton vi oxi thu c hn hp Y gm cc oxit c khi lng 3,33 gam. Thtch dung dch HCl 2M va pHn ng ht vi Y l A. 75 ml. B. 50 ml. C. 57 ml. D. 90 ml.mtng= mO= 1,2g nO= 0,075 mol nHCl= 0,15 mol V = 75ml (nhm c ht)Cu 5cd08:Dung dch X cha cc ion: Fe3+, SO42-, NH4+, Cl-. Chia dung dch X thnh hai pHn bng nhau: - PHn mt tc dng vi lng ddung dch NaOH, un nng thu c 0,672 lt kh ( ktc) v 1,07 gam kt ta; - PHn hai tc dng vi lng ddung dch BaCl2, thu c 4,66 gam kt ta. Tng khi lng cc mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch X l (qu trnh c cn chc nc bay hi) A. 3,73 gam. B. 7,04 gam. C. 7,46 gam. D. 3,52 gam.Cu 6ka10:Cho dung dch X gm: 0,007 mol Na; 0,003 mol Ca; 0,006 mol Cl; 0,006 mol HCO3v 0,001 mol NO3. loi bht Ca2+ trong X cn mt lng va dung dch cha a gam Ca(OH)2. Gi trca a l A. 0,222. B. 0,444. C. 0,120. D. 0,180. nCa(OH)2 = x. nOH- = 2x v nCa2+ = x. Theo bi: OH- + HCO3- CO32- + H2O 2x 0,006 --------- 0,006 Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3. x+0,003 0,006 Ch c x = 0,003 tha mn. Vy a = 0,003*74 = 0,222 (g)Cu 7b10:Dung dch X cha cc ion: Ca2+, Na+, HCO3v Cl, trong smol ca ion Cll 0,1. Cho 1/2 dung dch X pHn ng vi dung dch NaOH (d), thu c 2 gam kt ta. Cho 1/2 dung dch X cn li pHn ng vi dung dch Ca(OH)2(d), thu c 3 gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu un si n cn dung dch X th thu c m gam cht rn khan. Gi trca m l A. 7,47. B. 9,21. C. 8,79. D. 9,26.Bi gii:

T gi thit: dd X nu thm Ca(OH)2 th vn thu c thm kt ta nn Ca2+ ban u thiu v bng s mol kt ta:

dd X thm Ca(OH)2 thu kt ta : p dng bo ton in tch:

Khi c cn xy ra phn ng: 2 CO + CO2 + H2O 0,06 0,03p dng bo ton khi lng :

Cu 8b12:Mt dung dch gm:0,01 mol Na+; 0,02 mol Ca2+; 0,02 mol v a mol ionX (bqua s in li ca nc). Ion X v gi trca a l HCO3 A. v 0,03. B. v 0,03. C. OH23 CO3 NO v 0,03. D. Clv 0,01.Cu 9cd12:Dung dch E gm x mol Ca2+, y mol Ba2+, z mol 3 HCO. Cho ttdung dch Ca(OH)2nng a mol/l vo dung dch E n khi thu c lng kt ta ln nht th va ht V lt dung dch Ca(OH)2. Biu thc lin hgia cc gi trV, a, x, y l A. V = 2a(x+y). B. x+yV = a. C. . D. V = a(2x+y)x+2yV = a.Cu 10b13:Dung dch X cha 0,12 mol Na+; x mol 24-SO ; 0,12 mol Clv 0,05 mol 4NH+. Cho 300 ml dung dch Ba(OH)20,1M vo X n khi cc pHn ng xy ra hon ton, lc bkt ta, thu c dung dch Y. C cn Y, thu c m gam cht rn khan. Gi trca m l A. 7,875. B. 7,020. C. 7,705. D. 7,190.Cu 11b13:Trong scc dung dch c cng nng 0,1M di y, dung dch cht no c gi trpHnhnht? A. NaOH. B. HCl. C. Ba(OH)2. D. H2SO4.Cu 12cd13:Cho 50 ml dung dch HNO31M vo 100 ml dung dch KOH nng x mol/l, sau pHn ng thu c dung dch chcha mt cht tan duy nht. Gi trca x l A. 0,5. B. 0,8. C. l,0. D. 0,3.Ta c s mol HNO3= s mol KOH = 0,05 nn x=0, 05 /0,1= 0, 5Cu 13-14a. Dung dch X cha 0,1 mol Ca2+ ; 0,3 mol Mg2+ ; 0,4 mol Cl- v a mol HCO3-. un dung dch X n cn thu c mui khan c khi lng l :A. 23,2 gamB. 49,4 gamC. 37,4 gamD. 28,6 gam.THT: a = 0,4mol; 2HCO3- CO32- + CO2 + H2O; m mui = mCa2+ + mMg2+ + mCl- + mCO32-0,40,2= 0,1x40 + 0,3x24 + 0,4x35,5 + 0,2x60 = 37,4gam.Cu 14a14. trung ha 20 ml dung dch HCl 0,1M cn 10 ml dung dch NaOH nng x mol/l. Gi tr ca x l : A. 0,3B. 0,4C. 0,2.( = 0,2M)D. 0,1.Cu 15b14: Dung dch X gm 0,1 mol K+; 0,2 mol Mg2+; 0,1 mol Na+; 0,2 mol Cl- v a mol Y2-. C cn dung dch X, thu c m gam mui khan. Ion Y2- v gi tr ca m l

A. v 56,5.B. v 30,1.C. v 37,3.D. v 42,1.Bi gii

Bo ton in tch:

Loi p n B, D v to kt ta vi Mg2+

mmui = Chn CCu 16cd14:Dung dch X gm a mol Na+; 0,15 mol K+; 0,1 mol HCO3; 0,15 mol CO2-3 v 0,05 mol SO42-. Tng khi lng mui trong dung dch X lA. 33,8 gam B. 28,5 gam C. 29,5 gam D. 31,3 gamGiiBo ton in tch cho s mol Na+= 0,35 mol. Vy m = 0,35.23 + 0,15.39 + 0,1.61 + 0,15.60 + 0,05.96 = 33,8Ti liu c su tm, tuyn chn v bin son t nhiu ngun trn internet cng nh s thiu st v kinh nghim ca c nhn tc gi do s sai st l khng th trnh khi, mi kin phn hi v bi vit xin lin h vi tc gi qua cc a ch sau:Nguyencong.kiet@yahoo.comHoc https://www.facebook.com/congkiet.nguyen.31Nguyn Cng Kit s nh 94/10 Hong Diu, thnh ph Nngin thoi: 0984895477Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n qu thy c v cc bn hc sinh s dng ti liu ny!