baltimore oriole ring-necked pheasant state-colored junco
Post on 21-Dec-2015
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Baltimore Oriole
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Ring-Necked Pheasant
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State-colored Junco
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Great-tailed Grackle
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Magnolia Warbler
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Blackburnian Warbler
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Black-throated Green Warbler
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In 2001, more than 1.9 million
Minnesota spent $532 million
watching wildlife.
– 2001 National Survey of Fishing Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation
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Eastern Spruce Budworm
• Native phytophagous insect occurring along the North America boreal-forest zone
• Preferred plant species are balsamfir and spruce species
• Usually present in low numbers, occasionally undergoes large outbreaks
• Annually defoliates 5.7 million hectares in eastern United States
• Number one forest pest in Canada. Timber losses are estimated at 51 million m3 a year. This is a 1.5 times that of wildfire and a significant proportion of the annual timber harvest volume.
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Outbreaks
• Population sizes in outbreaks can reach 22 million larvae per hectare and 1.2 million pupae per hectare. High population densities can last from 5-15 years.
• High density populations cause >80% loss of new foliage on fir for 4-6 years. This seriously retards the growth or kills the tree. Can kill almost all trees n dense mature stands of fir.
• Spruce budworms strongly control therate and direction of succession. Balsam fir has already been eliminated from some western stands.
• They contribute significantly to biomass decomposition, carbon cycling, nutrient cycling and energy flow in forest ecosystems.
• Outbreak areas have faster cycling of calcium, potassium, nitrogen and phosphorous.
• The next major outbreak in Canada is predicted to occur before the year 2000 and could affect 100 million hectares of forest.
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Role of Climate/Weather
• Drought increases insect survival through elevated plant nutrient levels, lowered plant defenses and a more suitable physical environment
• Budworms lay 50% more eggs when the temperature is 25ºC than when is is 15ºC.
• Drought stressed plants are average 2-4ºC (+15ºF) warmer than well-watered plants
• Drought and higher temperatures allow budworms to escape the control of some of their natural predators.
• Moths emigrate at night under specific meteorological conditions Moths typically move 50 to 100 km downwind but havemoved as far as 600 km.
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Population Control
• Birds consume up to 84% of the larvae and pupae when populations are low, 22% when moderate. Coupled with other predators this can effectively limit the population. They can stop increase and can dampen the seriousness of infestations.
• Once larval density reaches 1 million per hectare natural biological control mechanisms are ineffective.
• Outbreaks start from many reasons. In New Brunswick they occur approximately every 35 years. Environmental stress, especially drought and warmer springs and summers can trigger outbreaks.
• In western portion of range, outbreaks tend to start in mature firs flowering after a hot, dry summer.
• Some outbreaks stop for unknown reasons. In the western portion of the range, outbreaks tend to be stopped by late spring frosts.
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Population Control
• Birds consume up to 84% of the larvae and pupae when populations are low, 22% when moderate. Coupled with other predators this can effectively limit the population. They can stop increase and can dampen the seriousness of infestations.
• Once larval density reaches 1 million per hectare natural biological control mechanisms are ineffective.
• Outbreaks start from many reasons. In New Brunswick they occur approximately every 35 years. Environmental stress, especially drought and warmer springs and summers can trigger outbreaks.
• In western portion of range, outbreaks tend to start in mature firs flowering after a hot, dry summer.
• Some outbreaks stop for unknown reasons. In the western portion of the range, outbreaks tend to be stopped by late spring frosts.
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Climate Change
• Increasing temperatures and drought probability stress boreal forest species and set up an increasing likelihood of outbreaks.
• Control of outbreaks breaks down. Natural predators are impacted greater than budworms are.
• Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba are all susceptible to drought – most warblers will be lost.
• Probability of late spring frosts declines – outbreaks last longer.
• Wind speed might increase spreading the spruce budworm moths over a greater area (the average wind speed in the central boreal forest of northwestern Ontario has already increased 50%).
• Spruce budworms ca readily adapt to changing conditions. They will be able to follow the migration of the forests.
• Outbreak may extend over 72 million ha and contain 7 x 1015 insects. Even with a mutation rate of 10-5/generation, billions of rare alleles will likely be present in the population.
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