baihaqi thesis in english version

8/10/2019 Baihaqi Thesis in English Version

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THE TENDENCY OF SUFISM IN SELECTED

DANARTOs SHORT STORIES

B

Y

BAIHAQI BIN MUHAMMAD DAUD

This Thesis is submitted in fulfillment of Sarjana Sastera atSchool of Humanities University Sains Malaysia

2004


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This thesis is a research that submitted by the students of Sarjana Sastera (Literature) forcompletion of HKS 501 at 2ndSemester in 2003/2004.

I admitted that this research are preparing with myself during getting for the relatedinformation except the notes and summarize that had been explained this source.

Main Supervisor Student

Prof. Madya Dr Noriah Binti Taslim Baihaqi Bin Muhammad Daud

September, 15th2004 September, 15th2004


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PREFACE

First of All, I would like to express my gratitude to Al-Mighty Allah SWT for his

welfare, so that I can finish this thesis accordingly.

I would like to express my grateful thanks to my beloved parents for their dedication,

praying and fully supports for the writer for completing this study.

I also express my grateful thanks to my beloved wife which continuing supports for

my succeed study.

My highly appreciation expresses to my relatives families and mother in-law that

always given supporting for my future careers.

I also encourage thanks to my main supervisor Prof. Dr. Ali Haji Ahmad for his

continuing guidance for finishing this thesis. I would like to thank to my second supervisor

Prof. Madya Dr. Noriah Taslim for her fully commitment to waste the time for correcting this

thesis.

I might to thanks to my closed friends which as same as struggle at overseas to

study and complete this works.

Warmest Regards

Baihaqi Bin Muhammad Daud

September, 15

th

2004


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE i

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

ABSTRACT viii

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Problem11.2. Objective of the Problem131.3. Statement of the Problem...........................................131.4. Scope of the Problem..........................................171.5. Significance of the Problem191.6. Literature Review..201.7. Methodology of the Study251.8. Organization of the Study25

CHAPTER TWO

AUTHORS AND SUFISME

2.1.Background of the authors.28

2.2. The Authors Literary Works38

2.2.1. Definition and Development of Sufism in Indonesia422.2.2. Sufism Literature as Transcendent Literature .502.2.3. Contribution of Danartos toward Sufisms Unsure..57


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CHAPTER THREE

THE TENDENCY OF SUFISM IN SELECTED DANARTOs SHORT STORIES

3.1 Anthology of Godlob66

3.2 Anthology of Adam Marifat82

3.3 Anthology of Berhala90

3.4 Anthology of Gergasi..99

3.5 Anthology of Setangkai Melati di Sayap Jibrail.108

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION

REFERENCE


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ABSTRACT

The tendency of Sufism in Danartos short stories revealed the authors significant

experience achieved through deep contemplation and understanding as experienced by

saints in the past. It is this mystical experience that becomes the basis for Danartos l iterary

work, enhanced through his creativity and imagination. The spiritual experience gifted to him

by Allah SWT in his creative writings. This thesis is an attempt to analyze the tendency of

Sufism in selected Danartos shortstories.


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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Problem

As the author, Danarto had been placed himself with the development of Indonesia

Literature. He appears with a new style added within unpredictable theme by another

Indonesias author. Regarding with his style, Danarto are being the same position with

another author such as Iwan Simatupang and Budi Darma, but Danarto has specific

characteristics namely, all of his literary works grounded from Kejawen where as the

way of his express the stories coming from leather puppets.1

The awarded from Horison Literature Magazine to his first short stories Panah

Menembus Jantung, as the best short stories in 1968 are the firstly official appraisal for

his works. The reason given by the committee is:

Overall this story carried out mystic, who is bringing the readers feel itselfconnecting with another world outside from our real worlds alive every day. This story iscategorized as newest style in Indonesia and it would be motivated for other authors toproduce interest story in Indonesia.

In his prefaces for the anthology of Adam MarifatArief Budiman mentions that his

literary works come from unconsciousness. It can be finding after reading his short

stories of Adam Marifat and another short stories that begin with rhythm of song and

word of Cak gradually. Into the short story the author are wrote most of concrete poet

and it become the reader are being unconsciousness because of he is having mysticals

value

In a official meeting Mesyuarat Pengadil Horison untuk Cerpen 1968 Arief Budiman

disagree with an award given to Danarto by mentioned:

I thought Danartos Short Stories arederived from unconsciousness where as theauthor is able to control him selves and known where is he going to. Absolutely thisstory presents a new perspective toward another stories that even been in Indonesia.2

1Danarto,Adam Marifat, 1992, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. P. 52Pilihan Majalah Horison 1966-1967 dan 1968 oleh Yayasan Indonesia. Jakarta. 1970


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From this statement, it obviously that Arief Budiman declares artistic from those short

stories and indirectly he are willing to know the creativity process which is needed the

self management from the authors to his works. This statement appears through

Mesyuarat Pengadil Horsion untuk Cerpen 1968, added with notes from Arief Budiman

about creativity process grew up from unconsciousness and wrote through an

introduction of Godlob short stories.

Sapardi Djoko Damono and Subagio Sastrowardoyo are either to give their

comments that attached at Panah Menembus Jantung short stories. This statement

also appears for the whole of short stories collection. Subagio Sastrowardoyo states

that:

His thought is possibilities to pass of general logical as find out from absurd story

from Iwan Simaptupang.3

A Teeuw mentions that the Danartos short stories describe an amazing situation

about the living of human life from the Javanese Sufism perspective. He adds that the

Danartos short stories represented Indonesia Literature images which is full of

traditional culture and its quite to give a new hope for future writing.

Moreover he is strongest with traditional culture, Danarto has a talent as a Javanese

with are familiar to absorb foreign culture. A Teeuw also mentions that Danarto is easy

going to unite of specific character as a Javanese people to absorb foreign culture.

Danarto is able to unite of a specific character found as Hamlet, Ahasveros or Salome

from pantheism worlds and the world appeared with a wonderful imagination of

Danarto.4

Y. B. Manguwijaya asks that Danartos short stories are:

A value of change than religion, spiritualism stories that dynamic and full of

imagination, traditional, internally character, abstract, and concrete and life of world. Thevalue of mystic is able to find out from a living life, locally and internationally.5

Meanwhile Kuntowijoyo6 assumes that the existence of Danarto is strongest

representative from Sufism literature which is protected from intellectualism. He states

that Danartos short stories reflected as character as humanitarian, freedom from

various kinds of tyrannical.

3Subagio Sastrowardoyo, Sekilas Soal Sastera dan Budaya, 1992, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. P. 71-76

4A. Teeuw, Sastera Indonesia Modern II,1989, Jakarta: Dunia Pustaka Jaya. P. 2025Y. B. Manguwijaya, Sastera dan Religoisitas, 1992, Yogyakarta: Kanisius. P. 51

6Kuntowijoyo, 1972, Prosedur Lingkaran Dalam Kritik Sastera, dalam Malajah Horison No. 2. P. 357


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In his preface for the selected anthology of Berhala, Umar Kayam7mentions that it

quite possible to find out the short story writers in Indonesia which is periodically

conscious to submit world such as Danarto in his literary works. His works is full with

irrational situation that is politely to create by using powerful Sufism.

Umar Kayam also states that the tendency of Sufism which is developed by Danarto

as long as through his previously short stories had been rewritten by aiming, the author

is not left real world and abstract. The author isnt also to leave a current situation that

appears in his literary works. Unfortunately from his works, the authors are taking an

idea combined with daily base activities, where as that activities might to throw to

illogical situation.8

Harry Aveling as a literature criticism from Australia had translated Danartos short

stories to English version and He states that the position of Danarto is same with

William Blake a British mystical poetry that alive at 19thcenturies. 9

Burton Raffel a literature criticism from United States of America indirectly mentioned

that among of newest short stories in Indonesia, which is the most interesting is Danarto

short stories. According to Raffel, Danartos short stories are incredible andamazing so

that his works defeats short stories writers from Europe and America immediately. Even

thought as per as mentioned by Arief Budiman, He isnt hesitated the effortless of

Danarto cause of he was being to do an experimental experience, He isnt create, but

he are returning to the world by digging spirituals experience. His story is not only to

move dramatic, but this word are usually to jump and the reader are becomes trembling,

shaking and crying. Raffel sees that his literary works are unique and influence the

journey of Indonesia literatures.10

Abdul Hadi W. M. In his interview with Danarto succeed to record the statement from

Danarto as follow as:

Our communities are being secular nowadays, It quite al right and attention toreligion and its values had been damaged. When the religiosities of the author appears,It should be different between religion and mystical experience, that being well of my

7Umar Kayam, Pengantar dalam Danarto, Berhala (Kumpulan Cerita Pendek),1991, Jakarta: Pustaka Firdaus.

P. ix8Ibid,P. xiv

9Abdul Hadi W.M. Kembali Ke Akar Kembali Ke Sumber, Esei-Esei Sastera Profetik dan Sufistik, 1999, Jakarta:Pustaka Firdaus, P. 4810

Ibid, P. 48


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literary works reference. Religion experience is being metaphysic elements and mystic,but our transcendent experience is absolutely the unity with creator of the universe. 11

Most of Danartos short stories are categorized as the unity effort with creator of

universe as per mentioned through his title of short story Adam Marifat. The purpose

of the author to write his works based on spiritual experience, the author and also works

as painter coming from Sragen mentioned that:

We are (nature, flora and fauna) as a process so that everything did not understandbecause of its not formulated as well). The truth and distrust that make it summarize isnothing, Because of we are process, we should go to everywhere, from where andwhere are we going to for. This is the real essential of creator. Its true that we arebelonging of creation of the universe. 12

Abdul Hadi W.M. in his explanations for the Danarto, Abimanyu and Katak saw that

human being rises through Danartos short stories claims as a lost of human being from

history. They are wanted to be real mankind, able want to know the knowledge of

universe, the essence of the creation, philosophy of life and if he had known everything

the essence of the truth, He can create amazing works.13

In his further explanation Subagio Sastrowardoyo14 assumes that in the

development of Indonesia Literature, Danartos short stories tends to solve reality life

that caught by eyes. According to Subagio who is seeing from historical framework,

Riono Praktikto had told the haunted stories. This can be found through another literary

works written by Pramudya Ananta Toer such as Keluarga Gerilya. , Atheiswrote by

Achdiat Kartamihardja and Buiten Het Gareelwritten by Suwarsih Djoyo Puspito. The

tendency to leave out real of life was being continued by Iwan Simatupang through his

works Tunggu Aku Di Pojok Jalan Itu.

Sapardi Djoko Damono15explains that Danarto had succeeded to write several short

stories which are giving a new tendency in writing of short stories in Indonesia. Actuallythis works had been doing by previous writer at the decade of 1950-an like Basuki

Gunawan, P. Sengojo and Iwan Simatupang. Their works are tent to explore western

tradition. Danarto took another impact and combine with his mystical experiences rather

than western literature. Danarto tries to create a same process with another people

faced of mystical experiences.

11Danarto, Adam Marifat, 1992, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, P. 5

12Ibid,P. 6

13Abdul Hadi W.M, 1984, Dua Puluh Sastrawan Bicara, Jakarta: Sinar Harapan. P. 47

14Subagio Sastrowardoyo, 1992, Sekilas Soal Sastera dan Budaya, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. P. 71-7615

Sapardi Djoko Damono, Pengantar dalam Danarto, Godlob (Kumpulan Cerita Pendek), 1987, Jakarta:Pustaka Utama Grafiti. P. vii


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Yakob Sumardjo mentions that Danarto are taking his inspiration from the world

tradition, which is Sumardjo assumed that Danartos short stories was not replicated

from famous stories in the world. Sumardjo explains that Danartos short stories are

categorized as allegories. A. Teeuw is also mentions that his works are familiar with

allegories from its introduction. According to Sumardjo, the characters found at his

works are including as prototype because he usually use idea personification for his

works. The character find out at his works played as freely puppets and they are

mobilized to pass the space and time. Sumardjo is also summarized that:

Danartos short stories are thematic; his strength is being at its theme and ideas 16

Keith Foulcher17mentions that the reality of Danarto was setting as hallucinations.

This statement is not aimed to marginalize of Danarto, He admits that the author is

having specific character as a telling stories. Another element that included as specific

characters from his works is his encourage spreading irrational harassment. Danarto is

posted as a new founder and the best pattern at the decade of 60-an.

Amir Mahmud in his interview for the article of Danarto Mencari Zat Ilahisaw that

the spiritualism of Danarto is near with human being self development management

doctrine into Islam. The grade of human being in contemplating with the Lord as follow

as: syariat, tarikat, hakikat and makrifat. Syariat is description or explanation, Tarikat is

an implementation, Hakikat is situation and condition and Makrifat is the real of essence

through introduction to our Al-Mighty.18

Paul Tickell comments that Danartos short stories are not full of the escape of

reality, harm, and misuse and reliable among human race, He might to show his

capacity to see and build communication with the reader, the author didnt choose thereal descriptive, but he always use the symbol and metaphor and selected it for doing

unconsciousness. 19

16 Danarto, Proses, Proses, Proses, Proses, Proses, Proses , dalam Dua Puluh Sasterawan Bicara, 1984,

Jakarta: Sinar Haparan P. 154-15517

Abdul Hadi W.M., tentang Temu Kritikus dan Sasterawan DKJ TIM, Kembali Ke Akar Tradisi, Kembali KeSumber, 1984, Jakarta: Harian Berita Yudha. P. 12

18Amir Mahmud, 1990, Danarto Mencari Zat Ilahi, dalam Mingguan Media Indonesia. No.3539. P. 519 Paul Tickell, Tanggapan Dunia Sastera Terhadap Cerpen-Cerpen Danarto, 1968, dalam Majalah Horison

No2.P. 16


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Th. Sri Rahayu Prihatmi states that Danartos short stories succeed to make its

relationship among two worlds namely real world and a world outside from logical and

metaphysic. Furthermore Rayani Sri Widodo classified the theme found by Danartos

short stories related with: 1) Horizontal problem among the man that can be found at

his works Godlob, Sandiwara Atas Sandiwara,and Armageddon.Those works are

tending to rise up the relationship among the man and man; its also finding at his

second works Adam Marifat published by Balai Pustaka. Danarto attempts more

deeply the limitation of human being created by God from land. The consciousness is

gradually as holy words for 434 times. 2) Vertical problem related with the man and his

creator. In his preface announced by Balai Pustaka, stated that .we are as

belong of the universe permanently and determined 20

Its mean Danarto believes that the relationship between his self and Allah SWT as

creator. He ensures that his consciousness are also adopted by a Sufism: .But

my transcendent are essentially for uniting with Allah SWT.

Dami N. Toda optioned that in short stories world the first name that might be

appeared currently is Danarto. When we read his works, we are described as a

universal without frontier and space.21

W. S. Rendra assumes that in the prose cross study. Danarto carried out a new hope

for short stories development in Indonesia besides of Gerson Poyk, Pramudya Ananta

Toer and Hamsad Rangkuti. They have strongest behavior as a poet man who is

mastering a language and pure arts. Rendra aloso stated that Danartos works are

phenomena cause of its having a way of life.22

Another statement expressed by Sutardji Calzoum Bachri and Satyagraha Hoerip in

Cerita Pendek Indonesia 4, Sutardji mentions that If you want to find out a Javaneseauthors that able to success and explore of tradition and truth of essence, the man is

Danarto and this statement is also translated by Satyagraha Hoerip. 23

20 Abdul Rahman Kaeh, Dialog Kesusasteraan, 1990, Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Pengkajian Melayu Universiti

Malaya21

Dami N. Toda, Sastera Indonesia Modern, 1989, Jakarta: Dunia Pustaka Jaya. P. 164

22

W.S. Rendra, Tanggapan Dunia Sastera Terhadap Cerpen-Cerpen Danarto, 1968, dalam Majalah Horison No.2 P. 1523

Satyagraha Hoerip, Cerita Pendek Indonesia 4, 1979, Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa.


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Meanwhile Wildan Yatim states that the author spoke about human being but this

philosophy is trembling and dishes similarity. He also mentioned that his works is dark of

imagination and did not have main goals.24

Korrie Layun Rampan25in his preface of Cerita Pendek Indonesia Mutakhir Sebuah

Pembicaraan stated that Danartos short stories fail to reach the goals and havent

highly motivation. He also mentioned that a new knowledge inspirited by Danarto is

consciousness inspiration. This statement supported by Hudi Soejanto which mentioned

that Danartos short stories is classified as a new inspiration for the journey of Indonesia

literature.

Based on the description above, the writer assumed that what had written by Danarto

though his works are categorized as a new style and contribution for the sufism

development in Indonesia attached through his works. The existence of Danarto shows

that he is as a poet man which having his own character.

1.2. Objective of the Problem

According to the description above, Danartos short stories contained of Sufism/mystical

connotation. The writer saw that:

1. This research aims to study and understand deepest about the Tendency of Sufism

in selected Danartos short stories.

2. To analyze this selected short stories for knowing his extraordinary to enrich

Indonesia short stories.

1.3. Statement of the Problem

Danarto with his works had been explored an extraordinary issue. Probable we cantfind the authors in Indonesia introduced sufism tendency in his literary works. His

previous short story through Godlob and Adam Marifat shown clearly Danarto is trying

to explore indirectly and ask us to enter a new world that is differential with our daily

world. Into his works this worlds is not real and abstract. This situation reflected is to see

two worlds namely real and unreal world. The both of the situation are soundly and

terrified where human is being categorized unidentified object. This situation are finding

24Wildan Yatim, Dua Puluh Sasterawan Bicara, 1984, Jakarta: Sinar Harapan. P. 154-15525

Korrie Layun Rampan, Cerita Pendek Indonesia Mutakhir Sebuah Pembicaraan, 1980, Yogyakarta: CV NurCahaya.P 6


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from his works Panah Menembus Jantung. Godlob, and Armageddon.In other short

stories this situation classified as epic and tales such as Nostalgia, Asmaradana and

Abracadabra. In the selected of short stories we may meet with an character that ever

known from the past book such as Abimanyu through Mahabaratha , Salome from the

bible and hamlet from Shakespeare. The whole of the character placed into a specific

world namely real and unreal world with full by shadow, terrified and mystery.

Meanwhile Umar Kayam in his preface Dunia Alternatif Danarto Sebuah Pengantar

saw that Danartos literary works brought us to other world from our daily base activities,

when we are entering this world, immediately we knew that the world arent living for us.

The world is partly of human race speaks and making relationship with angels, lizard,

computer and other cultures, the unconsciousness situation are reflecting happen and

developed with the world now.26

If we are trying to repeat to read these short stories, perhaps we might cheat to get

fiction situation, His literary works through second selected of short stories Adam

Marifat clearly shows this situation especially from his works Mereka Toh Tidak

Mungkin Menyaring Malaikat, Megatruh entitle Gambar Satu Bar Balok Not and

Bedoyo Robot Membelot. During we read deepest and pay an attention carefully, we

will predict that undercover of the stories, there is a way to guide us. A worldwide that

influences the writing style of Danarto

In relation with the way of world was influenced with tasawuf world implemented by

saints. One of the most significant things from sufism is Wahdat al-Wujud doctrine

through the truth of essence and truth of reality. 27

According to Umar Kayam, the creation is limited by time and space, because this

concept isnt quite solved by human being instinct. The presence is absolutely belongs ofAllah SWT. The creator of the universe had determined and selected the eternity, trying

to walk the road and chancing the journey for time and space in his essence.28

This method is clearly seen from the statement of Danarto taken from the preface of

his second anthology of Adam Marrifat:

26Umar Kayam, Dunia Alternatif Danarto( sebuah pengantar), dalam, Berhala (Kumpulan Cerita Pendek), 1991,

Jakarta: Pustaka Firdaus. P. xi27

Ibid, P. xiii28

Martin Ling, Wali Sufi Abad ke-20(terj. Abdul Hadi W.M), 1989, Bandung: Mizan. P. 178


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We are (nature, flora and fauna) as a process so that everything did not understandbecause of its not formulated as well). The truth and distrust that make it summarize isnothing, Because of we are process, we should go to everywhere, from where and whereare we going to for. This is the real essential of creator. Its true that we are belonging ofcreation of the universe. 29

As a Javanese living at Javanese culture, the statement is not strange. The mystical

elements contained at Hindu worship had taken intention and impression for Javanese

people before they are paying as Muslim. The way of life of Danarto find out through his

literary works almost classified as unconsciousness. After his way is putting from his

works, the situation is rapidly changed. The situation is clearly describing unreal world

through his works. The dialogue presented among abimanyu and frog, me and lizard and

acid, Hamlet and Horatio remained between time and space, dialogue built among

mother, daughter, dancer, computer machine, bedoyo dancer had succeed to takedimension of time and space and his other absurd works interested the reader to study

his essence to Allah SWT.

Right now, Danarto is not famous when he is firstly appear at the decade of 1960-an,

in spite of he is still noted as one of the demonstrator of Indonesia literature besides

another authors for example Iwan Simatupang, Putu Wijaya and Budi Darma. The whole

of his works started from the essence of human being created by Allah SWT, Danarto

tend to select his contemplation with Allah SWT as the highest point in searching of

Sufism.30

1.4. Scope of the Problem

This research is only to give a description and attempt to explore details for

Tendency of Sufism firstly appeared by Danarto through his literary works. For this

purpose, the writer had collected and choice the short stories written by Danarto at the

decade of 1970 till 2001. The selected short stories studied by the writer are: Anthology of

Godlobwrote at 1975, this anthology consists of 9 short stories succeed write by him.

The anthology of Godlob is the first short story written by Danarto and had translated to

English version by Hary Aveling with entitle Abracadabra. Another translator joined is

29Danarto,Adam Marifat, Cet.II, 1992, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. P. 630Lihat Harian Kompas Cyber Media Jakarta, 27 Juni 2002, dengan tajuk: Cerita Rupa dan Mistik Danarto, P.1-

4


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Henry Chambert Loir (into France Version) and Tim Behrend (into English version even

though he is a Javanese literature expert from New Zealand). 31

Anthology of Adam Marifat,wrote at 1982. This anthology contains from 6 short

stories. This anthology Adam Marifat is the second short stories written by Danarto.This short story is also translated to English Version by Hary Aveling with entitle: Adam

Enlightenment. 32

Anthology of Berhala wrote at 1987. This anthology consists of 13 short stories

written by him. The anthology of Berhala gifted an award from Centre Language Studies

at 1990 and Pustaka Firdaus as a best science fiction book publisher at 1987. Now day

the short stories had translated into several languages such as English, Dutch, France

and Japan.33

Anthology of Gergasi wrote at 1996. This anthology consists of 13 short stories

written by him. The short story of Gergasiis the fourth short stories completed by him.

This short story expresses the way of thinking from author telling that the real and unreal

situation are mutually connected each other.34

Anthology of Setangkai Melati di Sayap Jibril, had written at 2001. This anthology

consists of 29 short stories written by him. This short story had classified into fantasy

literature, because the author always to relate between mystical and sufism elementsfound at this short story.35

1.5. Significance of the Problem

1. This research hopes to give a benefit and clearly description for the writers

especially and for the reader in generally through what had been explored by

Danartos for his works

2. This research hopes to give better understanding about a new tendency in

Indonesia literature at the decade of 70-an. A tendency assumed and valued by

most of the authors that is developing by several peoples such as: Danarto, Iwan

Simatupang, Muhammad Zaini Fudoli, Budi Darma, KUntowijoyo, Y.B.

Manguwijaya, Sutardji Calzoum Bachri and Abdul Hadi W.M.

31Danarto, Godlob, Cet.II, 1987, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.

32Danarto,Adam Marifat, Cet.II, 1992, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka33Danarto, Berhala,Cet.II, 1991, Jakarta: Pustaka Firdaus34

Danarto, Gergasi, Cet II. 1996, Jakarta: Pustaka Firdaus35

Danarto, Setangkai Melati di Sayap Jibril, 2001, Yogyakarta: Yayasan Bentang Budaya


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3. To understand that the tendency of Sufism found at selected Danartos short stories

as a religious experience faced by his own author

4. To see and understand that his literary works reflected by his esthetical and

worldwide that develops in the Islamic tradition which is full of Sufism and social

religion.

1.6. Literature Review

Most of writing identified that Danartos short stories tend to explore absurd

dimension. Sapardi Djoko Damono in his preface for the anthology of Godlob tries to

rethinking from the perspective of absurdities. Meanwhile Th. Sri Rahayu Prihatmi is

using the theory focused on the anthology of Godloband Adam Marifattent to expose

the absurdities and taking the conclusion about a dialectical among real and unreal

worlds. She is also values that there is a conflict for the truth of conversion through his

short story Kecubung Pengasihan. Rayani Sri Widodo values that the paying of

absurdities into Danartos short stories are pre-catharsis of pantheism.36

This appraisal tent to look for Danartos short stories as no realism works. This

instance is not interesting to see accurately based upon the benefit of language potential.

The styles of language found at Danartos short stories are strongly and nearby

allegories. Danarto is clever to play to use metaphoric languages and completely by

rhetoric words.

Th Sri Rahayu Prihatmi in her research about Fantasi Dalam Kedua Kumpulan

Cerpen Danarto assumes that Allah SWT for Danarto as a beautiful and lovely place in

the world. He escapes than the worldwide and didnt care with the life full of sin. He also

teaches and relate with Allah SWT without picking up. The writer tends to select Sufisms

way for relating with Allah SWT.

37

Most of his statements had checked gradually by Faculty of Letter University Gajah

Mada in their research entitle: Memahami Cerpen-Cerpen Danarto. Basically this

research tested that Danartos short stories explores pantheism and mystic so that it can

36 Lihat Heru S.P. Saputra, Menyatunya Wacana-Wacana Religius (Pemahaman Dekonstruksi Retoris dalam

Cerpen Kecubung Pengasihan), 1999, Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada P. 6

37Th. Sri Rahayu Prihatmi, Fantasi dalam Kedua Kumpulan Cerpen Danarto: Dialog Antara Dunia Nyata dan

Tidak Nyata,1989, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. P. 18


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be concluded that Danartos short stories through his anthology Godlob and two his

short stories Mereka Toh Tidak Mungkin Menyaring Malaikat and Adam Marifat.The

whole of his works begins from mystical or Javanese spiritualism mixed by Islam and

colored by pantheisms way. The theme appears by Danarto related too spiritualism

worlds, because of the whole of the characters might by seeing through spiritualism

dimension. In spite of Danartos short stories are categorized as allegoric. The

characters, accidents and background of short stories might be forwarding as

personification issued by the writer connected by Javanese mystic and seeing the real of

life as the lovely of human being with creator of universe. There is no behaviors

development; this research stated that the characters find out at Danartos short stories

represented of spiritual situations faced by the characters classified as spiritual conflict

and physically is not logic, cause of the conflict are not considering with the development

of characters 38

This research is also indicates that to rise up the characters from the previously

tradition is more easing for the writer cause of the theme had known. Moreover in their

conclusion this research states that Danartos short stories have a special place besides

of Iwan Simatupang, Budi Darma and Putu Wijaya.

Rayani Sri Widodo in her works about Cerpen Indonesia Mutakhir Antologi Esei dan

Kritik talks that Danartos short stories based on two aspects: First, Danarto contributes anew style in Indonesia short story. According to Rayani Sri Widodo this new style appears

after the writer enters 3 kinds of elements: poet, music and paint. The third of elements

gives an impression of musical and decorative artistic, second, the writer uses

imaginative communicative non dimensional which is means that the characters and

background of the theme are not related with dimension of time and space. The author

selects consciousness his deep contemplation to explore transcendent way. He uses the

background of the theme based on spiritualism symbolic that would be the portrait of his

impressive worlds.39

Slamet Kinarto in his works Suatu Upaya Mencari Jalan Baru analyses that

Danartos short stories reflected as terrifying evidence. The paint of the nature which is

shaking and the telling didnt understand time and space. Thepast and present evidence

38 Fakultas Sastera Kebudayaan Universitas Gadjah Mada, Memahami Cerpen-Cerpen Danarto, 1984,

Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada. P. 739Rayani Sri Widodo, Memahami Cerpen Danarto, dalam Pamusuk Eneste (ed), Cerpen Indonesia Mutakhir:

Antologi Esei dan Kritik, Jakarta: Gramedia. P. 35


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might be appears together. The stories for Danarto as a way to reach the gift by aiming

try to open the creating of the story.40

To understand its definition in Danartos short stories are facing difficulties, because

we didnt know his background accurately. Even though the theme rise up is related withthe social reality that easy to understand. Danartos short stories always full by religious

dimension. He is as Sufism writer had deep contemplation in extending to rise up reality

transcendental, he does not see the psychic, but he also sees abstract and metaphysic.

The reader faces to conventional a world that is not taking by logical and sight.

Tirto Suwondo in his works Kerinduan Danarto Kepada Tuhan analyses that

Danartos short stories derives from unconsciousness where as the authors are speaking

with Lord directly. In this term, Danarto as a human being are trying to returnable his self

to contemplate with creator of universe so that the tendencies of Sufism are really seen

through his literary works.41

Based on the analysis mentioned above, It absolutely clear that there is not among

the writer had written Tendency of Sufism in Selected Danartos Short Stories. The

writer interests to analysis deeply, because of when we talk about the tendency of Sufism

in a literary work, it cannot avoid from religion aspects.

1.7. Methodology of the Study

This research will use library and text analysis for trying to explore the tendency of

Sufism in selected Danartos short stories through mystical symbols in his literary works.

The symbols found at this short story as part of process to curios the essence of the

universe. The author also prepares the space for remaining of contemplation and mystical

experience for knowing further the symptoms and its phenomena.

1.8. Organization of the Study

40Slamet Kirnanto, Suatu Upaya Mencari Jalan Baru, 1985, dalam Harian Berita Buana. No. 4785 P. viii

41Tirto Suwondo, Kerinduan Danarto Kepada Tuhan, 1986, dalam harian Suara Karya No. 773. P. 2


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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Problem1.2. Objective of the Problem1.3. Statement of the Problem1.4. Scope of the Problem1.5. Significance of the Problem1.6. Literature Review1.7. Methodology of the Study1.8. Organization of the Study

CHAPTER TWO

AUTHORS AND SUFISME

2.1.Background of the authors

2.2. The Authors Literary Works

2.2.1. Definition and Development of Sufism in Indonesia

2.2.2. Sufism Literature as Transcendent Literature

2.2.3. Contribution of Danartos toward Sufisms Unsure

CHAPTER THREE

THE TENDENCY OF SUFISM IN SELECTED DANARTOs SHORT STORIES

3.1 Anthology of Godlob

3.2 Anthology of Adam Marifat

3.3 Anthology of Berhala

3.4 Anthology of Gergasi

3.5 Anthology of Setangkai Melati di Sayap Jibrail


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CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION

REFERENCE


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CHAPTER TWO

AUTHOR AND SUFISM

2.1. Background of the Author

The arrival of Danarto in Horison Magazine No.2 at 1968 with his first short story entitle:

Panah Menembus Jantung had paying interest of Indonesia Literature, because of the

writer shows the unique character from the language, volume and the title of the short story.

Danarto was born at Mojowetan, Sragen, and Central of Java on June, 27 th1940; He is

the fourth child from five relative families. His father is Djakio Hardjosoewarno a supervisor

of Sugar Company at Modjo and his mother is Siti Aminah a small business woman.

After studying from Primary School and Junior High School Kebangsaan at Sragen, he

continues study at Senior High School Kebangsaan and takes of major literature at Solo in

1958, but he just study for 28 days cause of he did not like to study math. After that he was

studied at Sculpture Art Academy in Jogyakarta. When he is studying at ASRI, he had asked

by Seonarto Pr and Mulyasi W to jointly establish Studio Bambu within Syahwil, Handogo

and Wardoyo. As the founder and member of Studio Bambu, Danarto was actively going and

back from Yogyakarta and Jakarta for seeking money together with his relatives friends to

pay the activities of this studio. He was graduated from ASRI at 1961, two years after

graduating from ASRI, Danarto works as painter, but he never published. Most of his works

had given to his close friend or kept by them.

In 1964, During the Studio Bambu divided by two parts Studio Bambu 59 and Studio

Bambu, Danarto lives in Jakarta and continues his works by making relief, wall painting,

mosaic and monument at personal house and staff employee. When Jakarta Art Center

Taman Ismail Marzuki established in 1968, he works as painter till 1975 and since 1973,

Sculpture Art Academy and Center for Art Jakarta requested him to be a teacher. Since

1979, Danarto was being editor for short story through Zaman Magazine.

His activity for writing had started since he studies at Senior High School Kebangsaan.

His first works was entered to kinder garden Magazine Si Kuncungin 1958. At that time until

1962, he was being painter from this magazine. In 1964, he sent the script of short story

entitle Katedral dan Tebu and Tuhan dan Nangka to Sastera Magazine but refuse to

publish. The both of this script had lost and he did not know anymore the synopsis of this

short story.


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baihaqi thesis in english version

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