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Ban Ki-Moon 7

Australia 21

Predators & Prey 35

Discovering the New World 49

ContentsActive Reading

7UNIT 1 Ban Ki-Moon

1. What is your future goal in life? Have you thought about it?

2. What are you planning to do in order to reach your future goal?

3. Do you know anyone who has reached his/her goal in life? Who is it?

Vocabulary Builder Match the word to the correct definition.

Warm-upWarm-up

11. bright a. able to do something well

12. campaign b. (of a person) clever and quick to learn

13. candidate c. to try to get something that is difficult to get or achieve

14. chase d. covering a large area; having a great range

15. competent e. not usually talking about or making obvious your ownabilities and achievements

16. convince f. to persuade someone or make them certain

17. diplomat g. a subject or problem which people are thinking and talkingabout

18. extensive h. a planned group of especially political, business or militaryactivities which are intended to achieve a particular aim

19. issue i. a person who is competing to get a job or elected position

10. modest j. an official whose job is to represent one country in another,and who usually works in an embassy

Ban Ki-MoonBan Ki-Moon

8 Active Reading NT-1

Ban Ki-Moon

Do you have a dream of what you would want to do when you

grow up? If not, have you ever thought about what you want to do

when you are older? Some people after their childhood dreams

and make them come true. One such person is Ban Ki-Moon, the

eighth UN General Secretary.

Ban Ki-Moon became the eighth UN General Secretary in

2006. Many people believed that it was for him to become

the UN General Secretary. However, this man could not

give up his dream, so

while he was working as

the Foreign Minister of

the Republic of Korea,

he began to

for the office of

Secretary-General. He

traveled to countries

that were members of

the United Nations

Security Council to

them that

he was the best

for the

position of the

candidate

convince

campaign

hard-working

a long shot

chase

9UNIT 1 Ban Ki-Moon

UN General Secretary. As a result, he was selected to be the UN

General Secretary. Not only did he become the UN General Secretary,

but he was the first Korean in history (and the first Asian man) to

become UN General Secretary.

Ban Ki-Moon was born on June 13, 1944, on a farm in South

Korea. He was very and smart, even when he was a young boy.

He was the best student at his school and one of the hardest working

students. He liked doing a lot of things but he loved studying English

more than anything else when he was a student. How much did he

love studying English? Some people say that he travel miles

to an American military base to talk to the American soldiers so that

he could learn English.

used to

bright


In 1962, after working so hard to learn English, he managed to

win an essay competition which got him the prize of a trip to America.

There he met President John F. Kennedy. When President Kennedy

asked him what he wanted to become when he was older, Ban Ki-

Moon told him he wanted to be a . Several years later, that

dream came true.

Ban studied at and graduated from Harvard University, and took

on a position as a diplomat in New Delhi in the same year he

graduated. While in India, he established a as a and

diplomat. There is a Korean saying that a dragon is born in

a small , and some said it would be true of Ban Ki-Moon. What

they were saying is that Ban Ki-Moon had come a long way from

stream

competent

modestreputation

diplomat

11UNIT 1 Ban Ki-Moon

being born on a farm to being someone who can change the world. He

has become an icon in Korea and especially in his home village.

Ban Ki-Moon had a long way to go to get where he is now. He

had to work hard to get to the position where he is now. If Ban Ki-

Moon was a hard-working student, then he is a harder working person.

He did not stop at learning English. He studied several languages and

is now known for his knowledge of several languages. He

can speak English, French, German, and Japanese fluently. He has

never been late for work and he sleeps for only 4 to 5 hours a day.

Even during his career as a UN General Secretary, Ban Ki-Moon has

only taken a vacation once to go to his daughter s wedding.

extensive


Over his career, Ban Ki-Moon has met with several leaders of

various nations to talk about the problems each country faces. As a

UN General Secretary, he has worked with many difficult problems,

one being the issue of . He has also taken action in

Iran and North Korea s talks. Ban Ki-Moon is a man who is

good at dealing with diplomatic and the global issues, but most

of all, he is a man who sets a goal and works very hard to reach that

goal. So, what is your future dream, and what are you planning to do

to reach the goal of your life?

issues

nuclear

warmingglobal


Main Idea Choose another title for the passage.

____________ The Man Who Made His Childhood Dream Come True

____________ The Man Who Tried To Make His Childhood Dream Come True

____________ The Man Who Chases After Dreams Without Success

Reading for Details Scan the passage and answer the questions.

1. What was Mr. Ban’s first job after college?

a. UN General Secretary b. diplomat

2. Where was Mr. Ban born?

a. on a farm in Korea b. on a farm in America

3. What was his dream when he met President John F. Kennedy?

a. to be a UN General Secretary b. to be a diplomat

4. How many languages can Mr. Ban speak?

a. 4 including Korean b. 5 including Korean

5. Has Mr. Ban always been a hard-working person? How can you tell?

a. He has always been a hard-working person because he walked miles to

learn English when he was a boy, he sleeps for only 4-5 hours a day, and he

is never late for work.

b. He has always been a hard-working person because he never sleeps and

only works, and he only took one holiday since he started working.


Who is Ban Ki-Moon?

Summary Fill in the blanks to complete the summary.

English diplomat a farm hard-working modest convinced bright

competent extensive used to America candidate chased after

Personal Background:- He was born on June 13, 1944 on _____ ________ in South Korea.

- He was a ______________, smart and very hard-working boy.

- He liked doing a lot of things but loved studying ____________ more than anything

else when he was a student.

Education:- He _______ ____ travel miles to an American military base to talk to the American

soldiers so that he could learn English.

- In 1962, after working so hard to learn English, he won an essay competition which got

him the prize of a trip to ________ where he met President John F. Kennedy.

- Ban studied and graduated from Harvard University.

His Character:- He is a _____________ person: he studied several languages and is now known for

his _____________ knowledge of several languages like English, French, German,

and Japanese.

- He has never been late for work and he sleeps for only 4 to 5 hours a day.

- Even during his career as a UN General Secretary, he has only taken a vacation once

to go to his daughter’s wedding.

- He is a man who _______ ______ his childhood dreams and made them come true.

Career:- He took on a position as a _________ in New Delhi in the same year he graduated.

- While in India he established a reputation as a _______ and __________ diplomat.

- While he was the Foreign Minister of the Republic of Korea, he campaigned for the

office of Secretary-General by traveling to the countries of the members of the United

Nations Security Council and ___________ them he was the best _____________.

- He has met with several leaders of various nations to talk about the problems each

country faces.

a farm

bright

English

used to

America

hard-working

extensive

chased after

diplomat

modest competent

convinced candidate


Connecting Broken Sentences Find the correct other half of eachsentence and connect them.

1. Some people chase after theirchildhood dreams

2. Many people believed that itwas a long shot

3. Not only did he become the UNGeneral Secretary,

4. Ban Ki-Moon was born on June13, 1944,

5. In 1962, after working so hardto learn English,

6. He studied several languagesand is now known for

a. on a farm in South Korea.

b. and make them come true.

c. he managed to win an essaycompetition.

d. for him to become the UN GeneralSecretary.

e. his extensive knowledge of severallanguages.

f. but he was the first Korean inhistory (and the first Asian man) tobecome UN General Secretary.

Sequencing Number the events below in the order that they happened.

a. Ban studied at and graduated from Harvard University, and took on a

position as a diplomat in New Delhi in the same year he graduated.

b. Ban Ki-Moon was born on June 13, 1944, on a farm in South Korea.

c. When he was a student, he used to travel miles to an American military

base to talk to the American soldiers so that he could learn English.

d. In 1962, after working so hard to learn English, he managed to win an essay

competition which got him the prize of a trip to America.

3

4

2

1


T / F

T / F

T / F

1. Ban Ki-Moon was born in the United States.2. Ban Ki-Moon can speak only English well.3. He met President John F. Kennedy.

I . What is the reading about?

II. What did he do to be elected as the eighth UN General Secretary?

III. Why do you think people thought it was a long shot for Mr. Ban to be the UN

General Secretary?

IV. What is your future dream, and what are you planning to do to reach the goal

of your life?

True or False Check T for true or F for false.

Reading Comprehension Answer each question according to the passage.

It is about a man who chased after his childhood dream and made it come true.Ban Ki-Moon who is now the eighth UN General Secretary.

He worked very hard all his life and he began to campaign for the office ofSecretary-General while he was working as the Foreign Minister of theRepublic of Korea. He traveled to countries that were members of the UnitedNations Security Council to convince them that he was the best candidate forthe position of the UN General Secretary.

There has never been an Asian man as the UN General Secretary before.

Students’ response will vary.


VocabularyVocabulary

bright (of a person) clever and quick to learn

campaign a planned group of especially political, business or militaryactivities which are intended to achieve a particular aim

candidate a person who is competing to get a job or elected position

chase to try to get something that is difficult to get or achieve

competent able to do something well

convince to persuade someone or make them certain

diplomat an official whose job is to represent one country in another, andwho usually works in an embassy

extensive covering a large area; having a great range

global warming a gradual increase in world temperatures caused by pollutinggases such as carbon dioxide which are collecting in the airaround the Earth and preventing heat escaping into space

hard-working always doing a lot of work

issue a subject or problem which people are thinking and talkingabout

long shot something you try although it is unlikely to be successful

modest not usually talking about or making obvious your own abilitiesand achievements

nuclear relating to the nucleus of an atom

reputation the opinion that people in general have about someone orsomething, or how much respect or admiration someone orsomething receives, based on past behavior or character

stream water that flows naturally along a fixed route formed by achannel cut into rock or ground, usually at ground level

used to “used to” shows that a particular thing always happened orwas true in the past, especially if it no longer happens or is nolonger true


Synonyms

Antonyms

Unscramble the words to complete the sentences.

1. Ban Ki-Moon ( born / farm / in / South Korea / was / on / a ).

2. He told ( his / was / be / to / him / that / a / diplomat / dream ).

3. (has / with / many / worked / difficult / He / problems).

4. Ban Ki-Moon ( of / is / capable / dealing / world / future / problems / with ).

1. bright

2. chase

3. competent

4. convince

5. extensive

6. modest

a. able, capable

b. broad, widespread

c. pursue, track

d. humble

e. brainy, clever

f. persuade

1. bright

2. chase

3. competent

4. convince

5. extensive

6. modest

a. inexperienced, inexpert

b. foolish

c. dissuade

d. arrogant, egotistic

e. guide, lead

f. limited, restricted

Synonyms and Antonyms Match the correct synonym and antonym to thewords.

Ban Ki-Moon was born on a farm in South Korea.

He told him that his dream was to be a diplomat.

He has worked with many difficult problems.

Ban Ki-Moon is capable of dealing with future world problems.


1. chase (after)

2. (be) a long shot

3. used to

a. You have no idea how many people there are, trying to _________ ____________

this job!

b. It will _____ _____ _______ _________ to get into Seoul National University, but

it will be worth trying.

c. I ________ _________ wake up late, but I am an early bird now.

d. I ________ _________ collect stamps, but I gave up that hobby because it was too

expensive.

e. I tried to _____________ _____________ our chicken, but it was too fast.

f. I knew it ______ ______ _______ ____________ , but I have given my best to do

it, so I have no regrets.

g. I never __________ ___________ do the homework because my teacher never said

anything to me, but I now realize it is not a good idea.

h. Do you realize ___________ _____________ the bus is a dangerous thing?

Useful Expressions Fill in the blanks with the correct expression. Make sure to getthe tense correct.

Some people chase after their childhood dreams and make them come true.

Many people believed that it was a long shot for him to become the UN GeneralSecretary.

Some people say that he used to travel miles to an American military base to talk to theAmerican soldiers so that he could learn English.

chase

be a long shot

used to

used

chase after

was a long shot

used to

chasing after

to

after


1. Ban Ki-Moon was born on June 13, 1944, on a farm in South Korea.

a. How much did he love studying English?

b. He was very bright and smart even when he was a young boy.

c. Some people say that he used to travel miles to an American military base to talk to

the American soldiers so that he could learn English.

2. In 1962, after working so hard to learn English, he managed to win an essay

competition which got him the prize of a trip to America.

a. There he met President John F. Kennedy.

b. When President Kennedy asked him what he wanted to become when he was

older, Ban Ki-Moon told him he wanted to be a diplomat. Several years later, that

dream came true.

c. Ban studied and graduated from Harvard University and took on a position as a

diplomat in New Delhi in the same year he graduated.

3. Ban studied and graduated from Harvard University and took on a position as a

diplomat in New Delhi in the same year he graduated.

a. There is a Korean saying, that ‘a dragon is born in a small stream’ and some said it

would be true of Ban Ki-Moon.

b. What they were saying is that Ban Ki-Moon had come a long way from being born

on a farm to being someone who can change the world.

c. While in India, he established a reputation as a modest and competent diplomat.

4. Ban Ki-Moon had a long way to go to get where he is now.

a. He had to work hard to get to the position where he is now.

b. He did not stop at learning English.

c. He studied several languages, and is now known for his extensive knowledge of

several languages.

Sentence Marathon Read each sentence and then find an appropriate sentenceto follow it.

21UNIT 2 Australia

1. Have you ever heard of a country called Australia?

2. Do you know any famous places or buildings in Australia?

3. Do you think Australia would be a fun place to visit? Would you like to

go there one day?


Warm-upWarm-up

11. arid a. when gas, heat, light, etc. is sent out

12. chronic b. damage caused to water, air, etc. by harmful substances or

waste

13. drought c. continuing for a long time

14. emission d. poisonous

15. infertile e. an Australian wild animal which is similar to a small bear

16. pollution f. a long period when there is little or no rain

17. semi-arid g. (an area of) very wet soft land

18. swamp h. person, animal or plant that cannot reproduce

19. venomous i. very dry and without enough rain for plants

10. wombat j. describes an area or climate with little rain but not

completely dry

Australia


Do you know which country is a country and a continent at the

same time? Do you know which country is known as the last paradise

on Earth? If there is a last paradise on Earth, would you like to visit

there? Many people say Australia is the last paradise on Earth because

of the beautiful scenery, the clean water and the blue skies. Have you

ever been to this country? What do you know about Australia?

Australia, officially

the of

Australia, is the only

continent that is a country. It

is a country that includes

the mainland of the

Australian continent, one

island called Tasmania, and

numerous little islands. It is

about the same size as the

United States, but only

about 22 million people live

there. More than half of the

population lives by the

eastern coast, and there is a

large number of factories in

this area. The capital of

Commonwealth

Australia

23UNIT 2 Australia

Australia is Canberra, located on the eastern side of Australia.

Australia was first discovered by Dutch explorers in 1606, and

was later claimed by Great Britain. The people they found when they

explored the country are now referred to as the Aborigines (native

Australians). They have inhabited Australia since mankind first

developed. The first European colonists in Australia were British convicts

who were sent there due to the overcrowded prisons in Great Britain.

Today, Australia is a multicultural, self governing democratic country.

The coasts of Australia are famous for their beautiful beaches,

and the farmland in the east is relatively rich because of the warm

weather. The northern part of the country has a tropical climate and

includes areas of rainforest, woodland, grassland, ,

and desert. However, the majority of the land in Australia is flat and

. In many areas, it does not rain much, so the land is either

desert or semi- . Australians commonly call this the outback . The

Australian desert is said to have the flattest lands, and is the driest

place on the Earth, but surprisingly still has many living creatures.

A lot of the vegetation in Australia has adapted to the dry

environment, and as a result, most Australian woody plant species are

evergreens, and acacias. Quite a large number of reptiles

live in Australia, some 755 different species. It is also home to many

dangerous animals like snakes, as well as saltwater andvenomous

eucalypts

arid

infertile

swampmangrove


25UNIT 2 Australia

freshwater crocodiles. Several animals that are native to Australia are

not found anywhere else: animals such as the kangaroo, the koala, the

, the , and the wombat.

Due to its large size, Australia has always experienced a wide

variety of climates. Even within each climate, there is a wide variation

in weather patterns. The climate variations have been increasing and

they have become a major concern in Australia. Since the source of

these changes is an increase in , Australian efforts to protect

their environment have become more active than ever. Still, the

are one of the highest in the

world. Australia is also facing a localized . Increases in thedrought

per capitaemissionscarbon dioxide

pollution

kookaburraemu

25UNIT 2 Australia

urban population have caused

shortages of water, so

water restrictions are now in

place in many regions and

cities.

With the pollution, Australia

may not be qualified to be called the last

paradise on Earth any longer, but it is a place

with many different climates, landscapes and natural environments. It

is also a flourishing developed country with a society.

Does this sound to you like a good country to visit?

multicultural

chronic



____________ The Last Paradise On Earth

____________ The Land Of Only Outback

____________ The Land For Only Kangaroos


1. What’s the weather like in the eastern part of Australia?

a. cool b. warm

2. How many people live in Australia?

a. 22 million people b. 50 million people

3. Which city is the capital of Australia?

a. Sydney b. Canberra

4. How many reptile species are there in Australia?

a. 755 b. 575

27UNIT 2 Australia



Dutch farmland evergreens Commonwealth Great Britaintropical venomous 22 million Chronic infertile convicts

eastern the kangaroo Canberra semi-arid multicultural

Australia; The Last Paradise on Earth

General:- Official name: the ____________________ of Australia.- It is the only continent that is a country.- It is about the same size as the United States, but only about ______________

people live there.- More than half of the population lives by the ______________ coast.- _________________ is the capital of Australia.

Environment:- Vegetation has adapted to the dry environment: most of the woody plant species are

_____________, eucalypts, and acacias.- Animals: 755 reptile species, including _____________ snakes, and crocodiles.- Such animals that only live in Australia are _____________ , the koala, the emu, the

kookaburra, and the wombat.- _________ shortages of water: caused by the increase of the urban population.

Geography & Climate:- There is a wide variation in weather patterns.- Eastern part: Beaches and _________ are there because of the warm weather.- Northern part: It has a ___________ climate and includes areas of rainforest,

woodland, grassland, mangrove swamp, and desert.- Majority of the land is flat and _____________: desert or _________________ land

(commonly known as the ‘outback’).

History:- In 1606, _____________ explorers discovered Australia.- ______________ claimed Australia after Dutch explorers discovered it.- Great Britain used the land as a prison to keep __________________.- It has become a _______________, self-governing democratic country.

Commonwealth

22 million

eastern

Canberra

evergreens

venomousthe kangaroo

Chronic

farmlandtropical

infertile semi-arid

DutchGreat Britain

convictsmulticultural

a. Australia is a multicultural, self-governing democratic country.

b. Great Britain claimed Australia as their colony and sent convicts theredue to the overcrowded prisons in Great Britain.

c. Australia was first discovered by Dutch explorers in 1606.

d. The Aborigines have inhabited Australia since mankind firstdeveloped.

29UNIT 2 Australia


Connecting Broken Sentences Find the correct other half of each sentenceand connect them.

1. Many people say Australia isthe last paradise on Earth

2. It is about the same size as theUnited States,

3. More than half of the populationlives by the eastern coast

4. In many areas, it does not rainmuch,

5. The Australian desert is said tohave the flattest lands

6. The Australian desert is said tohave the flattest lands and isthe driest place on the Earth,

a. but only about 22 million peoplelive there.

b. so land is either desert or semi-arid land.

c. but surprisingly still has manyliving creatures.

d. and there are a large number offactories in this area.

e. and is the driest place on the earth.

f. because of the beautiful scenery,the clean water and the blue skies.

1

4

2

3


1. Australia is not a continent.

2. Many people live on the eastern coast of Australia.

3. The eastern half of Australia is mostly desert.

I . What is the reading about?

II. Why do half of the people in Australia live by the eastern coast?

III. What did Great Britain use the country for when they first colonized Australia?

IV. After reading about Australia, would you be interested in visiting the country

one day? Why or why not?



T / F

T / F

T / F

It is about Australia.

The weather is warm and most of the jobs are there since there is a largenumber of factories.

They used the country as a large prison and sent convicts to the country dueto the overcrowded prisons in Great Britain.



arid very dry and without enough rain for plantscarbon dioxide the gas formed when carbon is burned, or when people or

animals breathe out

chronic continuing for a long time(the) an organization of independent countries which in theCommonwealth past belonged to the British Empire and now still have

friendly and practical connections with each other

drought a long period when there is little or no rainemission when gas, heat, light, etc. is sent outemu a large Australian bird with a long neck and grey or brown

feathers, which cannot fly but has long legs and can runquickly

eucalypt any of several types of trees, found especially in (eucalyptus) Australia, which produce an oil with a strong smell used in

medicine and industry

infertile person, animal or plant that cannot reproducekookaburra a large Australian bird which lives in trees and makes a

strange sound like laughter

mangrove a tropical tree, found near water, whose twisted roots growpartly above ground

multicultural several different culturesparadise a place or condition of great happiness where everything is

exactly as you would like it to be

per capita per unit of population : by or for each personpollution damage caused to water, air, etc. by harmful substances or

waste

semi-arid describes an area or climate with little rain but not completelydry

swamp (an area of) very wet soft landvenomous poisonouswombat an Australian wild animal which is similar to a small bear

31UNIT 2 Australia


Synonyms

Antonyms


1. Australia is the only ( continent / that / country / is / a ).

2. ( More / half / than / of / population / the / by / lives / eastern / coast / the ).

3. They have been living in Australia ( since / of / mankind / the / beginning ).

4. ( half / western / of / continent / mostly / the / is / desert / The / and / the / is/ called / ‘outback’ ).

1. arid

2. chronic

3. infertile

4. venomous

5. paradise

a. dreamland, euphoria

b. barren, sterile

c. droughty, dry

d. poisonous

e. habitual, persistent

1. arid

2. chronic

3. infertile

4. venomous

5. paradise

a. hell

b. damp, humid

c. fertile, bearing

d. unaccustomed, occasional

e. nonpoisonous, nonvenomous


Australia is the only continent that is a country.

More than half of the population lives by the eastern coast.

They have been living in Australia since the beginning of mankind.

The western half of the continent is mostly desert and is called the “outback”.

33UNIT 2 Australia


1. due to

2. as a result

3. as well as

a. I like ice cream _______ ________ __________ chocolate.

b. ___________ ______________ the unhappiness I had in the past, I can appreciate

happiness more, now.

c. The arrival of the plane will be delayed _____________ ____________ the

snowstorm.

d. The annual profit has declined drastically _________ _________ _______ of the

global recession.

e. Could I visit Grandma ______ _______ __________ Uncle Jim this weekend?

f. If we have a party, we can enjoy ourselves ________ ________ ________ have a

good rest at the same time because you will release all your stress at the party.

g. The company’s plan of redundancy will be announced soon, ________ ________

_________ of the drastic decline of our annual profit.

h. I have not seen my parents for a while ___________ ___________ all the school

work I have been doing.

The first European colonists in Australia were British convicts who were sent there dueto the overcrowded prisons in Great Britain.

A lot of the vegetation in Australia has adapted to the dry environment, and as a result,most Australian woody plant species are evergreens, eucalypts and acacias.

It is also the home to many dangerous animals like venomous snakes, as well assaltwater and freshwater crocodiles.

as

Due to

due

as a result

to

well as

as well as

as well as

as

due to

a

result



1. Australia is about the same size as the United States, but only about 22 million

people live there.

a. More than half of the population lives by the eastern coast, and there is a large

number of factories in this area.

b. Australia was first discovered by Dutch explorers in 1606 and was later claimed

by Great Britain.

c. The first European colonists in Australia were British convicts who were sent

there due to the overcrowded prisons in Great Britain.

2. The coasts of Australia are famous for their beautiful beaches, and the farmland in

the east is relatively rich because of the warm weather.

a. The northern part of the country has a tropical climate and includes areas of

rainforest, woodland, grassland, mangrove swamp, and desert.

b. Quite a large number of reptiles live in Australia, some 755 different species.

c. Because of its large size, Australia has always experienced a wide variety of

climates.

3. A lot of the vegetation in Australia has adapted to the dry environment, and as a

result, most Australian woody plant species are evergreens, eucalypts and acacias.

a. Because of its large size, Australia has always experienced a wide variety of

climates.

b. Australia was first discovered by Dutch explorers in 1606, and was later

claimed by Great Britain.

c. It is also home to many dangerous animals like venomous snakes, as well as

saltwater and freshwater crocodiles.

4. Because of its large size, Australia has always experienced a wide variety of

climates.

a. It is a country that includes the mainland of the Australian continent, one island

called Tasmania, and numerous little islands.

b. Even within each climate, there is a wide variation in weather patterns.

c. The coasts of Australia are famous for their beautiful beaches, and the farmland

in the east is relatively rich because of the warm weather.

11. aggressive a. more important, stronger or more noticeable than anythingelse of the same type

12. appearance b. to look or seem the same as surrounding people or things,and therefore not be easily noticeable

13. blend into (in) c. a large group of animals of the same type that live and feedtogether

14. camouflage d. to exterminate or obliterate; to eliminate15. dominant e. behaving in an angry and violent way 16. herd f. an animal that is hunted and killed for food by another animal17. mimicry g. an animal that hunts, kills and eats other animals18. predator h. the way a person or thing looks to other people19. prey i. the way that the color or shape of an animal or plant appears

to mix with its natural environment to prevent it from beingseen by attackers

10. wipe out j. a superficial resemblance of one organism to another, or tonatural objects among which it lives, that secures it a selectiveadvantage (as protection from predation)

35UNIT 3 Predators & Prey

Predators & Prey

1. Do you know the meaning of predator or prey?

2. Which animals do you think are predators?

3. Which animals do you think are prey?


Warm-upWarm-up


In the natural world,

animals are either

or . What do you know

about either predators or

prey? Can you think of

any examples?

Predators kill other

animals so that they can eat

them to survive. Prey are the

animals that predators eat. In

general, what makes a predator is that

it is more than another creature in

the same environment. What makes an animal prey for a predator is

that it is weaker than the predator.

All predators hunt. They their prey, attack it, it,

and finally eat it. While some predators hunt alone, others hunt in

groups. Predators tend to be animals with sharp teeth, and that eat

meat. When it comes to hunting, having sharp teeth is an important

tool for a predator s daily life. Predators also need to have a good

sense of smell to find their prey, who usually try to hide from them.

Sometimes predators will actively try to hunt their prey, but other

times they simply wait for their prey to them. Someapproach

capturedetect

dominant

prey

predators

Predators & Prey


predators live on one type of prey, while other predators eat almost

any animal. Some examples of large predators are lions, tigers, sharks,

and . Smaller examples include birds, house cats,

and even insects like ants.

Prey are often animals that eat plants and are weaker in

comparison to predators. They are not animals. Prey often

have a calmer personality than predators. They will not fight very

much and often live together in large groups. Some examples of large

prey are zebras, , cows and wild pigs. Smaller examples

include fish, mice, and even some insects like moths.

gazelles

aggressive

cheetahsalligators


Because they do not have sharp teeth or venom to fight, prey

have developed ways of hiding from predators to avoid being eaten.

Some prey have developed very good senses of hearing or smell. This

allows them to detect their predators before they can get close enough

to and kill. Other prey that live in large groups often depend on

safety by numbers . For example, when predators attack of

African , they all run in different directions. This makes it

difficult for predators like cheetahs to attack.

Over thousands of years, changes in the of prey

have also allowed them to decrease their chances of being killed by

predators. Over time, the shape, pattern, and color of their skin have

changed in a way that allows them to their background.

This is called . A good example of camouflage is thecamouflage

blend into

appearance

wildebeest

herds

strike


white and black stripes of the zebra. When zebras are in a large herd,

their stripes make it difficult for a lion to focus on a single zebra to

attack. Another way that prey avoid being killed is by looking like

another animal that is dangerous to the predators that feed on it. This

is called . Mimicry is what allows the to avoid

being eaten by birds. The fly looks like a bee, and birds avoid eating

bees because the bee can harm them.

Smaller predators can also become prey. They can be eaten by

bigger predators. As an example, a is a type of bird. It is a

predator that eats insects, but the swallow is prey to larger birds like

, as well as house cats.hawks

swallow

drone flymimicry


Predators and prey can be found in every environment, whether

it is in the sky with birds, in water with sharks and fish, or on land

with lions and zebras. Animals must eat and other animals must be

eaten. It is what s called the law of the jungle . Things like this have

been going on since the beginning of time.

When it comes to survival, all living things must eat in order to

live. That is why the cycle of predator and prey is very important.

What also makes the cycle of predator and prey important is, that it

keeps a balance on the animal population. Without predators, there

would be a massive overpopulation of different groups of animals. If

predators are removed from an environment, it often results in big

changes. When wolves were removed from Yellowstone National Park

in the United States, it allowed their prey to overeat and

several plant species.

So, the next time you are watching a TV show or movie about

animals, ask yourself these questions - Is the animal a predator, prey,

or both? What would happen to the environment if they were removed

or wiped out completely?

wipe out



____________ The Animal Kingdom

____________ The Life Of The Animal Kingdom

____________ Food Chain Of The Animal Kingdom


1. What are predators?

a. Predators are animals that kill other animals so that they can eat them to

survive.

b. Predators are animals that prey eat.

2. What is prey?

a. Prey are animals that kill other animals so that they can eat them to survive.

b. Prey are animals that predators eat.

3. What are the animals that live together in large groups to protect themselves

from predators?

a. zebras, gazelles, and cats

b. pigs, mice, and some insects like moths

4.What is camouflage?

a. a change in the appearance of prey in order to decrease their chances of being

killed by predators

b. looking like another animal that is not dangerous to the predators that feed on

it, so that prey can be killed

5. What is mimicry?

a. a change in the appearance of prey in order to decrease their chances of being

killed by predators

b. looking like another animal that is dangerous to the predators that feed on it,

so that prey can avoid being killed



Predators & PreyWhat is prey?

Prey are the animals that _________ eat.

What are predators?Predators kill other animals so that theycan eat them to _________.

Personality of the preyThey are not _________ and often havea ________ personality than predators.They will not fight very much and oftenlive together in large groups.

Personality of the predatorIn general, predators are more _______than some other creatures in the sameenvironment, and they are more__________.

What animals are prey?Zebras, gazelles, cows, wild pigs, fish, mice,drone flies, and even some insects like moths.

What animals are predators?Lions, tigers, sharks, alligators, cheetahs,cats, swallows, hawks, wolves, etc.

How do they protect themselvesfrom predators?

Camouflage: A change in the ___________of prey has allowed them to _________ theirchances of being killed by predators. Anexample is the zebra.Mimicry: By looking like another animal thatis dangerous to the predators that feed on itin order to avoid being killed, like the drone fly.

Small predator becomes prey:Bigger predators eat smaller predators.Example 1: A swallow is a predator that eats insects, but hawks eat swallows.Example 2: House cats hunt small birds or mice, but they can be eaten by

bigger animals.

Why is the cycle of predator & prey important?It keeps a balance on the animal population. Without predators, big changesoften result, such as a massive overpopulation of different groups of animals,and some species can be wiped out.

How do they hunt prey?Detect their prey attack it capture iteat it.

Having sharp teeth, or venom and a goodsense of smell help them hunt better.

Some hunt actively, some wait for theirprey to approach.

predators

aggressivedominant

survive

calmer

aggressive

appearance

decrease



1. Predators kill other animals

2. What makes an animal prey fora predator is that

3. They also need to have a goodsense of smell to find their prey,

4. Sometimes predators willactively try to hunt their prey,

5. Another way that prey avoidbeing killed is

6. Predators and prey can befound in every environment

a. so that they can eat them tosurvive.

b. but other times they simply waitfor their prey to approach them.

c. whether it is in the sky with birds,in water with sharks and fish, oron land with lions and zebras.

d. it is weaker than the predator.

e. by looking like another animal thatis dangerous to the predators thatfeed on it.

f. who usually try to hide from them.


a. Then they attack their prey by any tools they have like venom, sharp teeth,

etc.

b. Predators hunt their prey by detecting them using their tools that are

mentioned.

c. After that, they capture their prey by any means, so that they can eat the

prey when possible.

d. Predators - animals that kill other animals to survive - usually have sharp

teeth and a good sense of smell to find their prey, which usually try to hide

from the predator.

1

3

4

2


1. Smaller predators can also be eaten by bigger predators.

2. Small predators aren’t aggressive animals.

3. Prey do not fight much.

. What is the reading about?

. What makes an animal prey for a predator?

. Why do you think prey usually live together in large groups?

. What makes the cycle of predator and prey important? Name one example of

what can happen if the cycle breaks.

. Would you prefer to be a predator or prey if you were an animal? What animal

would that be?



T / F

T / F

T / F

It is about predators & prey in the animal kingdom.

One is weaker than the predator.

They are even weaker by being alone against their predators, so livingtogether in large groups makes the possibility of survival greater.


It keeps a balance on the animal population. Without predators, there wouldbe a massive overpopulation of different groups of animals. If predators areremoved from an environment, it often results in big changes. When wolveswere removed from Yellowstone National Park in the United States, it allowedtheir prey to overeat and wipe out several plant species.


aggressive behaving in an angry and violent wayalligator a large reptile with a hard skin that lives in and near rivers and

lakes in the hot, wet parts of America and China. It has a longnose that is slightly wider and shorter than that of a crocodile

appearance the way a person or thing looks to other peopleapproach to come near or nearer to something or someone in space, time,

quality or amountblend into (in) to look or seem the same as surrounding people or things, and

therefore not be easily noticeablecamouflage the way that the color or shape of an animal or plant appears to

mix with its natural environment to prevent it from being seen byattackers

capture to take someone as a prisoner, or to take something into yourpossession by force

cheetah a wild animal of the cat family, with yellowish brown fur andblack spots, which can run faster than any other animal

detect to notice something that is partly hidden or not clear, or todiscover something, especially using a special method

dominant more important, strong or noticeable than anything else of thesame type

drone fly a type of fly that looks like the beegazelle an African or Asian animal like a deer that moves quickly and

lightly, and has large eyeshawk a type of large bird which catches small birds and animals for

foodherd a large group of animals of the same type that live and feed

togethermimicry a superficial resemblance of one organism to another, or to

natural objects among which it lives, that secures it a selectiveadvantage (as protection from predation)

predator an animal that hunts, kills and eats other animalsprey an animal that is hunted and killed for food by another animalstrike when something hits or attacks with forceswallow a small bird with pointed wings and a tail with two points, which

flies quickly and catches insects to eat as it flieswildebeest a large, African animal with a long tail and horns that curve to the

sides, and which lives in areas covered in grasswipe out to eliminate, especially a population or species



Synonyms

Antonyms

1. aggressive

2. approach

3. capture

4. blend into

5. detect

6. wipe out

a. draw on, near

b. expunge, exterminate

c. integrate, merge

d. grab, nail

e. locate, track (down)

f. assertive, fierce

1. aggressive

2. approach

3. capture

4. blend into

5. detect

6. wipe out

a. retreat, withdraw

b. preserve, protect

c. stand out from

d. release, loosen

e. miss, pass over

f. submissive, yielding



1. ( and / Some / zebras, / examples / of / gazelles, / prey / are / cows / wild / pigs ).

2. In the natural world, ( there / two / kinds / are / of / animals).

3. Predators tend to be animals ( with / teeth / and / they / sharp / eat / meat ).

4. ( Prey / that / animals / are / killed / by / predators / are ).

5. ( and / animals / Animals / other / eat / must / be / eaten / must ).

Some examples of prey are zebras, gazelles, cows and wild pigs.

In the natural world, there are two kinds of animals.

Predators tend to be animals with sharp teeth and they eat meat.

Prey are animals that are killed by predators.

Animals must eat and other animals must be eaten.


1. blend (into)

2. in order to

3. wipe out

a. I tried to ____________ ___________ the crowd at school when I first moved here.

b. My mother always comes home early _______ _________ _________ see us

before we go to bed.

c. Some super volcanoes can _________ ___________ our civilization.

d. When adopting other customs, you should try to ___________ ___________ with

the old customs.

e. _______ ________ __________ make my ways of studying efficient, I usually

preview and review everything I learn in class.

f. Jackie cannot __________ _____________ anywhere because of her strong

personality.

g. She expects everyone to agree with her all the time ________ _______ not

________ get her upset.

h. Did you know that large numbers of ants could ___________ ____________ the

world?


Over time, the shape, pattern, and color of their skin has changed in a way that allowsthem to blend into their background.

When it comes to survival, all living things must eat in order to live. That is why the cycleof predator and prey is very important.

When wolves were removed from Yellowstone National Park in the United States,it allowed their prey to overeat and wipe out several plant species.

blend into

blend in

blend in

in order to

In order to

in order

to

wipe out

wipe out


1. Predators tend to be animals with sharp teeth, and they eat meat. When it comes to

hunting, having sharp teeth is an important tool for a predator’s daily life.

a. They will not fight very much and often live together in large groups.

b. Some examples of large prey are zebras, gazelles, cows and wild pigs. Smaller

examples include fish, mice, and even some insects like moths.

c. They also need to have a good sense of smell to find their prey, who usually try

to hide from them.

2. Prey are often animals that eat plants and are weaker in comparison to predators.

a. Prey are not aggressive animals and often have a calmer personality than

predators.

b. Some prey have developed very good senses of hearing or smell.

c. Other prey that live in large groups often depend on ‘safety by numbers’.

3. Over thousands of years, changes in the appearance of prey have also allowed

them to decrease their chances of being killed by predators.

a. Over time, the shape, pattern, and color of their skin has changed in a way that

allows them to blend into their background. This is called camouflage.

b. This is called ‘mimicry’.

c. Smaller predators can also become prey.

4. Animals must eat and other animals must be eaten.

a. It is what’s called “the law of the jungle”.

b. This is called camouflage.

c. The fly looks like a bee, and birds avoid eating bees because the bee can harm

them.


49UNIT 4 Discovering the New World

Discovering the New WorldDiscovering the New World

1. Have you ever discovered anything new?

2. How do you feel when you see something new?

3. Do you think there are places that people have not discovered yet?


Warm-upWarm-up

11. aristocratic a. to persuade someone or make them certain

12. capture b. a person whose job is to buy and sell productsin large amounts

13. convince c. places that are next to or near each other

14. failure d. when someone or something does not succeed

15. governor e. to show a particular result after a period of time

16. merchant f. a long journey, especially by ship

17. miscalculate g. a person in charge of a particular political unit

18. neighboring h. to calculate an amount incorrectly

19. prove i. of high social rank; of the aristocracy

10. voyage j. to take someone as a prisoner, or to takesomething into your possession, especially byforce


Discovering the New World

What do you know about the

discovery of the New World? Do

you know when Europeans first

discovered North and South

America? Who was the first

European to see the New

World? What was he trying to

do by finding the New World?

In the later 15th century,

people in Europe traded the goods

that they produced with

countries, as well as with other countries

like India and China. For hundreds of years, European

had traded their goods with people from the Far East in

relative peace. In 1453 however, this all changed when the Ottoman

Turks , and took over control of the lands of

the Empire. The route from Europe to the Far East became

much more difficult and dangerous because the Ottomans would not

allow European merchants to cross their , and the most direct

route to the Far East went through the lands the Ottomans now

controlled.

territory

Byzantine

Constantinoplecaptured

merchants

neighboring


In order to trade goods with people that lived in the Far East

countries, European merchants needed to travel over land, on routes

that avoided Turkish territory. The merchants took long journeys by

horse and camel to places like India and China to find things like

spices, silk cloth, and jewels that were highly prized by the wealthy

and people of Europe.

These trips took many years to complete, were very dangerous,

and often ended in . Going by ship would have reduced the time

it took to travel, and been much safer. Many people tried to find a way

to travel to the Far East by ship, by sailing east from Europe, but no

one had succeeded. Several people had tried to sail around the southern

tip of Africa, but the strong storms of that area sank many ships.

failure

aristocratic


Christopher Columbus had a different idea. He thought that he

could reach India by sailing west from Spain, instead of traveling over

land through Arabia. He tried to many kings and queens of

his plan, but no one would listen. Finally, he was able to speak with

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of . After years of trying

to persuade them, Columbus was able to Queen Isabella of

his plans. She paid for his trip to sail the to find a

route to India. She believed that if Columbus could find a faster and

safer route to India, Spain could increase its trade with India and

China. To increase his chances of discovering a safe passage to India

and returning with the news, Columbus took three ships: the Nina, the

Pinta, and the Santa Maria.

Atlantic Ocean

convince

Castile

persuade


Columbus began his trip on August 3, 1492. He left from the

Spanish port of Palos de Frontera, and first sailed to another Spanish

territory called the Canary Islands, northeast of the African coast, to

restock his supply of food and water. The trip across the Atlantic

Ocean was a long and difficult one. After months with no land in

sight, many sailors began to doubt that Columbus would find land.

Columbus himself believed that he would have discovered land much

sooner. The problem was that he had the distance. He

thought that it was about 3,700 km from the Canary Islands to what he

believed would be India. Actually, the distance was much greater.

Still, the trip could have taken much longer than it did, if it were not

for a strong .

On October 12, 1492, a sailor aboard the Pinta sighted land.

After three months of sailing, he landed on an island in the Bahamas

easterly wind

miscalculated


which he named San Salvador. Columbus later explored the coast of

Cuba and Hispanola before the Santa Maria ran aground. It was there,

in present-day Haiti, that Columbus left several sailors behind to found

the of La Navidad, using what remained of the Santa Maria.

Columbus returned to Europe on March 4, 1493. He made

three more back to the New World, serving as of

the Spanish territories he helped to discover. Columbus believed that

the lands he had discovered were part of India, but later explorers

that the lands were part of a new continent: the New World.

The people of the United States his discovery on the second

Monday of October every year.

celebrate

proved

governorvoyages

settlement



____________ Unveiling Unknown Places In The World

____________ Discovering The Countries In The World

____________ Exploring The Countries In The World


1. What did European people sell and bring back from the Far East in the 15th

century?

a. spices, silk cloth, and jewels b. spices, milk, cloth, and jewels

2. Which form of transportation was used for the trip to the Far East in the late

15th century?

a. a ship b. horse and camel

3. When did Columbus start his trip?

a. on August 3, 1492 b. on October 12, 1492

4. Who sponsored Columbus for the journey to India?

a. King Ferdinand b. Queen Isabella



Discovering the New World

Why did Columbus decide to dothe journey?

- People in Europe traded the goods that

they produced with_______________

countries, India and China.

- The route from Europe to the Far East

became much more diff icult and

dangerous because the Ottomans

would not allow European _________

to cross their territory, the most direct

route to the Far East.

- Europeans traveled over land by

_________ and _________, which took

many years to complete, was very

dangerous, and often ended in ______.

- To shorten the time of the journey to the

Far East and make it safer, people tried

to travel by __________, but no one

had succeeded because of the strong

storms around the southern t ip of

Africa.

How did Columbus find the NewWorld?

- So many people had failed to sail

around Africa, but Columbus’ idea was

to sail ________ from Spain.

- Columbus tried to ________________

many kings and queens to give him the

financial support, but no one would

listen until he _____________ Queen

Isabella of his plan.

- To increase the chance of success in

finding a safer passage to India and

return, he took three ships: the Nina,

the Pinta, and the Santa Maria.

- He finally landed on an island in the

Bahamas after three months of sailing

with many difficulties.

- He made three more ________ back to

the New World, serving as _________

of the Spanish territories he helped to

discover. While he believed the new

lands were part of India, the lands were

_______________ to be part of a new

continent by explorers, later on.

neighboring

merchants

horse camel

failure

west

persuade

convinced

voyages

governor

proven

ship


a. In 1453, however, this all changed when the Ottoman Turks capturedConstantinople, and took over control of the lands of the ByzantineEmpire.

b. For hundreds of years, European merchants had traded their goodswith people from the Far East in relative peace.

c. Several people had tried to sail around the southern tip of Africa, butthe strong storms of that area sank many ships.

d. The merchants took long journeys by horse and camel to places likeIndia and China to find things like spices, silk cloth, and jewels, thatwere highly prized by the wealthy and aristocratic people of Europe.



1. The route from Europe to theFar East became much moredifficult and dangerous

2. Going by ship would havereduced the time it took totravel,

3. Many people tried to find away to travel to the Far East byship

5. After years of trying topersuade them,

6. Columbus believed that thelands he had discovered werepart of India,

a. but the strong storms of that areasank many ships.

b. by sailing east from Europe, but noone had succeeded.

c. but later, explorers proved that thelands were part of a new continent:the New World.

d. because the Ottomans would notallow European merchants to crosstheir territory.

e. and been much safer.

f. Columbus was able to convinceQueen Isabella of his plans.

3

2

4

1

4. Several people had tried to sailaround the southern tip ofAfrica,


1. Christopher Columbus thought he was sailing to India.

2. Europeans traded goods with the Far East.

3. Columbus found gold and other riches in the New World.

. What is the reading about?

. Why did Europeans have to travel a longer and more dangerous route by horse

and camel?

. How long did it take for Europeans to complete their journey to the Far East by

horse and camel?

. Why do you think many sailors on Columbus’ ships began to doubt that

Columbus would find land?

. Do you think there are new lands that people have not discovered yet? If there

are, would you go through the long and hard time required to explore the new

land?



T / F

T / F

T / F

It is about how and why Christopher Columbus got to find the New World,America.

They had to avoid Turkish territory after the Ottoman Turks tookover control of the lands of the Byzantine Empire. They also could not travel byship because so many that had tried to sail around the southern tip of Africasank because of the strong storm.

It usually took them many years. It was very dangerousand often ended in failure.


Columbus miscalculated the distance so it tookmuch longer than they first expected. On top of that, the trip across the AtlanticOcean was very long and very difficult and no one saw any land for months soeveryone on board was exhausted.


aristocratic of high social rank; of the aristocracy(the) Atlantic Ocean ocean separating North & South America from Europe &

Africa

Byzantine of, relating to, or characteristic of the ancient city ofByzantium

capture to take someone as a prisoner, or to take something intoyour possession, especially by force

Castile region & ancient kingdom in central & northern Spain,divided by the Sierra de Guadarrama into regions & oldprovinces of Old Castile

celebrate to take part in special enjoyable activities in order to showthat a particular occasion is important

Constantinople city in northwestern Turkey convince to persuade someone or make them certaineasterly wind blowing from the eastfailure when someone or something does not succeedgovernor a person in charge of a particular political unitmerchant a person whose job is to buy and sell products in large

amounts

miscalculate to calculate an amount incorrectlyneighboring places that are next to or near each otherpersuade to make someone do or believe something by giving them

a good reason to do it, or by talking to them and makingthem believe it

prove to show a particular result after a period of timesettlement a place where people come to live, or the process of

settling in such a place

territory (an area of) land or sometimes sea, which is consideredas belonging to or connected with a particular countryor person

voyage a long journey, especially by ship



Synonyms

Antonyms

1. aristocratic

2. capture

3. convince

4. failure

5. prove

a. talk (into), persuade

b. demonstrate, validate

c. upper-class, noble

d. defeat

e. seize, catch

1. aristocratic

2. capture

3. convince

4. failure

5. prove

a. disprove, rebut

b. dissuade

c. accomplishment, success

d. common, lower-class

e. liberate, release



1. But ( merchants / travel / to / Far East / land / by / had / the / to ).

2. These trips ( were / hard / very / it / and / took / years / many ).

3. ( trip / A / ship / much / would / easier / faster / and / by / be ).

4. ( never / He / found / he / was / looking / riches / the / for ).

5. Columbus didn’t know ( important / how / were / discoveries / his ).

But merchants had to travel by land to the Far East.

These trips were very hard and it took many years.

A trip by ship would be much easier and faster.

He never found the riches he was looking for.

Columbus didn’t know how important his discoveries were.


1. take over

2. end in failure

3. in sight

a. I am feeling tired. Could you ________ __________ for me?

b. This project will ________ ________ ________ if we don’t pay close attention to

the details.

c. I am trying to find a convenience store, but there aren’t any ________ __________.

d. __________ ___________ of everyone in class, he fell asleep.

e. He __________ ___________ his brother’s chores when his brother went into the

army.

f. I can see this business ________ _____ ________ if we continue to lose customers.

g. With no house ___________ ___________, she continued to walk down the road.

h. This is Mr. Kim. He will be __________ ____________ as your teacher while

Ms. Park is on vacation.


In 1453 however, this all changed when the Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople,and took over control of the lands of the Byzantine Empire.

These trips took many years to complete, were very dangerous, and often ended infailure.

After months with no land in sight, many sailors began to doubt that Columbus would findland.

take over

end in failure

in sight

In sight

took over

ending in failure

in sight

taking over


1. Christopher Columbus had a different idea.

a. These trips took many years to complete, were very dangerous, and often ended

in failure.

b. He thought that he could reach India by sailing west from Spain, instead of

traveling over land through Arabia.

c. The people of the United States celebrate his discovery on the second Monday

of October every year.

2. After years of trying to persuade them, Columbus was able to convince Queen

Isabella of his plans.

a. She paid for his trip to sail the Atlantic Ocean to find a route to India.

b. Several people had tried to sail around the southern tip of Africa, but the strong

storms of that area sank many ships.

c. The route from Europe to the Far East became much more difficult and

dangerous because the Ottomans would not allow European merchants to cross

their territory.

3. Columbus began his trip on August 3, 1492.

a. He left from the Spanish port of Palos de Frontera and first sailed to another

Spanish territory called the Canary Islands, northeast of the African coast, to

restock his supply of food and water.

b. Columbus returned to Europe on March 4, 1493.

c. He made three more voyages back to the New World, serving as governor of the

Spanish territories he helped to discover.

4. On October 12, 1492, a sailor aboard the Pinta sighted land.

a. After three months of sailing, he landed on an island in the Bahamas which he

named San Salvador.

b. He made three more voyages back to the New World, serving as governor of

the Spanish territories he helped to discover.

c. Columbus returned to Europe on March 4, 1493.


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