54 Nghien cuu Ton giao. So 9 - 2009

T R A O DOI \ KIEIV

BAIVTHEM VE Sl/PHAN Kl LICH SI/PHAT CIAO • • •

TIJ'KH6| THUY DEN CIAI D O A N LY ^ TRAN

T rong khoang 1.000 nam tdn tai v i phat trien. Phat giao dung hdp van

hda ban dia, gdp phin vao sU phat trien chung cua dan tdc. Tfl nen tang nay. da tao ra mgt budc chuyen hinh thanh trieu dai Ly - Trin thinh vUdng phfl cfldng keo dai khoang 400 nam. Dd cung la thdi hoang kim cfla Phat giao Viet Nam.

Trflde het, chung tdi kh4i qui t ve ph in ki Phat giao. Phan ki lich su' cd y nghia rat quan trgng trong phUdng phip luan sfl quan. Bdi vi, nd mang tinh logich ndi tai cin thiet cflng nhfl y nghia cfla hinh thi i y thflc xa hdi trong mdi giai doan lich sii nhat dinh. Bang phfldng phap luan va the gidi quan cfla chu nghia duy vat bien chflng v i diia theo each phan ki cua cic t ic gii di trUdc, chflng tdi nhin lich sii Phat giao Viet Nam khdng dflng tren gdc do trieu dai hay theo cac ddng thien. Theo chflng tdi, chinh hinh th i i kinh te -xa hdi la cd sd cfla phan ki Phat giao. xet den cflng thi Phat giio vdi tU cich la kien trfle thfldng t ing, ludn phin anh v i chiu sU chi phdi cfla cd sd ha t ing trong mdt hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi cu the. TU trUdc den nay, phan ki lich sfl Phat giio Viet Nam cd may xu hfldng nhu sau:

Mot la, cich phan ki hch sfl Phat giio Viet Nam sap xep theo tneu dai, xem Phat giao nhfl mdt bd phan ciia trieu dai. Cich phan ki nay dfldc t i e gia Mat The

DO NGAY'*'

viet trong Viet Nam Phdt gido sii liidc, vao nam 1943, gdm 10 chfldng:

1. Thdi dai Phat giid du nhap: Phat giio ddi Bac thudc.

2. Phat giao Hau Ly Nam De v i Bac thudc thfl ba.

3. Phat giio ddi nha Dinh va ddi Tien Le.

4. Phat giio ddi nha Ly.

5. Phat giio ddi nha Tr in .

6. Phat giao ddi nha Hd den ddi thudc Mmh

7. Phat giio ddi Hau Le

8. Phat giao thdi dai Nam Bic phan tranh

9. Phat giao trong thdi ki can dai (Trieu Nguyen)

10. Phat giao hieri-aai'^'

Theo quan diem tren. t i c gii trinh bay Phat giio nhfl mdt bd phan cfla trieu dai, lay trieu dai lam chinh, nghia l i t ic gii da gan Phat giio theo sfl thinh suy ciia mdi trieu dai. Xet ve mat lich sfl, cich phan ki nay neu ro dfldc vai trd Phat giao trong tflng trieu dai cia the. Trong khi dd, Phat giao Viet Nam ludn the hien rd net

*. ThS.. Thich Ihdng Thutc. Hpc vien Phat giao Tlianli phd Hd Qii Minh. 1. Mai Tlie. \ iet Nam Phdt gido sdlugc. 1993. tr. 48.

D6 Ngay. Bdn them ve sUphdn ki. 55

vi tri cfla minh t rong sudt chieu dai hch

sfl hdn hai nghin nam tfl khi du nhap vad

Viet Nam, Pha t g i io van tdn tai va khdng

ngflng pha t t r ien t rong long dan tdc. chfl

khdng p h i i theo sti thinh suy cua trieu

dai. Bdi vi, mdi t r ieu dai chi cd vai trd va

sfl menh t rong mdt giai doan hch sfl nha t

dinh. Ndi each k h i c . mdt tr ieu dai chi cd

the tdn tai khi nd dap flng dUdc nhiem vu

lich sfl ma dan tdc da t ra; neu ngUdc lai.

ta t se cd mdt the che mdi len thay the de

thUc thi nhiem vu dd.

Theo each nhin n h a n nay. Pha t giao chi la mdt bg phan cfla mdi trieu dai, khdng neu rd dUdc sU ddng gdp cfla Pha t giao cho dan tdc, ma chi la sU ddng gdp cho chinh tr ieu dai dd. Sti thinh suy cua Phat giao theo sU hUng vong cua tUng trieu dai cu the la cd tha t nhUng nd chi mang t inh n h a t thdi. Chung ta biet rang, lich sfl la q u i t r inh sfl van diing, la ket q u i boat ddng thflc tien cfla con ngfldi thi y thflc la sti p h i n i n h boat dgng thiic tien dd. NhUng ddi vdi t rao lUu tU tfldng van hda nhfl Pha t giao thi hch sfl nhfl mgt qua t r inh van hanh cd y thflc the hien ro net hdn. Trong mdi hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi cd sfl tac ddng qua lai cfla kien true thfldng t i n g , cd sd ha t i n g , tdn tai xa hdi va y thflc xa hdi. Tfl each tiep can dd. quan diem cua chflng tdi la nhin lich sfl Phat giao nhfl la bg phan trong q u i t r inh van ddng chung cfla dan tdc. Nhin nhan mgt each tdng the. Phiit giao khdng phat trien theo trieu dai, ma gan lien vdi sfl van dgng chung cfla dan tgc. Su minh chflng hung hdn cho luan cfl' t ien chinh la hinh i n h c ic vi Thien sU Van Hanh. P h i p Thuan , trUdng lao La Qui An, v.v... vdi nhflng ddng gdp to ldn cho dan tdc. nhflng hg khdng le thudc vao mdt trieu nhat dinh, ma qua t rai c ic tr ieu dai Dinh - Le - Ly... nhfl iich sfl ghi nluin cho den ngay nay. Tren nen t i n g "tU bi - vd nga -vi tha", Pha t g i io tuy thudc vao nhflng

bien cd' lich sfl ma uyen chuyen thich nghi phuc vu dan tdc. Cho nen. Pha t giao phuc vu dan tdc chfl khdng phuc vu trieu dai. dfl rang cd nhieu giai doan. sti lien he gifla tr ieu dai va Pha t giao la ra t k h a n g khit . Trieu dai nao thtic sfl dem lai ldi ich cho nhan dan va phtac vu sfl menh dan tdc thi Pha t g i io phd ta de gdp p h i n cflng chung xay dUng dan tdc; neu mdt trieu dai nao dd khdng dat ldi ich va quyen ldi cfla dan tdc, cfla qud'c gia len tren, thi Pha t giao khdng phtac vu ma cdn dau t r anh vi quyen ldi dan tdc va Pha t giao. Cd the thay dieu nay qua sfl sup dd cfla trieu dai t ien Le dfldi thdi vua Le Ldng Dinh hay g i n day hdn la sfl diet veng cfla che do ddc tai gia dinh tri Ngd Dinh Diem vao nam 1963. NhU the, viec lay trieu dai lam chuan de phan ki va nghien cflu Pha t giao la khdng hdp li. Chung ta thay phUdng phap t r inh bay Pha t giao g i n ket vdi trieu dai khdng the lam s i n g td dUdc chUc nang cua Phat giao.

H a i la , each phan ki Pha t giao theo ddng thien, nhu tac g i i T r i n Van Giap vdi cdng t r inh Phdt gido Viet Nam, tii

khdi nguyen den the ki XHL Theo quan diem nay, Phat g i io dUdc t r inh bay theo t r inh tu cfla cac ddng thien: Ty Ni Da LUu Chi. 'Vd Ngdn Thdng. T h i o Dudng va Trfle Lam Yen Tfl. v.v...'-'. C i ch t r inh bay nay da neu rd hch sfl Pha t giao qua qua tr inh du nhap. h inh th,iinh va phat tr ien. Tuy nhien. nd khdng cho thay dao Pha t da the nhap vao sU van ddng chung cua dan tdc nhu the nao. Trong khi dd, dao Pha t ddng gdp khdng chi cho nen van hda dan tdc ma cdn cho nhflng cugc van ddng each mang gianh ddc lap trong sud't chieu dai lich sfl, tieu bieu la cac trieu dai Dinh - Le - Ly - T r i n . Vi vay. theo chflng tdi phf ldng p h i p n a y k h d n g cho t h a y sii

2. Triin Van Giap. Phdt gido \'iei Nam id khiii nguyen den the ki XIIf. Ban dieh cua Tue Sy. Tu thu Van Hanh aii hanh. 1968.

56 Nghien cu"u Ton giao. So 9 - 2009

tUdng quan gifla Phat giio vdi d in tdc.

Giio sU Tr in Van Giau trong t ic pham He y thdc phong kien vd sii thdt hqi cda no triidc nhiem uu. lich sd dil chia Phat giio Viet Nam thanh 5 giai doan:

1. Thdi ki Bic thudc. • ''

2. Trong thdi d iu cua nen ddc lap

3. Phat giio Viet Nam dUdi thdi Ly - Trin

4. Trong thdi Le '

5. Den thdl Nguygn'-*' ''• '

Cach phan ki niy cfla dng chi gidi thieu va neu ra y nghia Phat giio ddng hanh vdi dan tgc. nhflng do tU lieu dan chflng cdn han che nen luan cfl chfla thflc sfl thuyet phuc.

Trong t ic pham Viet Nam Phdt gido sd ludn, Nguyen Lang da nhin ra nhflng khiem khuyet tren'^'. Do vay. trong t ic pham nay, dng da ket hdp vfla trinh biy theo ddng thien, vfla trinh biy theo trieu dai bang phfldng phap sfl quan tdng hgp nham lam ndi bat tmh th in diio Ph i t hoa nhap vao sfl van ddng chung cua dan toe. Tuy nhien, cich tiep can dd van chfla cho thay Phat giao phuc vu dan tgc mgt each cu the nhu the nao.

Tfl cich phan ki tren. sau nay Le Manh Thit da viet Lich sd Phdt gido Viet Nam vdi nhieu ngudn tai heu gdc phong phu va rd rang. Qua dd. t ic gia trinh bay Phat giio l i mdt bd phan trong sfl van dgng chung cfla dan tdc trong sud't chieu dii lich sfl. Theo tac gia, Phat giao Viet Nam tfl khdi nguyen den thdi hien dai dfldc chia lam nam giai dean. Trong tflng giai doan Phat giio v i dan tgc deu cd sU tUdng quan mat thiet vdi nhau*'". Chung tdi ke thUa each phin ki lich sfl nay nhung khdng hoan toin theo ket cau cua cdng trinh ndi tren cfla tic gia Le Manh Thit. Ddng thdi, phin nao chflng tdi cung dfla tren cd sd jihan ki Phat giio cua giao sU Tran Van (}iiu nhU

da neu tren. Tfl do, chflng tdi tim hieu, nghien cflu khai qui t nhflng tien de tfl tudng triet hgc Phat giao thdi Ly - Trin.

1. Giai doan thil nhat, Phat giao tii nhufng nam dau Cong nguyen den khoang the ki VI

Phat giio budc d iu du nhap va phi t trien tai trung tam Luy Liu, mdt trung tam kinh te. chinh tri ldn nhat nUdc ta. Vao khoang the ki II. mdt nhan vat Phat giio ndi tieng xuat hien tai trung t im Luy Lau la Mau Tfl vdi t ic pham Ly Hoac Ludn. mdt t ic phim rat cd gii tri ve mat lich sfl va tfl tfldng. de cap tdi sfl thich nghi cfla Phat giio vdi van hda b in dia. Tic pham nay, khdng nhflng mang tinh thin doin ket dan tgc ma cdn phi t huy dfldc triet li nha Phat.

Khoing the ki III, ngfldi dai dien truyen ba tfl tfldng Phat giio l i KhUdng Tang Hdi. (Dng la ngUdi gd'c Trung A, gia dinh nhieu the' he d An Do. cha dng lam nghe budn b in . trao ddi hang hda qua lai nhieu l in d dat Giao Chi. Ve nam smh cua dng chfla cd t i i lieu sfl nao de cap den. nhflng dng mat nam 280. Theo Trin Van Giip: "Sau khi song than mat, lflc vfla 10 tudi dng da xuat gia tai Giao Chi, tu hgc tai day va lau thdng Tam tang thanh dien""'', Sau khi xuat gia, Khfldng Tang Hdi da tiep thu nen giio due rat phong phu va trd thanh ngfldi hien tii; "Ngii giang nghia Tam tang kinh dien tha t rd rang, k h i o sat luc thfl vdi t inh

3. Tran Van Giau. f-le y thirc phong kien vd sir thdt hgi ciia ni) tnrdc nhiem vii lich sd. tap 1, Nxb. Tp. Hd Chi Minh, 1993, tr. 506 - 530. 4. Nguydn Lang. \'iet Nam Phdt gido sd ludn. Nxb. Van hoc. tiip 1-2. I992.tr. 15. 5. Le Manh That. Lich sir Phat giao Viet Nam, gdm 3 tap, Nxb. Tp. Hd Chi Minh. T. 1. 1999. T.2, 2001. T.3, 2002. 6. Trim Van Giap. Phdt gido Viet Nam td khdi nguyen deii the' ki Kill. I'u thu Van Hanh (Tue Sy dich). 1968.

D6 Ngay. Bdn them ve sii phdn ki... 57

t h i n vd cflng k h o i n g dat. dgc nhieu sach thien van va c i nhflng sach khdng thudc ndi dien (Dd vy la thdng hieu ve bdi toan), cd tai ve hanh c h i n h (cd tai ve bien U xu cd chi cho quan chflc trgng yeu Trung fldng) v i la mdt thien tai van chfldng"'"'. Theo Le Manh Th i t : "Ngi dung giio due Phat giao Viet Nam vao thdi KhUdng Tang Hdi, nhU the khdng phai la nen giao due t h u i n tuy Phat giio hay tdn giao, ma la mdt nen giio due tdng hdp toan dien, cd the ndi dai dien cho nen giao due Viet Nam the ki thfl III""*'. Chinh nen giao due nay tao ra mdt bfldc phat trien, xay dUng y chi tU cUdng cua dan tdc, chd'ng lai sU ddng hda van hda Trung Qudc. "Nen giao due nay khdng chi gidi ban trong chflc nang truyen giao. dao tao ra nhflng con ngfldi Phat giio. ma tren bet la dao tao ra nhflng tri thflc dan tdc to in dien... rdi trd lai ddng gdp bang nhflng thanh qua cua minh chd kho tang hieu biet ctaa loai ngfldi"'^'.

Ngoai ra, chinh ngUdi Viet chu dgng tiep thu tin ngUdng Phat giao vi Pha t giao thdi ki d i u du nhap mang tinh tin ngUdng binh dan mdc mac. phfl hdp vdi tin ngUdng da t h i n cfla ngUdi Viet. Tfl dd, Phat giao dung hdp vdi tin ngUdng b i n dia tao ra sac t h i i rieng, dd la Phiit giiio quyen nang. Tai sao khdng ggi Phat gi io thdi ki mdi du nhap la Pha t giao nhan thflc ma lai ggi la P h a t giao quyen nang?

Lflc bay gid, Giad Chau la mgt vung dat mang tin ngfldng da t h i n , nghia la t h i n hnh phd bien khap ndi nhU: Than Sam, than Set, t h i n Mua, t h i n Nui, v.v... NgUdi dan ban dia quan niem la linh hdn khdng nhflng tdn tai mai mai sau khi than xac mat di ma cdn se phu hd ngfldi dang sd'ng dfldc an lanh va hanh phuc. Theo Linh Nam chich qudi: "Con ngu'di la mot thiic the bat diet nen se trd ve ndi trUdng sinh, xac thit cd the tan ta nhUng linh hdn thi bat diet"""'. Tin ngUdng ban dia hinh thiinh triet li sieu linh trong dan gian. nhflng

chfla thda man nhu cau tam linh cfla cdng ddng. P h a t g i io tfl An Do dem lai mgt smh khi mdi. d i p flng nhu c i u t i m linh va dUdc quan chung ddn nhan . Sii dung hdp P h a t giao vdi tin ngUdng b i n dia dUdc the hien thdng qua thuyet n h a n qu i -ngh iep bao phfl hdp vdi quan niem dng Trdi trflng tr i ke lam dieu ic , ban thudng, cUu giflp ngUdi hien. Dieu n i y dUdc chflng minh qua kho tang t ruyen Cd tich Viet Nam cd chfla chat lieu van hda An Do. Cho nen, P h a t g i io thdi ki nay ggi la P ha t giao quyen nang "de d i p flng nhu cau tin ngUdng T h i n Linh b i n dia cua mdt xa hdi ndng nghiep va dieu quan trgng hdn la de bao ve td qud'c, dac biet la b i o ve b i n sac van hda dan tdc dang trong thdi ki bi cai t r i""". Quan diem nay xuat hien trong Ly Hoac Ludn b dieu 14 cfla Mau Tfl vdi cau: "Kinh Pha t giang day, tren dudi trflm khap , loai vat ham huyet deu thudc ve Phat""'-^'. Dfle Pha t dfldc quan niem nhu mdt dang toan nang, huyen bi sieu nhien.

Quan niem ve Phat thdi bay gid la mgt dang s i n g tao cd mgi quyen nang chi phdi toan vu tru, cd the lam chan ddng thien dia. CO than thdng bien hda k h i p ndi va lam quy t h i n khiep sd. Chinh dfle tin nay la cd sd cua niem tin vao k h i nang chd'ng giac. Dan tdc ta khdng nhflng dia t h i m thau sflc manh quyen niing sieu viet ay ma cdn bien nd t h a n h chd dfla t inh t h i n

7. Triin Van Giap. Phdt gido Viet Nam td khcri nguyen.... Sdd. 8. Le Manh That. Lich sd Phcit gido Viet Nam - td khdi iignyen den thcfi Ly Nam De. tap 1, Nxb. Tliuan Hda-Hue. 1999. 9. Le Manh That. Licii sd Phdt gido Viet Nam - td khdi nguyen den llu'ri Ly Nam De. tap 1. Sdd. 10. Tran The Phap. LTnh nam chich qudi. (ban dich ciia Le HiJu Muc). Nxb. Khai tri, 62 Dai 16 Le Loi. Sai Gdn. 1960, tr. 27. 11. Giac DCing. Phdt \'iei Nam ddn ldc \'iei Nam. Nxb. Ton guio. Ha Ndi. 2003. tr. 77. 12. Le Manh Ihat. Lich sd Phdi gido \'iet Nam - td khoi nguyen deii tlidi Ly Nam De. tiip I. Sdd. tr. 189.

58 Nghien cuu Ton giao. So 9 - 2009

cho minh. Ddng thdi, day cflng l i mdt bfldc chuyen trong nhan thflc. Nd khdng chi tao ra niem tin vio gia tri truyen thd'ng vd'n cd cfla din tgc ma cdn cd c i sfl chuyen hda trong qua trinh tfl y thflc cfla mdi ngfldi. Nd da bien sflc manh tiem nang thanh sflc manh bin thiin. "Day la ndi dung cd't tuy cfla y thflc mdi lam cd sd cho van dgng va xflng de cfla Ly Bdn sau nay"""". Chinh sflc manh cfla Phat giao quyen nang da i n h hfldng den ddi sdng tinh th in cfla ca dan tdc trong giai doan nay. "Nen Phat giio do Mau Tfl v i Khfldng Tang Hdi truyen dat van mang tinh Viet Nam. vi nd do ngfldi Viet Nam nhan thflc, tiep thu va truyen thtj. vi the mang sac th i i van hda Viet Nam"'"'. Khfldng Tang Hgi da dich va chu giii cac kinh dien cua Phat giio. tieu bieu nhat la Luc do tap kinh.

Xet ve gdc do hch sfl. "KhUdng Tang Hdi thdng qua Luc do tap kinh la ngUdi bio lUu dau tien hieu biet cUa truyen thuyet tram trUng cua dan tdc ta. truyen thuyet chac han da luu hanh rdng rai vao thdi luc dd tap kinh trdng nhan dan ngUdi Viet de giai thich cho ngudn gd'c Bich Viet cfla hg. Rdi trong qua trinh Viet hda Phat giio, nhflng tri thflc Phat giio da dfla vao de cii bien""'^'. Do dd. sfl tfldng quan gifla Phat giio va van hda ban dia da tim ra mdt li thuyet lam nen tang cho qui trinh chd'ng lai sii nd dich cfla phfldng Bac.

Xet ve mat tfl tfldng. "nhflng pham tru va quan he xa hgi cd ban da dudc thiet dinh theo nhan quan ngUdi Viet va Phat giio mdt each minh nhien trong Luc do tap kinh, ddng thdi tien h inh phe phin he tu tudng ngUdi Hin, ma dai bieu cu the d nUdc ta bay gid la cic tay Nho cd nhu Luu Hy, HUa Tmh. Tiet Tdn, Ngu Phien, v.v... cac pham trfl nhan nghia, trung hieu, thanh tin, v.v... nhflng quan he vua tdi, cha con, vd chdng, thay trd

dfldc thdl vao mdt ndi dung mdi, dfla tren ed sd nhflng thanh tflu cfla nen van hda Viet Nam v i tiep thu nhflng ddng gdp ciia he tfl tfldng Phat giio. Chinh xuat ph i t tfl nhflng li luan mdi dfldc thiet dinh nay, d in tdc ta phin cdng lai cic luan dieu vu vd do cic tay ay tung ra vdi y dd nd dich lau dai, neu khdng la ddng hda vinh vien dan tdc""* '̂. Nham chd'ng lai sfl ddng hda mdt cich trang trdn cfla nha Hin . ngfldi Viet da ehu ddng gfli gam mdt sd' yeu td Viet vao kmh sich Phat giio. "Nen Phat giio nhflng the ki dau tai nfldc ta, dfl co mdt dfle Phat mang tinh quyen nang. van khdng de vugt mat sdi chi dd xuyen sud't lich sfl Phat giao, dd la tri tue va viec nhan manh den vai trd cfla tri tue. Cho nen. ben canh cdng trinh tdn thd "Tfl Phip" cfla Linh Nam chich qudi, ta van cd nhflng t ic pham mang day tinh tri tue nhu Ly Hoac Ludn cfla Mau Tfl, trinh bay het sflc khue ehiet. minh bach quan diem cfla ngfldi Phat giio Viet Nam trflde nhflng van nan dfla tdi cho hg""".

Ddng thdl, de khang dinh tU tudng chu dao trong Luc Do tap kinh l i : "Mat nUdc chfl khdng mat hanh hay mat than chfl khdng mat hanh""^'. Theo nhan xet cua Tr in Van Giau: "Phat giio quyen nang cd nhflng cii manh cfla nd va cflng cd the xem dd nhfl la mgt nhu ciu xa hdi trong thdl ki Hch sfl xa hgi nao dd""^'. Nhfl vay,

13. Le Manh Tliat. L/c7i sd Phcit gido Viet Nam - td khdi nguyen..., Sdd. tr. 568-569. 14. Le Manh That. 7V///̂ ' tdp van hoc Phdi gido Viet Nam. tap II, Nxb. Tp. Hd Chi Minh. 2001. tr. 254. 15. Le Manh That. Lich sd Phdt gido Viet Nam - td khdi nguyen.... Sdd. tr. 361. 16. Le Manh Tliat. Lich sd Phat gido \'iet Nam - td khdi nguyen.... Sdd, tr. 362. 17. Le Manh That. Lich sd Phdt gido Met Nam - tir khdi nguyen.... Sdd, tr, 122. 18. Le Manh Ihat. Tong tap vein hoc Phdt gido Met Nam. tap I. Nxb. Tp. Hd Chi Mmh. 2001, tr.521. 19. Triin Van Giau. Dong chd luu cda van hoc Viet Nam-tir tirdng yen nirdc. Nxb. Van nghe. Tp. Ho Chi Mmh. 1983.tr. 52.

D6 Ngay. Bdn them ve sii phdn ki. 59

dan tdc ta da k h a n g dinh dfldc tr i tue va

sfl chfl ddng viec tiep thu. b i o tdn nhflng

gia tri van hda t ruyen thdng.

Cudi the ki V. Ph a t giao ddi dien vdi mdt thach thflc mdi vi Phat giao quyen nang khdng cdn dap flng dfldc yeu c iu sfl van dgng chung cfla lich sfl dan tdc. De tdn tai va p h i t tr ien, Pha t gi4o p h i i mang mgt hinh thai mdi, dd la sfl xuat hien ddng thien Ty Ni Da Lflu Chi. Pha t giao quyen nang va ddng thidn nay la sfl hdi tu cfla hai y thflc he tU do: Pha t giao quyen nang la gia dd cho niem tin vao sflc manh thieng lieng; he tU tudng Ty Ni Da LUu Chi d mdt cap tU duy cao hdn la giup con ngUdi lam chu chinh minh cung nhU lam chfl van menh dan tdc.

2. Giai d o a n thfl hai , P h a t g i a o tii Ly N a m De (Ly Bon) d e n Ly T h a n h Tong (544 -1054)

Ly Bdn (Ly Bi) lanh d;io q u i n chung nhan dan khdi binh tan cdng diinh quan Lfldng gianh thang ldi vao thang 1 nam 542, den t h i n g 2 nam 544, Ly Bdn xUng Nam Viet De VUdng hieu la Thien DUc, dat ten nUdc la Van Xuan, ddng dd d Long Bien (nay la T h u a n Thanh , B ic Ninh). Tfl dd, dan tdc ta bfldc sang thdi ki mdi. Viec Ly Bdn xflng Nam De thanh cdng khdng nhflng nham ddi khang vdt Bac De ma cdn phu nhan sU le thudc vao phUdng Bac. Tfl khi Ly Bdn xung de cho den thdi Ly Thanh Tdng ve cd ban dii hoan chinh qua t r inh diing nUdc vii khang dinh chfl quyen dan tdc.

Sau khi xflng de. Ly Nam De khang dinh nen van hda dan tgc, ddng thdi cho xay dflng chfla Khai Quoc (nay la chua Tran Qud'c) vdi ham nghia la md niidc,

diing niidc, khai sdng mot dd't niidc da cd chu quyen. Dieu dd cho chung ta thay Phat giao da gdp p h i n chdng lat sfl ddng hda cua phfldng Bac nham dn dinh chinh tri, cflng cd chfl quyen qudc gia, dgc lap

dan tdc. Theo Le M a n h That . "Phat g i io tfl thdl Hai Ba TrUng den Ly Nam De. net ndi bat la t ap t rung chd'ng lai nen van hda nd dich cua phUdng Bac va khang dinh b i n linh v;an hda Viet Nam"'^'". viec Ly T h i i Tdng cho xay diing chua Dien Hflu (nay la chfla Mdt Cdt) (1049) cd y nghia la ddc lap dan tdc va tdn tai lau dai. Nhfl vay, t rong khoang 500 nam ay, Pha t giiio da ddng h a n h vdi dan tdc trong qua t r inh xay dflng dat nfldc.

Khi Ly P h a t Tfl len ngoi nam 571, k h o i n g 9 nam sau. tflc la vao k h o i n g nam 580, Thien sU Ty Ni Da Luu Chi (Vinitaruci), ngUdi mien Nam Thien True (An Do), dac p h i p vdi tam td Tang Xan d Trung Hoa - qua Viet Nam truyen dao. Ngai d chfla P h a p Van thudc lang Cd Chau. Long Bien, thanh lap ra Thien phai dau tien d nUdc ta, dd la ddng thien Ty Ni Da LUu Chi. Ddng thien nay tdn tai va pha t t r ien tU nam 580 den nam 1216 dUdc truyen thUa qua 19 the he. "Day la mgt thien p h i i r a t cd t inh each dan tdc Viet Nam. vUa bieu Id dUdc sinh hdat tam linh sieu viet cfla Pha t gi io vfla bieu Id dfldc ddi sd'ng thiic te va ddn g i in cfla q u i n chflng ngheo khd""^''. Nhflng vi Thien sfl n h a p the giflp ddi tich cflc nhU: Dinh Khdng (730 - 808), TrUdng Lao La Quy An (852 - 936), P h i p Thuan (914-991), Phap Bio , Sung Pham, Van Hanh , Sflng Nghiem, Hue Sinh, Minh Khdng, B io Tinh, Khanh Hy, Vien Thdng, v.v... Ddng thien nay khdng chi trfle tiep tham gia vao viec dau t ranh . xay dflng va bao ve nen ddc lap ma cdn s i n sinh ra nhieu "nhfin tai - trfl xuat" ddng gdp tich cflc vao sfl nghiep chung cho c i dan tdc. Ve mat tfl tfldng cd hai each tiep can:

20. Le Manh That. Luh sd Phdt gido Viet Nam. tap 111. tir Ly llianh Tdng (1054) den Tran Thanh Tong (1278). Nxb. Tp. Hd Chi Minh. 2002. ir. 260-261. 21. Nguyen Lang. Viet Nam Phat gido sd liidn. (lap mdt & hai). Nxb. Van Hoc. Ha Ndi, 1992. tr. 164.

60 Nghien cuu Ton giao. S(i9 - 2009_

Cich tiep can thfl nhat. theo quan diem cua Phat giio Mat tdng, nhflng vi Thien sfl nhfl: Dinh Khdng. La Quy An, Phip Thuan, v.v... vdi phfldng ph ip cd ban la chuyen ve tri chu, sam vy, v.v... muc dich la nfldng nhd tha lflc hd trd de di den giac ngd va dflng cdng nang cfla minh de giflp ddi. gdp ph in xay dflng nen ddc lap. Nhfl cic Thien sfl cua ddng thien Ty Ni Da Luu Chi da thd hien: "... gin vdi tin ngUdng phong thfly. sam ki. c iu dio, dieu phuc ta ma. bdc thud'c chfla benh rat thinh h inh d Trung Qud'c va Viet Nam"'"'. Trong dd, Trfldng lao Dinh Khdng van dung Mat tdng hoa quyen vao tin ngfldng dan tdc, hinh thanh thuyet dia linh. " '

Dinh Khdng da dii doan dUdc sU viec xay ra trong tUdng lai thdng qua hieu biet ve Kinh dich cung nhU the nghiem vid ddi sd'ng Mat tong. Vi vay. Dinh Khdng dUdc ngUdi ddi tdn kinh. tdn xUng l i TrUdng lad Dinh Khdng. Ong da tien doan dUdc Ly Cdng Uin len lam vua thi dat nUdc thinh vUdng. Dinh Khdng l i ngUdi dat nen tang xay diing nen thuyet dia linh, vdi muc dich la "md rdng lang xdm" va de phdng giac PhUdng Bic den xam lUdc nUdc ta. Dieu nay cho chung ta thay Phat giio thien tdng Viet Nam da gdp phin xay dUng va bio ve dat nUdc, ddng thdi, b io tdn mdt vung dat ggi la "dia linh nh in kiet" d Viet Nam. • --o-

Cich tiep can thfl hai, sau khi Ly Nam De mat, Ly Phat Tfl va Tneu Quang Phuc tranh nhau ngdi vi De Vfldng. Cudi cung, Ly Phat Tfl thanh cdng trong viec xflng de v i duy tri nen doc lap trong mdt thdl gian. Trong giai doan nay. tinh hinh xa hdi cd nhflng bien ddng s iu sic, cflng lflc dd, Thien sfl Ty Ni Da Lflu Chi sang truyen dao v i dich nhieu bd kinh, trong dd cd kmh Dqi phiidng qudng tong tri. He tfl tfldng mdi nay da lam thay ddi quan niem Dfle Phat quyen nang trflde dd. Tfl

"Diic Phdt Cho Ta" den "Ddc Phdt Tii Ta" - Nhat thiet chflng sanh giai hflu Phat t i n h - nghia la trong mdi con ngfldi deu cd mdt Dfle Phat. Ngoai ra. bd kinh n iy cdn gdp phan cung cd' II luan, xay dflng doan ket ndi bd de gifl gin v i bio ve qud'c gia. Den thdi Thanh Bien (khoing the ki VII) kinh Kim Ciidng xuat hien d nfldc ta vdi hai quan diem nhap the:

Mdt l i . tfl tfldng chfl dao "Het thay cac ph ip deu la Phat phap". Nhflng ngfldi ke thfla Thien sfl Thanh Bien thflc hien tfl tfldng cua kinh Kim Ciidng la Thien sfl Dinh Khdng (730-808), La Quy An, Phip Thuan va ndi bat l i Thien sfl Van Hanh, ngfldi da thanh cdng trong viec van dung tfl tudng n iy theo yeu c iu lich sfl dat ra. Cic vi Thien sfl tren la nhflng ngfldi "da tich cflc tham gia vao phong t r io van ddng cho chfl quyen va ddc lap ciia dat nUdc qua nhflng phfldng thflc sam vi, phong thfly. Phai ndi, day la nhflng net mdi khdng nhflng cfla lich sfl Phat giio Viet Nam ndi rieng, ma cdn cfla dan tdc Viet Nam ndi chung, Chinh nhflng net mdi n iy da the hien cho ta thay the nao la nhflng ddng gdp cua Thanh Bien ddi vdi ddng thien Phap Van qua kinh Kim Ciidng vdi chfl trfldng het thay cic phip deu la Phat phap"'^".

Hai la, quan diem ve tfl tfldng vo tru dfldc b i t ngudn tfl "flng vd sd tru nhi sinh ki tam". Vo tru la trang th i i khdng bam viu vio cic sfl vat hien tfldng, dfl dd la vd hinh hay hflu hinh. Khi ngfldi tu tap dat den trinh do niy , hanh dgng v i suy nghi da dat den giii thoit , tfl tai trong cugc sd'ng, khdng cdn chap ngd-phdp. Bdi vi, gia tr i t r ie t li vo tru khdng cd chd cho

22. Nguyen thing Hau (Minh Khong). Dgi cuaiig tnei hoc Phdt gido \ 'iet Nam, Nxb. KHXH Ha Ndi 2002. tr. 63. 23. Le Manh That. Lich sd Phdt gido Viet Nam. tSp 2. tu Ly Nam De (544) den Ly Thai Tdng (1054) Nxb. Tp. Hd Chf Minh. 2002, tr. 134-135.

D 6 Ngay. Bdn them ve sii phdn ki.. 61

ngfldi chap ngd-phdp. cflng c h i n g co.

cflng chang khong va cung c h i n g p h i i khong CO. Dd la t inh t h i n u6 tru. u6 tru

nghia la t ha t tudng. tha t tudng la tdnh

khong. chi khac ten ggi de t ruyen t i i triet II ma cac vi thien sU the nghiem thanh cdng, Tren tinh t h i n ay. cac vi thien sU tich ciic nhap the phuc vu cho ldi ich qu in chflng ma khdng cd sfl vu ldi cho b in than.

Nhfl vay, t r ie t li cua kinh Kim. Ciidng

dfldc cac vi thien sfl ap dung vao ddi sd'ng tam linh va van dtang linh boat vao thflc te xa hgi de phuc vu cho dan tdc.

Khoing 300 nam sau. vao the ki IX, Viet Nam lai xuat hien ddng thien theo hudng Trung Qud'c t ruyen qua - ddng thien Vd Ngdn Thdng. Thien sfl Vd Ngdn Thdng die p h i p vdi ngai Bach Trfldng Hoai Hai (d Trung Hoa). Niim 820. Ngiii qua Viet Nam d chfla Kien Sd (nay thudc Gia Lam, Ha Ngi). va truyen p h i p cho ngUdi Viet Nam d i u tien la Thien sU Cam Thanh (? - 860). Thien sU Cam Thanh xay dflng den thd Phu Ddng Thien Vudng ben canh chfla Kien Sd vao khoang the ki IX. Le Manh That nhiin xet ve Pha t giao giai doan nay nhfl sau: "Sfl xuat hien cua Phfl Ddng Thien Vfldng tfl chfla Kien Sd mdt lan nfla lam chflng cho sfl trfldng t h i n h cua mdt tfl duy v i nhan thflc mdi ve vai trd Phat giao trong cugc sd'ng cgng ddng cua dan tdc Viet Nam. Nd bao hieu cho sU CO mat cua Pha t gi io tren vu dai chinh tri sap tdi theo mdt cung each mdi tU mdt nen Phat giao quyen nang qua mdt nen Pha t giao chinh tri xa hdi"'"". Ddng thien nay dfldc truyen thfla qua 15 the he, gdm tat ca 40 vi ke thfla, Thien sfl Cam Thanh lam sd Td, day la ddng thien thfl hai truyen v io Viet Nam.

Ddng thien Vd Ngdn Thdng cd nhung

vj tieu bieu nhfl: Dinh Hfldng. Khudng

Viet, Vien Chieu, Cflu Chi, Thdng Bien,

Man Giac, Ngg An, Khdng Ld, Q u i n g

Nhien, ThUdng Chieu. v.v... D i y la nhflng

ngUdi da hien trgn cugc ddi phuc vu cho

dao p h i p v i dan tdc.

Tren cd sd ke thUa va p h i t huy tinh t h i n nhap the cfla Pha t giao trflde do, ddng th ien Vd Ngdn Thdng da k h i n g dinh minh t rong bdi c i n h xa hdi bay gid. Chu de "biet de lam gi?"'^'" cfla Thien sfl Ty Nl Da Luu Chi da dUdc Thien sU Vd Ngdn Thdng cu the hda. Bdi vi, ngUdi hgc dao tiep thu tri thflc la de phuc vu cho ddi tUdng cu the. Tfl biet de ldm gi den phdi phuc vu cho ai, nghia la t a t ca viec ddi la viec dao, theo kinh Kim Ciidng, "nhat thiet phap giai thi Pha t phap". Tfl cd sd nay hinh t h a n h c ic quan diem:

Mdt la, P ha t giao mud'n tdn tai p h i i dflng t ren cd sd mdt qud'c gia ddc lap, p h i i t ham gia vao mgi boat ddng gdp p h i n xay dUng va b i o ve nen ddc lap dan tdc. Cho nen. cac vi thien sU giai doan nay da the nhap vao ddi mdt each tich cUc.

Hai la, khang dinh sU khac biet rd net gifla Pha t g i io Viet Nam va P ha t giao Trung Qud'c. Cau hdi dat r a la: Tai sao Pha t g i io Viet Nam khdng theo P ha t giao Trung Qud'c? De t r i ldi, Thien sU Vd Ngdn Thdng, vd'n ngUdi Trung Qud'c, da t̂ hUa n h a n ve y thflc tfl chfl thdng qua cdiig i n Thien vdi ngfldi hgc trd la C i m Thanh n h u sau:

Ta nhd d Bach TrUdng ma dUdc tam

phap dd... nen ta xudi Nam de tim thien

tri thUc. May gap dUdc ngUdi, ay la duyen

xUa. Hay lang nghe ta ndi ke:

Cdc ndi don ddi

Ddi tii rao truyen

24. Le Manh That. Luh sd Phdt gido Viet Nam. tap 2. tu Ly Nam Dc (544) den Ly Thai Tong (1054), Nxb. Tp. Hd Chf Minh. 2001, tr. 347. 25. Le Manh That. Nghien cim ve Thien uyen tdp anh. Nxb. Tp. Hd Chi Minh. 1999. tr. 253.

62 Nghien curu Ton giao. 5^ 9 - 2009

Rdng thuy td ta

Goc tii Tdy thien

Truyen phdp nhdn tqng

Goi ddy Id Thien

Mot hoa ndm Id

Hqt giong lien mien

Ngdm hdp mat ngd

Muon ngdn co duyen

Tdm tong deu ggi

Thanh tinh bdn nguyen

Tdy thien coi ndy

Coi ndy Tdy thien

Xiia nay nhdt nguyet

Xiia nay sdn xuyen

Dung ddu cung viidng

Phdt to thdnh oan

Sai mot mdy may

Di mat trdm ngdn

Ngiidi kheo qudn sdt

Chd Ilia chdu con

Ddu CO hoi ta '•• •' > _ ; *

Ta vd'n Vo Ngon

Nghe xong ldi dd. Su lien t inh ngd*^"'.

Day chinh la sU thfla n h a n m a n g t inh sfl

quan P h a t giao Viet Nam. Theo Le M a n h

T h i t : "Vd Ngdn Thdng neu len cho C i m

Thanh , nhflng thflc te da dap flng lai yeu

cau, m i hch sfl cfla d i n tdc ta lflc bay gid

ddi hdi. Ve phia P h a t g i io , vdi sfl ra ddi

chfl nghia dia l inh cfla Dinh Khdng va

chfl trfldng he t t hay c i c p h i p deu la P h a t

p h i p , t a t nh ien can cd sfl x i c n h i n ve

met chu nghia va chu trfldng nhfl the^"^^'.

Vd Ngdn Thdng da k h i n g d inh nude Viet

Nam la "Tay th ien cdi nay, cdi nay Tay

thien", ve sau Cam T h i n h h inh t h a n h

quan niem mdi dd la" P h a t d k h a p mgi

ndi ". P h a t thi d mgi ndi nhUng hch sfl

dan tdc ludn dien t ien theo nhflng sfl kien

eta the khdng m a n g t inh ngau nhien.

Chflng ta khdng nen cho r a n g y thflc tfl

chu cfla P h a t g i i o Viet N a m t rong giai

doian nay m a n g t inh "ngau nhien". Bdi vi.

To t ien ehflng ta khdng ngay ngd den do

khdng y thflc dfldc tfl chfl dan tgc la gi. Vd

Ngdn Thdng da x o i bd sfl q u a n P h a t g i io

T r u n g Qud'c cfla minh , de chap nhan

q u a n diem, t ap q u a n sfl quan P h a t giao

t r e n l anh thd Viet N a m . Chii trfldng cua

Vd Ngdn Thdng k h a n g d inh ve ngudn gd'c

efla Th ien la ve d a t P h a t . Li t huye t nay,

k h a n g d inh d a n tdc Viet N a m la mdt dat

nfldc Pha t , "Viet N a m trd t h i n h mdt dat

th ieng, cd k h a n a n g tfl l i m ehu lay nd"'^*'.

Xet ve m a t dan tdc, day la cd sd li luan

cfla y thflc tti chfl, d a n tdc Viet Nam

k h a n g d inh ve k h a n a n g lam chfl van

menh cfla minh .

N a m 970, Dinh Tien Hoang xflng De

Vfldng, lay n ien hieu la T h i i Binh

nguyen nien. N h a vua p h a n dinh lai tr ieu

chinh. t r ieu nhflng bac h ien ta i giflp trieu

dinh. Ddng thdi, vua cung t r ieu t ap tang

si ldi lac v i d t h a m gia xay dflng da t nfldc.

Vua da t an phong Thien sfl Khudng Viet

tflc la (Ngd C h a n Lflu, 930 - 1011) lam

T h i i sfl. T a n g thd'ng. Giao hdi P ha t gi io

nfldc ta dUde t h a n h lap v i c i c nha sfl

dfldc cac vfldng t r i eu t h a m van ve nhflng

viec t rgng d;ai. Day la lan dau tien Phat

giao Viet N a m cd chflc d a n h Tang thd'ng,

cung nhfl he thd'ng td chflc g i io hgi tren

b inh dien qud'c gia. Ngfldi dflng d i u giio

hdi la T a n g thd'ng K h u d n g Viet. Nhiem

vu cfla P h a t giao bay gid "gifl vflng chii

quyen qud'c gia va l a m cho P h i t giao

h u n g thinh"'-"'. P h a t giao giai doan n i y

da p h i n d i n h rd r a n g chflc vi g iao p h a m

26. Le Manh That. Nghien cdu ve Thien uyen tap anh. Nxb. Tp. Hd Gif Mmh. 1999, tr. 174-175. 27. Le Manh Tliat. Lich sd Phdt gido Viet Nam. tap 2. tir Ly Nam De (544) den Ly Thai Tdng (1054), Nxb. Tp. Hd Chf Minh. 2001, tr. 339-340. 28. Le Manh Ihat. Lich .sd Phdt gido Viet Nam, tap 2. lu Ly Nam De (544)..., Sdd, tr. 340. 29. Le Manh That. Lich sd Phat gido Viet Nam, tap 2. tir Ly Nam De (544).... Sdd, tr, 437.

D 6 Ngay, Bdn them ve sif phdn ki... 63

trong t ang doan. day cung la thdi ki Pha t

giao tiep ttac pha t t r ien den hung th inh d

giai doan tiep theo.

3. G i a i d o a n th f l b a , P h a t g i a o tii

thdfi Ly T h a n h T o n g d e n T r a n N h a n

Tong (1054-1279)

Trieu Ly md ra mgt ki nguyen phat

trien ben vflng cho qud'c gia Dai Viet.

"Day la mdt t r ieu diii da thflc hien mdt

dai quy md qud'c gia cho dan tdc ddc lap.

hflng cfldng d i u tien d cdi Dong Nam

^"(30) Y)^^ (-gp ^g jjg j^]^5j phuc lai nhflng

gi i tri t ruyen thd'ng cua minh; mdt miit,

hdi sinh t iem nang tfl chu vd'n cd cfla dan

tgc, lam thay ddi bg mat dat nfldc; mat

khac, bang tr i tue ngfldi Viet, dan tdc ta

tfl chu tiep thu cd chgn lgc van hda nhan

loai lam cho nen van hda cfla nUdc ta

them phong phu va da diing nhflng van

gifl dUdc b i n sac cfla minh .

Cung vdi viec dat ten nfldc la Dili Viet.

Ly Thanh Tdng da md mang bd coi ve phia

Nam, sap nhap ba chau Dai Ly, Ma Linh

va Bd' Chi'nh vao lanh thd Dai Viet nam

1069. Tfl dd, b i n dd Viet Nam keo dai

them mdt t ram rfldi cay sd.

Ve mat tdn giao, thdi ki nay da xuat

hien met ddng thien mdi, dd la Thien

phai Thao Dfldng. Chfl trfldng cua phai

Thao Dfldng la "quan gia, vua chfla deu

giac ngd". Viec giac ngd khdng cdn la viec

rieng cfla c ic nha sfl, ma la viec chung

cfla c i cfl Sl. Nggn cd giac ngd tfl tay nha

sfl qua tay cU sT thi mdi cd the pha t huy

dUdc tren vflng da t mdi vdi quan niem

"Nhat tu chd, nhi tu n h i , ba tu chua". Sc

vdi hai ddng thien t ren . ngu'di giac ngd

cua ddng Thien T h i o Dudng l i cU si

chiem hdn 50'X). "That vay, 29 th ien sU cd

ten tudi cfla ddng thien P h i p V i n cdn

chep lai t rong Thien uyen tap anh thi

toan bd deu la nhflng ngfldi xuat gia,

nghia la khdng cd p h i n t ram nao c i .

Trong khi dd. ddng thien Kien Sd cd 39 vi

thi cflng cd ba vi la cfl si, dd la vua Ly

T h i i Tdng, cfl si Thdng Thien va cU si

Ung Thuan . Ti le cU si n h u vay chi chiem

13'K)"''̂ '". Quan niem viec cd vd sinh con

khdng i n h hudng den sU giac ngd. Day la

nguyen n h a n lam P ha t giao thay ddi

hoan toan ve chat va cflng la t ien de cho

"Cli trdn Iqc dao" thdi Tran sau nay. Cac

thien sU du khdng mac i d quyen lUc hay

gifl chflc vi nhUng van cd sU ddng gdp

quan trgng, dUa ra dUdng hudng, s i c h

lUdc va cac quyet dinh tri nUdc. " P h i p

B i o (10407-1120?) da phuc vu dudi

trUdng cfla danh tudng Ly Thudng Kiet,

Dao Hanh (7-1117) khai sang ra nghe

t h u a t mfla rdi va h i t cheo cfla Viet Nam,

M m h Khong (1066-1141) da chfla t h a n h

cdng benh nan y cfla Ly T h i n Tdng, v.v...

va ay la chUa ke ve viec cac thien sU da

cdng khai ban luiin chinh tri, de xuat

nguyen li tr i qudc kieu Qud'c sU Vien

Thdng (1080-1151)' '- ' . Dd ggi la Phdt gido

the sii. Ndi chung. quan niem cfla Pha t

giao thdi ki nay la ngfldi xua t gia khdng

the sd'ng mdt ddi sd'ng tu h a n h khep kin

ma p h i i thflc hign t inh than Bd Tat Dao

de ddng gdp vao sfl nghiep xay dflng va

b i o ve dan tdc./.

30. Nguyen Dang Thue. Lich sd nr nrdng Viet Nam. (Tron Bo) Nxb. Tp. Hd Chf Minh. 1998. tr. 307. 31. Le Manh Tliat. Lich sd Phdt gido \'iei Nam. tap III. tir Ly Tlianh Tong (1054) den Tran Thanh Tdng (1278). Nxb. Tp. Hd Chf Minh, 2002. tr. 92. 32. Le Manh That. Lich sd Phdt gido \'iet Nam, tap III. tir Ly Thanh Tdng (1054) den Tran Thanh Tdng (1278). Nxb. Tp. Hd Chf Minh. 2002, tr. 93.