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All these shocking things happening now are carefully orchestrated to confuse, disorient, demoralize, and generally make us more emotionally and psychologically vulnerable to what is yet to come. Anyone who isn't taking this really fucking seriously is on the wrong side of history and humanity. I really wish I had prescriptions for how to build, organize, prepare, and fight. But I think the two most important things right now are to do whatever we each feel most moved to do—fight however you can as hard as you can as smart and strategically as you can. And however it is that you choose to fight, do not undercut or sabotage or denounce the fight that others are also waging. This struggle is going to take all of us, all our creativity, anger, passion, ferocity, and even then I'm not sure it will be enough. But if you think that you can be part of the resistance while denouncing the tactics and ideologies and efforts of others, prescribing the "one to path" for resistance, and collaborating with the state either actively or passively in repressing other resisters, you are dead wrong, and no comrade of mine. And if you think that we can win this fight without welcoming new people into the resistance and patiently helping them build their capacities then you are also mistaken. And if you can't be bothered to join this resistance somehow, get out of the fucking way. March 2017

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Page 1: Bakunin for Beginners - Louisville Books to Prisonerslouisvillebookstoprisoners.org/wp-content/uploads/...!!!!!He!was!born!Mikhail! Alexandrovic!Bakunin!in!1814!to! acultured!and!distinguished!

                                                   

               

                 

 

   

                                                 

 

All  these  shocking  things  happening  now  are  carefully  orchestrated  to  confuse,  disorient,  demoralize,  and  generally  make  us  more  emotionally  and  psychologically  vulnerable  to  what  is  yet  to  come.  Anyone  who  isn't  taking  this  really  fucking  seriously  is  on  the  wrong  side  of  history  and  humanity.  I  really  wish  I  had  prescriptions  for  how  to  build,  organize,  prepare,  and  fight.  But  I  think  the  two  most  important  things  right  now  are  to  do  whatever  we  each  feel  most  moved  to  do—fight  however  you  can  as  hard  as  you  can  as  smart  and  strategically  as  you  can.  And  however  it  is  that  you  choose  to  fight,  do  not  undercut  or  sabotage  or  denounce  the  fight  that  others  are  also  waging.  

This  struggle  is  going  to  take  all  of  us,  all  our  creativity,  anger,  passion,  ferocity,  and  even  then  I'm  not  sure  it  will  be  enough.  But  if  you  think  that  you  can  be  part  of  the  resistance  while  denouncing  the  tactics  and  ideologies  and  efforts  of  others,  prescribing  the  "one  to  path"  for  resistance,  and  collaborating  with  the  state  either  actively  or  passively  in  repressing  other  resisters,  you  are  dead  wrong,  and  no  comrade  of  mine.  And  if  you  think  that  we  can  win  this  fight  without  welcoming  new  people  into  the  resistance  and  patiently  helping  them  build  their  capacities  then  you  are  also  mistaken.  

And  if  you  can't  be  bothered  to  join  this  resistance  somehow,  get  out  of  the  fucking  way.  

March  2017  

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           He  was  born  Mikhail  Alexandrovic  Bakunin  in  1814  to  a  cultured  and  distinguished  land-­‐owning  family.  The  eldest  of  10  children,  he  proved  to  be  rebellious  and  defiant,  often  leading  his  brothers  and  sisters  against  their  father—at  one  point  even  locking  “Da”  in  the  cellar  for  two  days  and  presenting  him  with  a  manifesto  of  liberation.            At  the  age  of  14,  Bakunin  is  enrolled  at  a  military  school  in  

St.  Petersburg;  he  chafes  at  the  arbitrary  discipline  and  the  narrow  curriculum.    In  short  order,  he  is  expelled,  ostensibly  for  poor  grades,  and  is  assigned  to  barracks  on  the  Polish  frontier.  Eventually,  he  is  commissioned  as  a  junior  officer  with  the  Russian  Imperial  Guard  in  Lithuania,  but  in  1835,  when  he  is  21,  objecting  to  the  way  Russians  were  treating  the  Polish  people,  he  quits.  From  that  thereon,  the  fate  of  Slavic  national  liberation  struggles  became  a  constant  interest.                        Bakunin  makes  his  way  to  Moscow  with  the  intention  of  preparing  himself  for  a  professorship  in  philosophy  or  history;  he  moves  to  Berlin  to  continue  his  studies,  and  there,  is  introduced  to  the  “fertile  content  of  German  metaphysics”—Kant,  Schelling,  Fichte,  and  Hegel,  the  most  influential  thinker  among  German  intellectuals  at  the  time.  He  becomes  enthralled  with  the  work  of  Karl  Marx  and  Pierre-­‐Joseph  Proudhon,  and  in  1844  travels  to  Paris,  establishing  contact  with  both  political  philosophers.  He  abandons  his  academic  career  and  devotes  more  and  more  time  to  speaking,  writing,  and  organizing  opposition  to  imperialism  in  east  and  central  Europe  by  Russia  and  other  powers.                        In  December  1844,  Emperor  Nicholas,  informed  of  Bakunin’s  work,  issues  a  decree  that  strips  Bakunin  of  his  privileges  as  a  noble,  confiscates  his  land  in  Russia,  and  condemns  him  to  lifelong  exile  in  Siberia.  He  responds  with  a  long  letter  to  La  Réforme,  denouncing  the  Emperor  as  a  despot  and  calls  for  democracy  in  Russia  and  Poland.  As  a  result,  he’s  expelled  from  France.                    

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Bakunin  and  Violence            At  the  end  of  the  19th  century,  the  strategy  of  the  Left  was  spread  along  a  spectrum  on  the  question  of:  a)  tempo,  i.e.,  revolution  now  or  later,  and  b)  means.    At  at  one  end  of  the  means  spectrum  were  those  concerned  with  the  degree  of  force  or  violence  to  be  applied  and  to  what  targets:  edifices,  symbols  or  property  and/or  people,  e.g.,  despots,  monarchs,  dictators,  industrial  barons  or  fill-­‐in-­‐the-­‐blank,  and  at  the  other  end  of  the  spectrum  were  those  who  prioritized  the  open  and  progressive  education  of  the  masses.  As  members  of  the  latter  group  were  subject  to  increasing  repression,  the  pendulum  swung  in  favor  of  violence,  namely,  terror  and  assassination,  a  strategy  of  which  some  claim  Bakunin  was  the  arch-­‐apostle.  This  repute  (and  the  stereotype  which  emerged  is  exemplified  in  the  cartoon  below)  was  likely  do  to  Bakunin’s  brief  acquaintance  with  the  ruthless  nihilist  Nechaev  who  was  the  most  extreme  exponent  of  this  philosophy  (and  whose  ill-­‐fated  activities  inspired  Dostoyevsky’s  novel  The  Possessed).                There  is  no  doubt  that  Bakunin  regarded  force  as  the  indispensible  midwife  of  social  regeneration,  but  in  reality  he  was  neither  a  nihilist  nor  a  demon.    His  goal  was  to  deliver  people  from  the  oppressive  institutions  of  government  and  ill-­‐compensated  labor,  to  create  a  society  that  would  be  collectivist  in  economic  structure.  Unfortunately,  the  coups  with  which  he  was  associated  between  1848  and  1876  failed.      

         Revolutionary  terrorism  was  carried  on  and  perpetuated  in  Russia  by  relatively  large,  organized  groups;  in  France  and  southern  Europe,  it  was  typically  the  work  of  individuals  or  small  circles,  and  in  a  few  notorious  cases  was  inflicted  on  random  civilians  by  rogue  anarchists  who  had  lost  patience  with  the  masses  whose  apathy  and  servility  they  felt  rendered  them  accomplices  of  the  tyrannical  social  system—a  state  Bakunin  once  

described  as  an  “immense  cemetery  where  all  the  real  aspirations  and  living  forces  of  a  country  generously  and  blissfully  allow  themselves  to  be  .  .  .  buried  in  the  name  of  that  abstraction.”              But  in  general  violence  was  largely  directed  against  symbols  of  state  power.  The  record  was  statistically  impressive:  several  Russian  governors  were  shot  in  the  late  1870s,  the  Tsar  assassinated  in  1881,  the  French  President  in  1894,  the  Empress  of  Austria  in  1898,  the  King  of  Italy  in  1900,  and  the  President  of  the  U.S.  in  1901.               6  

Page 3: Bakunin for Beginners - Louisville Books to Prisonerslouisvillebookstoprisoners.org/wp-content/uploads/...!!!!!He!was!born!Mikhail! Alexandrovic!Bakunin!in!1814!to! acultured!and!distinguished!

         There  is  no  doubt  that  Bakunin  was  a  superb  speaker,  writer,  and  tireless  revolutionary  propagandist.  The  power  of  Bakunin’s  personality  and  intellect  was  legendary.    He  did  more  than  any  other  revolutionary  in  the  mid  19th  century  to  reveal  how  the  state  is  an  anti-­‐social  machine  that  controls  society  though  political  repression  and  violence  for  the  benefit  elites.  He  had  a  major  influence  on  labor,  peasant  and  leftwing  movements  of  his  time;  and  although  these  movements  were  overshadowed  in  the  1920s  by  the  rise  of  Marxist  regimes,  the  collapse  of  those  regimes  just  decades  later,  and  the  growing  awareness  of  how  closely  those  regimes  corresponded  to  the  one-­‐party  dictatorships  Bakunin  predicted,  exhibited  the  perils  of  Marxist  doctrine.                Bakunin’s  ideas  had  a  significant  influence  on  later  activists  and  thinkers,  ranging  from  Peter  Kropotkin,  Errico  Malatesta,  and  Emma  Goldman  to  the  Wobblies  and  anarchists  in  the  Spanish  Civil  War.    Also  inspired  by  Bakunin  were  Herbert  Marcuse,  E.P.  Thompson,  Neil  Postman,  A.S.  Neill,  Noam  Chomsky,  the  anarchists  gathered  under  the  banner  of  ‘anti-­‐globalization’,  the  unrest  in  Greece,  the  Occupy  movements,  and  .  .  .  .  the  future  is  uncertain.  

 FURTHER  READING    There  are  two  main  compilations  of  Bakunin’s  works:  Bakunin  on  Anarchy  edited  by  S.  Dolgoff  The  Political  Philosophy  of  Bakunin  edited  by  G.P.  Maximoff    Also  worth  looking  at  are:  The  Basic  Bakunin  –  Writings  1869-­‐1871  edited  by  R.M.  Cutler  Mikhail  Bakunin  –From  Out  of  the  Dustbin  edited  by  R.  M.  Cutler    For  an  understanding  of  the  potentiality  of  Bakunin’s  ideas  there  is  nothing  to  match  The  Social  and  Political  Thought  of  Michael  Bakunin  by  R.B.  Saltman.    

                         

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           Between  1846  and  1849  Bakunin  travels  around  Europe  (with  one  set  of  clothes,  three  trunks  of  books  and  other  propaganda).  He  works  to  build  alliances,  becomes  embroiled  in  at  least  six  attempted  revolutions  in  east  and  central  Europe,  and  collects  a  number  of  death  sentences  from  at  least  3  nations.  Saxon  authorities  finally  catch  up  with  him  in  1849.    He  spends  the  next  few  years  imprisoned  in  the  most  oppressive  states  in  Eastern  Europe:  Saxony,  Prussia,  Austria,  and  finally,  in  1851  

is  handed  over  to  Russian  authorities.                After  three  years  in  the  underground  dungeons  of  the  Fortress  of  St  Peter  and  St  Paul,  he  spends  another  four  years  in  the  infamous  fortress  of  Shlisselburg  (9  months  of  which  he  is  kept  chained  to  a  wall).  By  this  time,  he  suffers  from  scurvy,  his  teeth  have  fallen  out,  and  he  has  lost  a  left  testicle  (crushed  with  a  hammer).                In  February  1857,  his  mother's  pleas  to  the  Tsar  are  finally  heeded  and  he  is  allowed  to  go  into  permanent  exile  in  the  western  Siberian  city  of  Tomsk.  There  he  meets  the  love  of  his  life,  a  young  Polish  working  girl  and  fellow  revolutionary,  Antonia  Kwiatkowski;  they  are  married  within  a  year.              In  1861,  Bakunin  makes  a  daring  escape  from  Siberia  by  stowing  away  on  a  ship  to  Japan,  then  working  his  way  to  San  Francisco,  New  York  (via  Panama),  and  finally,  arriving  in  London.  Bakunin  immediately  immerses  himself  in  insurrectionary  work.  In  1863,  he  leaves  to  join  an  uprising  in  Poland,  but  fails  to  reach  his  destination.  He  continues  south  to  Switzerland,  Italy  and  then  north  to  Stockholm  (where  he  is  reunited  with  his  wife),  west  to  London,  finally  settling  in  Italy  in  1864.              

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         Bakunin  spends  the  next  years  of  his  life  continuing  to  expand  an  underground  organization  of  revolutionaries  in  Europe  to  carry  on  propaganda  work  and  direct  actions.*  Bakunin  publishes  hundreds  of  pamphlets—he  speaks  and  writes  in  6  languages  fluently—and  eventually,  writes  three  books  on  socialism,  authoritarianism,  class,  and  revolution.              In  1868,  Bakunin  joins  a  4-­‐year-­‐old  initiative  of  French  and  British  trade  unionists,  the  International  Working  Men’s  Association  (aka  the  First  International).  Bakunin  is  instrumental  in  establishing  branches  of  the  International  in  Italy  and  Spain.  He  remains  very  active  in  the  organization  until  he  is  expelled  by  Karl  Marx  and  his  followers  in  1872  at  the    Hague  Congress  of  the  International,  a  conference  Bakunin  was  unable  to  attend.                Ideological  differences  within  the  labor  movement  had  been  apparent  from  the  foundation  of  the  First  International;  its  members  included  Marxists,  collectivists,  reformists,  anarchists,  and  mutualists.  In  1872,  the  Congress  was  dominated  by  a  struggle  between  Marx  and  his  followers,  who  argued  for  the  use  of  the  state  and  dictatorship  to  bring  about  socialism,  and  the  Bakunin/anarchist  faction,  which  argued  for  the  swift  replacement  of  the  state  by  federations  of  self-­‐governing  workplaces  and  communes.                        Although  Bakunin  accepted  elements  of  Marx’s  class  analysis  and  theories  regarding  capitalism,  he  thought  that  Marx's  methods,  which  advocated  the  seizure  of  political  power  by  the  working  class,  the  so-­‐called  “Dictatorship  of  the  Proletariat”,  was  misguided,  if  not  dangerous—that  it  was  a  prelude  to  a  form  of  communist  authoritarianism  that  would  inevitably  take  power  over  working  people.  “If  you  took  the  most  ardent  revolutionary,”  Bakunin  wrote,  “vested  him  in  absolute  power,  within  a  year  he  would  be  worse  than  the  Tsar  himself.”                “They  [the  Marxists]  maintain  that  only  a  dictatorship—their  dictatorship,  of  course—can  create  the  will  of  the  people,  while  our  answer  to  this  is:  No  dictatorship  can  have  any  other  aim  but  that  of  self-­‐perpetuation,  and  it  can  beget  only  slavery  in  the  people  tolerating  it;  freedom  can  be  created  only  by  freedom,  that  is,  by  a  universal  rebellion  on  the  part  of  the  people  and  free  organization  of  the  toiling  masses  from  the  bottom  up.”    -­‐  Mikhail  Bakunin,  Statism  and  Anarchism.        -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐  *By  1868,  the  Brotherhood  has  members  in  England,  France,  Sweden,  Norway,  Denmark,  Belgium,  Spain,  Italy,  Poland  and  Russia.        

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         In  summary,  the  fundamental  contradiction  for  Bakunin  was  that  while  Marxists  accepted  that  the  creation  of  a  free,  egalitarian  society  without  social  classes  and  government,  i.e.,  anarchism,  was  the  objective,  they  believed  a  dictatorship/state  provided  the  means  to  achieve  that  end.  To  Bakunin,  this  translated  into  the  absurdity  that  “in  order  to  free  the  masses,  they  have  first  to  be  enslaved."                In  response  to  Bakunin’s  expulsion  from  the  First  International,  in  1872,  the  anti-­‐authoritarian  majority  created  their  own  International,  advocating  for  direct  revolutionary  action  by  workers  and  peasants  to  abolish  capitalism  and  the  state.  Bakunin’s  position  was  that  the  revolution  must  be  led  by  the  people  directly  and  any  "enlightened  elite"  must  only  exert  influence  by  remaining  "invisible.  .  .  not  imposed  on  anyone  .  .  .  [and]  deprived  of  all  official  rights  and  significance.  .  .  .  It  is  the  spontaneous  revolt  against  authority  by  the  people  which  is  of  the  greatest  importance.  The  anarchist  revolutionary  organization  must  not  attempt  to  take  over  and  lead  an  uprising  but  has  the  responsibility  of  clarifying  goals,  putting  forward  revolutionary  propaganda.  To  go  beyond  this  would  undermine  the  whole  self-­‐liberatory  purpose  of  the  revolution.”                        Ultimately,  Bakunin  rejected  all  systems  of  power  in  every  name  and  shape,  from  the  idea  of  God  downward  as  well  as  every  form  of  hierarchical  authority,  whether  emanating  from  the  will  of  a  sovereign  or  even  from  a  state  that  allowed  universal  suffrage.      “The  liberty  of  man  consists  solely  in  this,  that  he  obeys  the  laws  of  nature  because  he  has  himself  recognized  them  as  such,  and  not  because  they  have  been  imposed  upon  him  externally  by  any  foreign  will  whatsoever,  human  or  divine,  collective  or  individual.”  -­‐  Bakunin,  God  and  the  State.                        Bakunin  retired  to  Lugano  in  1873  and  died  3  years  later.  Though  his  great  revolution  was  unaccomplished,  the  shadow  of  his  influence  had  passed  over  most  of  Europe  and  the  ideals  lived  on.              In  Italy,  by  1874,  ten  anarchist  federations  claiming  over  26,000  members  existed.  At  the  same  time,  in  Spain,  Bakunin  disciples  succeeded  in  inspiring  an  anarchist  movement  that  had  over  50,000  supporters.  Leaders  adopted  Bakunin’s  revolutionary  technique  of  propaganda  by  the  deed,  drawing  attention  to  the  iniquitous  nature  of  the  economic  and  political  system  by  direct  action  on  the  public  stage.                    Although  the  insurrections  attempted  in  the  1870s  were  all  dismal  failures,  anarchist  revolutionary  spirit  and  doctrine  had  taken  root,  its  most  significant  expression  emerging  in  Spain  in  the  20th  century  in  the  form  of  the        

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