balancing bottom-up and top-down cluster activities – the case of north-rhine-westphalia dieter...
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Balancing Bottom-up and Top-downCluster Activities –
The Case of North-Rhine-WestphaliaDieter Rehfeld
Institute for Work and Technology, Gelsenkirchen
13th TCI Global Competitiveness
ConferenceMDI/Gurgaon
Nov. 29 - Dec03 2010
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NRW – located in the core of Europe
Stockholm
Tallinn
Riga
Vilnius
Moscow
Warsaw
Budapest
Bratislava
Vienna
Ljubljana
Rome
Valletta
Athens
Nicosia
Madrid
Lisbon
Paris
LondonAmsterdam
Brussels
Copenhagen
Prague
Berlin
Dsseldorf
Frankfurt
Munich
Hamburg
Dublin
Bucharest
Istanbul
Bern
OsloHelsinki
Sofia
Kiev
Minsk
Zagreb
SkopjeTirana
Sarajewo Belgrade
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North Rhine-Westphalia – in brief
Total Percentage of German total
Surface area 34,088 sq.km 9.5%
Population 17.9 mill. 21.8%
Population density
526 inhabitants per sq.km
Gainfully employed 8,7 mill. 21.5%
Gross domestic product 521.7 bn EUR 21.7%
GDP per capita 29,160 EUR
Private consumption* 323.8 bn EUR 23.0%
Exports 138.6 bn EUR 17.1%
Imports 147.8 bn EUR 21.9%
Foreign direct investment** 187.7 bn EUR 28.7%
* 2008
** end of 2008; all other data 2009.
Australi
a
Mexico
Rep. o
f Korea
Netherl
ands
NRW (D)
Turkey
Indonesia
Switzerl
and
Belgium
Poland
Sweden
Austria
Norway
Saudi A
rabia
663627
597568
522
442387
359 336308 291 276 274 265
Gross domestic product 2009 (in EUR bn)
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Three sub regions in NRW
Rhine Axis (Bonn, Düsseldorf, Cologne, Aachen)Technology, Knowledge Based Services, Creative Industries Industrial Brands: Ford Germany, Bayer
Ruhr Area (Essen, Dortmund, Bochum, Duisburg)Ongoing structural change, new industries (Logistics, ITC, Health Care) and renewed strength (New Materials and Nano Technology)
Industrial Brands: Krupp Thyssen, Evonic (former Degussa)
Westphalia (Münster, Bielefeld, Siegen)Strong industrial base, rising technology intensity, SME and family company driven
Industrial Brands: Miele, Dr. Oetker, Claas, Wincor Nixdorf
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Steps in NRW’s Cluster Policy
Early 1990ies Initiative to support automotive suppliers
Mid 1990ies combining regional and sector activities (36 projects)
End 1990ies selected best practice (Dortmund-Project, ChemSite)
Early 2000s 12 fields of competence in the Ruhr Area
Mid 2000s 16 NRW-wide cluster initiatives
2010 ???
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Situation Early 2000s
More than 50 NRW-wide initiatives (sector and/or technology)
More than 50 regional/local clusters or networks
Special approach in the Ruhr area: 12 fields of competence
Result in fragmented networks resp. clusters that are:
In a very different state of professionalization
Highly overlapping and partially competing
Regional and sector highly specialized
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Balancing dilemmas in cluster management
Strong Commitment (SME)
Dense InteractionPragmatic spaces
Policy driven commitment
Thematic interaction (project based)
Administrative space
Limited ResourcesDanger of lock-in
„clustering around „
Strong resourcesCross-cluster potentials
Professional management
Different modes of division of
labor
Institutional innovationExcellent networks
Global nodsBranding
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Division of labor between regional networks and centralized cluster Type one: Back-office Companies are organized in strong regional networks Each region has a thematic profile Cluster helps in capacity building, marketing, scouting/technology foresight and so on
regional clusters are present in the strategic boards of the clusters
Type two: Association Cluster integrates the activities of regional networks, thematic networks and sector associations Thematic promotion, coordination and lobbying
Type three: Promoter of strategic projects Regional networks are weak and heterogeneous Cluster organises thematic networks and lead projects
Type four: Triple Helix Cluster focuses on linking research, companies and politics Driven by technology and research projects
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Mix of sources for financing central clusters
Direct fees by companies
Indirect support by companies (sponsoring, free services, donating)
Fees by regional networks and associations
Companies pay for specific services (Fairs, conferences, information,
support)
Network and research projects
Public support (collective goods, support for administration)
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Key actors in cluster management
Consortia of regional clusters
Business associations (sectoral)
Former state initiatives
Consultancies
Research institutes
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Future of cluster policy in NRW – Facing insecurity
Different approaches and common quality standards? Long-standing political commitment?
New initiatives by European policy?
Lead markets Social innovation Integrative, sustainable and intelligent growth
Evaluation and reorientation?
Institutional modernization?
Innovative spaces?