bandura imitation

7/31/2019 Bandura Imitation

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By: Lianna Dehan and Trudy Marchica


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Born December 4, 1925 in Mundare which is a small town innorthern Alberta, Canada

Received his bachelor degree in psychology at University ofBritish Columbia.

Continued his schooling at University of Iowa and received hisPHD in 1952.

It was at the University of Iowa where he became familiar withbehaviorist tradition and learning theory.

In 1953, he wrote his first book along side of Richard Walterscalled Adolescent Aggression.

He was the President of American Psychological Association In 1980 he received the APA award for distinguished scientific

contributions.

He presently works at Stanford University


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- Bandura claimed that in social situations,

people often learn much more rapidly simply by

observing the behaviors of others- Bandura found that there are four components

of observational learning:

Attentional Processes

Retention Processes

Motor Reproduction Processes

Reinforcement and Motivational Processes


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5


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One cannot imitate a model without

paying attention to the model.

A model is often attractive because of thequalities he or she posses. These

qualities such as prestige, power, and

success gain the attention of theobserver and begin the process of

observational learning.


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Retention process is the way one remembersthe models actions so he can imitate them.

Bandura explains, In order to reproduce socialbehavior when the model is no longer presentto serve as a guide, the response patternsmust be represented in memory in symbolicform.

Example: mentally rehearsing the actions orpracticing the actions will help one rememberwhat he learned.


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This is when a person uses the proper

motor skills to accurately reproduce their

model. A five year old can observe his parent

operate a car, but this does not mean he

has the ability to correctly drive anautomobile


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This process refers to the idea that a

child will be more likely to imitate a

behavior if he is likely to gain a reward When positive incentives are introduced,

observational learning that previously

remained unexpressed is likely toemerge in action.


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We learn behavior through observation

Vicarious reinforcement: Learn through

observing consequences of behaviors ofothers


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Observe behavior of others and repeat

the behavior

Bobo doll studies (1963)

Disinhibition: Weakening of inhibition

through exposure to a model


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Characteristics of the models: similarity,age, sex, status, prestige, simple vs.

complex behavior Characteristics of observers: Low self-

confidence, low self-esteem,reinforcement for imitation

Reward consequences of behavior:Directly witnessing associated rewards


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Attentional processes

Retention processes

Production processes

Incentive and motivational processes


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Developing cognitive processes to pay

attention to a model- more developed

processes allow for better attention Must observe the model accurately

enough to imitate behavior


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To later imitate behavior, must remember

aspects of the behavior

Retain information in 2 ways: Imaginal internal representation: Visual

image Ex: Forming a mental picture

Verbal system: Verbal description ofbehavior Ex: Silently rehearsing steps in

behavior


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Taking imaginal and verbalrepresentations and translating into overt

behavior- practice behaviors Receive feedback on accuracy of

behavior- how well have you imitated themodeled behavior?

Important in mastering difficult skills Ex: Driving a car


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With incentives, observation more quickly

becomes action, pay more attention,

retain more information Incentive to learn influenced by

anticipated reinforcements


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Children are prone to imitate models that are moreintelligent, skillful, and knowledgeable than themselvesand others around them.

Children have a broad range of influences- parents,teachers, peers, and older siblings.

When a child has the choice, he is likely to selectmodels with similar attributes and ignore those thathave little in common with.

There are two types of models:

Symbolic

Exemplary


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Models presented through oral or writteninstructions, pictorially, or through a

combination of verbal and pictorialdevices.

The media is a good example ofpictorially presented models.

television movies

radio


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Can be pictorial models or represented

through verbal descriptions.

A child is given an example whether it bea superhero, next door neighbor, or a

friend and are told that these models

actions are good and should be imitated,or in some cases, bad and should be

avoided.


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1. Observer may acquire new responses that

were not in his repertory.

2. If models actions already exist in observersrepertory, observation may strengthen or

weaken inhibitory responses.

3. Sometimes observation of models draws out

already known responses in observer


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- Imitation is the actual

performance of

behavior that has

been observed.


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the younger children will be more likely to imitate theirtutors than the older children.

The girls will be more likely than the boys to answer thequestions exactly like their tutor.

A child will be more likely to copy their tutor if they arethe same sex.

If there are harder questions that the children might notknow the answers to, they will be more prone toimitating their tutor

Because the children have bonded with their tutors,they will imitate their own tutor over another collegestudent.


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http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=30240786&id=61900222&op=1&view=all&subj=2232527390&aid=-1&oid=2232527390http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=30240786&id=61900222&op=1&view=all&subj=2232527390&aid=-1&oid=2232527390


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The questionnaires were handed out on twoseparate days but the procedure was the samefor both days

While the kids were working with their tutors,we went to each tutor and told them that theywere to answer the questions on the sheet ofpaper first aloud, then write down their answeron the blank assigned to the tutor. Then they

were instructed to read the same question totheir student, and write down their answer.Each tutor was handed a piece of paper withthe questions listed


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Tutor

name/Studentname and

gender

What is your

favorite kindof music?

What is your

favoriteanimal?

What is your

favoritemovie?

What is your

favoriteschool

subject?

What is your

favoritesport?

What is your

favoriteactor?

*Lianna(f)/Batu

ul(m) age 9

Country/Jess

e Mcartney

Dolphin/cheet

ah

Lion

King/Transfor

mers and

Alvin and the

Chipmunks

Theology/Re

ading

Swimming/str

eet

basketball

Matt

Dammon/Jac

kie Chan

*Angela(f)/Ana

yancy (f) age 9

Rock/HHip-

hop

Monkey/Dogs

,cats

Zoolander/Al

vin and the

Chipmonks

Chemistry/M

ath

Soccer/Ice

Skating

George

Clooney/Amy

Adams

Kyle(m)/Sanchi

r(m) age 9

Rock/Normal Alligator/Alligator

Men inBlack/Men inBlack

Math/math Baseball/baseball

WillSmith/Willsmith

Emily(f)/Anar(

m) age 11

Countr/Tune

s only (no

songs)

Dog/dog and

cheetah

Waiting for

Guffman/War

Movies

Social

Studies/Math

Swimming/Swimming

Steve

Carrel/Jackie

Chan

*Trudy(f)/Amy(f

) age 11

Pop and

Rock/Hip-

hop and

R&B

Dog/dog The LittlePrincess and

Finding

Nemo/Chipm

unk Movie

English/Scien

ce

Tennis/Baske

tball

Brad

Pitt/Johnny

Depp


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Tutor

name/stud

ent name

and gender

Would you

rather be

an

Otolaryngologist or

Ophthalmol

ogist?

Would you

rather live

Lithuania

or Norway

Would you

rather

snorkel or

scubadive?

Would you

rather eat

caviar or

sushi?

Would you

rather play

squash or

lacrosse

Would you

rather

parasail or

windsurf?

Would you

rather

injure your

femur ortibia?

Would you

rather meet

John F.

Kennedy orRonald

Reagan?

*Lianna(f)/

Batuul(m)

age 9

Oto/opthal

#

Lithuania/Lithuania

Scubadive/Scuba dive

Sushi/sushi

Lacrosse/s

quash #

Windsurf/windsurf

femur/tibia

#

Reagan/Ke

nnedy #

Kyle(m)/An

ar(m) age

11

Opthal/Opthal

Norway/Norwa

Scuba/scuba

Sushi/sushi

Lacrosse/

n/a

Parasail/wi

ndsurf

Tibia/tibia Kennedy/kennedy

*Trudy(f)/A

my(f) age

12

Opthal/Opthal #

Norway//Lit

huania

Scuba/Scuba

Sushi/Sushi

Lacrosses/

squash

Windsurf/windsurf

Tibia/tibia Kennedy/kennedy

*Sean(m)/

Maddie(f)

age 12

Oto/Oto# Norway/Lithuania

Scuba/Sno

rkel

Sushi/Sushi

Lacrosse/Lacrosse

Windsurf/p

arasail

Femur//tibi

a

Reagan/Ke

nnedy

*Sean(m)/

Margot(f)

age 8

Oto/oto # Norway/Norway

Scuba/Sno

rkel

Sushi/Sushi

Lacrosse/Lacrosse

Windsurf/Windsurf

Femur/femur #

Reagan/Ke

nnedy

Lianna(f)/S

anchir(m)

age 9

Oto/oto # Lithuania/Lithuania#

Scuba/snor

kel #

Sushi/Sushi

Lacorrse/S

quash #

Windsurf/windsurf #

femur/femur #

Reagan/Reagan #


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- The amount of children that come to tutoringweekly fluctuates, which gave us less datathan expected

- Instead of using questionnaires, we shouldhave used a full month to conduct a morecomplete experiment using actions of modelsas the focal point, rather than questions on a

sheet of paper.- More appealing experiment that would be less

obvious that we conducting an experiment.


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bandura imitation

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