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8/10/2019 Bo co Nghin cu qun l tng hp ti nguyn v mi trng lu vc sng M.pdf

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BTI NGUYN V MI TRNGTRNG CAO NG TI NGUYN V MI TRNG H NI

Bo co tng kt ti nghin cu khoa hc v cng ngh cp b

NGHIN CU QUN L TNG HP TI NGUYNV MI TRNG LU VC SNG M

Cquan chtrTrng Cao ng TN&MT H Ni

Ph Hiu trng

Phm Vn Khin

CHNHIM TI

Hong Ngc Quang

707220/01/2009

H NI, 2008


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B ti nguyn v mi trngTrng cao ng ti nguyn v mi trng h ni

Bo co tng kt ti cp b

ghin cu qun l tng hp ti nguyn

v mi trng lu vc sng m

Ch nhim ti: TS. Hong Ngc quang

Cc cng tc vin:ThS. Trn Duy KiuThS. Hong ThNguyt MinhThS. Hong Anh Huy

KS. Nguyn Ngc H

CN. Phm Vn Tun

H NI, 2008


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i

MC LC

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN VIU KIN TNHIN V KINH TX HI TRN LUVC SNG M.....................................................................................................................................3

1.1. Sng M v hthng sng M .....................................................................................31.1.1. Vtr a l ............................................ ........................................... ....................................31.1.2. Hthng sng ...................................... ............................................ ....................................7

1.2. iu kin tnhin lu vc sng M ...........................................................................91.2.1.a hnh ........................................ ........................................... ............................................91.2.2.a cht..............................................................................................................................10 1.2.3. Thnhng........................................................................................................................11 1.2.4. Thm ph ...........................................................................................................................13 1.2.5. Kh tng ...................................... ........................................... ..........................................141.2.6. Thuvn.............................................................................................................................15

1.3. iu kin kinh tx hi..............................................................................................221.3.1. Kinh ttrn lu vc ..................................... ........................................... ...........................221.3.2. Dn cv lao ng............................................................................................................24

1.4. nh hng pht trin kinh ttrn lu vc sng M .............................................261.4.1. Nhng chtiu cbn pht trin kinh tlu vc...............................................................261.4.2. Nhng nh hng chung pht trin kinh tlu vc ..................................... ....................271.4.3.nh hng cthpht trin kinh ttrn lu vc.............................................................28

1.5. Tng quan vqun l khai thc ti nguyn v bo vmi trng trn lu vcsng M...............................................................................................................................321.6. Nhn xt chng 1......................................................................................................34

CHNG 2: HIN TRNG KHAI THC TI NGUYN V MI TRNG LU VCSNG M.............................................................................................................................................36

2.1. Hin trng khai thc ti nguyn v mi trng t trn lu vc..........................362.1.1. Hin trng khai thc sdng ti nguyn t trn lu vc ................................................362.1.2. Mi trng t...................................................................................................................38 2.1.3. Nhn xt vti nguyn v mi trng t ....................................... ..................................39

2.2. Hin trng khai thc v qun l ti nguyn khong sn trn lu vc...................392.3. Hin trng khai thc v Ti nguyn rng ................................................................41

2.3.1. Hin trng ti nguyn rng................................................................................................41 2.3.2.a dng sinh hc ......................................... ........................................... ...........................422.3.3. Khai thc ti nguyn rng ......................................... ........................................... .............422.3.4. Qun l ti nguyn rng ..................................... ........................................... ....................432.3.5. Nhn xt ........................................ ........................................... ..........................................44

2.4. c im kh hu v mi trng khng kh trn lu vc.......................................442.4.1.c im kh hu ......................................... ........................................... ...........................442.4.2. Mi trng khng kh ......................................... ........................................... ....................47

2.4.2.1. Ngun gy nhim khng kh...................................................................................472.4.2.2. Cht lng khng kh ti cc khu cng nghip, thv cc nt giao thng ...........48

2.4.3. Nhn xt ........................................ ........................................... ..........................................482.5. Hin trng qun l, khai thc v bo vti nguyn mi trng nc trn lu vc.............................................................................................................................................49

2.5.1. Ti nguyn nc mt v hin trng khai thc ti nguyn nc mt trn lu vc .............502.5.2. Mi trng nc mt.........................................................................................................54 2.5.3. Nhn xt vti nguyn v mi trng nc mt ........................................... ....................57

2.6. Ti nguyn v mi trng nc di t.................................................................592.6.1. Ti nguyn nc di t .......................................... ........................................... .............592.6.2. Mi trng nc di t..................................................................................................64

2.7. Nhn xt chng 2 ......................................................................................................65CHNG 3: NGUYN NHN V KHNNG SUY THOI TI NGUYN MI TRNGTRN LU VC SNG M.............................................................................................................66


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3.1. Nguyn nhn suy thoi ti nguyn v mi trng...................................................663.1.1. Nhm nguyn nhn khch quan.........................................................................................663.1.2. Nhm nguyn nhn ch quan.............................................................................................69

3.1.2.1. Nguyn nhn khai thc ti nguyn qu mc v thiu qui hoch................................69 3.1.2.2. Nguyn nhn do ccu phn blao ng, tp qun sn xut ...................................74

3.2. Khnng suy thoi ti nguyn v mi trng trn lu vc...................................76 3.2.1. Dbo xu thbin i kh hu..........................................................................................763.2.2. Xu thtai bin thin nhin v l qut.................................................................................773.2.3. Nguy c nhim t ........................................... ........................................... ....................79

3.3. Dbo nhu cu nc trn lu vc sng M nm 2010, 2020 ................................803.3.1. Phn vng tnh ton d bo...............................................................................................803.3.2. Dbo nhu cu nc nm 2010 v 2020..........................................................................81

3.3.2.1. Dbo nhu cu nc cho dn sinh nm 2010 v 2020 ....................................... ......813.3.2.2. Dbo cho trng trt nm 2010 v 2020 ....................................... ...........................853.3.2.3. Dbo cho chn nui nm 2010, 2020 .......................................... ...........................863.3.2.4. Nc cho cng nghip v dbo nhu cu nc cng nghip nm 2010 v 2020.....89

3.3.5. Tng hp nhu cu nc v dbo nhu cu nc..............................................................90 3.4. Dbo cn bng nc nm 2010 v 2020 ................................................................93

3.4.1. Sha mng li sng.......................................................................................................933.4.2. Tnh lng nc n, nc ma, bc hi ti mi nt cn bng........................................94

3.4.3. Xc nh lng nc y mn .......................................... ........................................... ......963.4.4. Tnh ton v dbo cn bng nc hthng....................................................................973.4.4.1. Cn bng nc hthng nm 2005 ......................................... ..................................973.4.4.2. Dbo lng nc thiu nm 2010 v 2020.............................................................97

3.4.5. Kt lun..............................................................................................................................98 3.5. Thin tai llt v hn hn .........................................................................................99

3.5.1. Thin tai do lv lqut trong nhng nm gn y.........................................................99 3.5.2. Nguyn nhn gy ra st lt, lqut trn lu vc........................................................100 3.5.3. Hn hn trn lu vc .......................................... ........................................... ..................103

3.6. nh hng ca hCa t .....................................................................................1113.7. Xu thbin i mi trng nc do cht thi, nc thi.....................................1113.8. Xu thbin i mn.............................................................................................1133.9. Nhn xt chng 3 ....................................................................................................114

CHNG 4: NGHIN CU M HNH QUN L TNG HP LU VC SNG M .......1154.1. Csl lun v thc tin qun l tng hp Ti nguyn v mi trng trn luvc .....................................................................................................................................115

4.1.1. Csl lun....................................................................................................................115 4.1.2. Csthc tin.................................................................................................................120

4.2. Tim nng, li thv hn chca lu vc .............................................................1214.2.1. Tim nng, li thca lu vc.........................................................................................121 4.2.2. Nhng hn chca lu vc ....................................... ........................................... ...........122

4.3. Kh khn, thch thc trong hot ng QLTHLVS ..............................................1234.3.1. Vthch, cchqun l................................................................................................1234.3.2. Thiu chnh sch QLTHTNMT lu vc sng M.............................................................125

4.4. La chn m hnh QLTH lu vc sng M...........................................................126

4.4.1. Nhng nguyn tc xy dng m hnh QLTHLV sng M................................................1264.4.2.xut m hnh QLTH TNMT lu vc sng...................................................................1284.4.2.1. Tham kho mt sm hnh qun QLTH TNMT trn lu vc ................................1284.4.2.2. Trong nc...............................................................................................................131

4.4. Nhn xt chng 4 ....................................................................................................138CHNG 5: NGHIN CU XUT CC GII PHP QUN L TNG HP TINGUYN V MI TRNG LU VC SNG M..................................................................140

5.1. Gii php quy hoch tng hp lu vc...................................................................1405.2. Khai thc sdng hp l ti nguyn nc.............................................................140


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5.2.1.nh gi hin trng cc cng trnh cp nc ........................................ .........................1405.2.2. Nhu cu cp nc ........................................ ........................................... .........................1415.2.3. Phng n khai thc sdng ngun nc ...................................... ................................1425.2.4. Phng n tiu ng v chng l ......................................................................................146

5.2.4.1. Nhu cu chng lv phng n chng l................................................................146 5.2.4.2. Gii php tiu thot nc ma.................................................................................149

5.2.5. Gii php khai thc bc thang trn lu vc sng M......................................................1515.3. Gii php nh hng sdng ti nguyn t ......................................................1555.4. Gii php khai thc hp l ti nguyn khong sn ...............................................1575.5. Gii php nh hng khai thc hp l ti nguyn sinh vt.................................1605.6. Cc bin php qun l v bo vmi trng.........................................................1615.7. Xy dng cc cch, chnh sch, lut php...........................................................1665.8. Xy dng csthng tin dliu.............................................................................1665.9. Nng cao nng lc i ngQLTHLV.....................................................................1675.10. Sdng cc cng cchuyn ngnh trgip........................................................167

KT LUN V KIN NGH ...........................................................................................................170 I. Kt lun .........................................................................................................................170II. Kin ngh......................................................................................................................171


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iv

DANH MC BNG BIU

Bng 1.1 Phn bdin tch lu vc theo a gii hnh chnh..................................................................7Bng 1.2 Tllng nc (%) cc thng ma l..................................................................................16Bng 1.3 Tn sut (%) xut hin lln nht nm..................................................................................18Bng 1.4 Thp lgia sng M, sng Chu.........................................................................................18Bng 1.5 Lng nc (%) cc thng ma kit ti mt strm thuvn...............................................19

Bng 1.6 M un dng chy kit ti mt strm thuvn trn sng M ........................................... ..19Bng 1.7 Lng ct bn bnh qun thi k1960 - 2005 ti mt strm thuvn................................20Bng 1.8 Mc nc (m) triu ln nht, nhnht ti mt svtr trn sng..........................................21Bng 1.9 Ccu kinh t(%) trn lu vc sng M nm 2005..............................................................22Bng 1.10 Kt qusn xut nng nghip ca cc tnh trong lu vc ....................................... .............22Bng 1.11 Pht trin dn s(1.000 ngi) trn lu vc n nm 2020.................................................26Bng 1.12 Dbo cu kinh tcc tnh nm trong lu vc sng M ........................................ .............27Bng 1.13 Mc phn u sn lng lng thc quy thc .......................................... ...........................29Bng 1.14 Din tch canh tc (1000ha) tng lai v ccu cy trng...................................................30Bng 1.15 Cc cm cng nghip tp trung trn lu vc sng M ..................................... ....................30Bng 2.1 Cc loi t (ha) c sdng ti cc a phng trn lu vc ............................................37Bng 2.2 Tng hp din tch (ha) gieo trng bnh qun 5 nm (2000 - 2005) ti cc tnh ....................37Bng 2.3 Chi tit din tch (ha) gieo trng bnh qun 5 nm (2000 - 2005) theo cc vma ...............37

Bng 2.4 Danh mc v trlng m kho st c ....................................... ..................................40Bng 2.5 Cc loi rng thuc a phn Thanh Ho nm 2005...............................................................41Bng 2.6 Gi trsn xut ngnh lm nghip [44] so vi nm 1994 ............................................. .........42Bng 2.7 Cc khu bo tn thin nhin, Vn Quc gia, bo tn gien v khu di tch lch svn ho ...43Bng 2.8 Lng ma nm trung bnh nhiu nm ti trm ma trong v ln cn lu vc sng M.......45Bng 2.9 Tlcc ngun nc ang sdng ti tnh Thanh Ha ........................................ ................49Bng 2.10 Tng hp ngun kinh ph u txy dng cng trnh khai thc nc.................................49Bng 2.11 Tng lng nc bnh qun nhiu nm ton hthng ..................................... ....................50Bng 2.12 Tng lng dng chy nm trong a phn Thanh Ho .......................................... .............51Bng 2.13 Slng cng trnh khai thc nc trn cc sng trong tnh Thanh Ha - LVS M .........52Bng 2.14 Din tch mt nc nui trng thy sn tnh Thanh Ho......................................................53Bng 2.15 Cht lng nc trn cc sng M, Chu, Bi v m ti mt svtr trong t kho stngy 4/VIII/1995....................................................................................................................................54

Bng 2.16 Cht lng nc ti mt sv tr..........................................................................................56Bng 2.17 Mc chnh lch lng nc gia ma lv ma cn, gia thng ln nht v nhnhttrong nm ti mt strm thuvn........................................................................................................58Bng 2.18 Cc vng tm kim, thm d nh gi trlng NDLVS M..........................................60Bng 2.19 Mc nc ngm v lu lng cp nc ti tng qh1 ........................................... ................61Bng 2.20 Mc nc tnh v lu lng cp nc ti mt vng thuc ThXun, Yn nh, QungXng v Nng Cng ....................................... ............................................ .........................................62Bng 2.21: Kt qukho st ti mt slkhoan thuc tng h-p...........................................................62Bng 2.22 Lng cp nc ti mt sim lHong Ho, H Trung...............................................63Bng 2.23 Lu lng cp nc ln nht v nhnht ti mt sim l...........................................63Bng 2.24 Lng cp nc ln nht v nhnht ti mt sim lBc sng M v NhXun.....63Bng 2.25 Lu lng cp nc ln nht v nhnht ti mt sim lNng Cng v NhXun .64Bng 2.26 Mc nhim nc di t ti mt svtr iu tra ............................................. .........64Bng 3.1 Thay i tng lng bc x(Kcal/cm2) qua cc thi kti mt strm kh hu trong vngoi lu vc sng M...........................................................................................................................67Bng 3.2 Thay i ca nhit (0c) khng kh qua cc thi kti mt s trm kh tng trong vngoi lu vc sng M...........................................................................................................................67Bng 3.3 Thay i m (%) khng kh qua cc thi kti mt strm kh tng trong v ngoi luvc sng M...........................................................................................................................................68Bng 3.4 Thay i lng bc hi bnh qun nm qua cc thi kti mt strm kh tng trong vngoi lu vc sng M...........................................................................................................................68Bng 3.5 Scn bo bnh qun gy ma trn lu vc...........................................................................68


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Bng 3.6 Thay i lng ma nm qua cc thi k ti mt strm kh tng trong v ngoi lu vcsng M..................................................................................................................................................69Bng 3.7 Lng thuc bo vthc vt c sdng t2001-2004 ti Thanh Ho .............................70Bng 3.8 Mc bi vt TCCP ti mt sim quan trc trong 3 nm 2004-2006...........................72Bng 3.9 Dn snm 2005 v dbo tldn snng thn v thnh thgiai on 2010 - 2020 khuvc Bc Trung Bv Thanh Ho...........................................................................................................75Bng 3.10 Dbo nhit v lng ma trung bnh thp k2001 - 2010...........................................77Bng 3.11 Tn sut xut hin lln nht trong nm (ln, %)...............................................................78

Bng 3.12 Dn sti cc khu v tiu khu tnh n ngy 31-XII-2005 ..................................... .............82Bng 3.13 Nhu cu nc (103m3) dn sinh nm 2005 ......................................... ..................................82Bng 3.14 Dn snm 2005 v dn sdbo cho cc nm 2010, 2020...............................................83Bng 3.15 Nhu cu nc dn sinh nm 2010.........................................................................................84Bng 3.17 Tng nhu cu nc dn sinh nm 2005, 2010 v 2020 ........................................... .............85Bng 3.18 Din tch gieo trng (ha) ca cc loi cy trng nm 2005 ......................................... .........85Bng 3.19 Nhu cu nc cho trng trt nm 2005 ...................................... ..........................................86Bng 3.20 n gia sc gia cm (con) nm 2005....................................................................................87Bng 3.21 Nhu cu nc cho chn nui nm 2005................................................................................87Bng 3.22 Nhu cu nc cho chn ni nm 2010..................................................................................88Bng 3.23 Nhu cu nc cho chn nui nm 2020................................................................................88Bng 3.24 Tng nhu cu nc (103m3) chn nui nm 2005, 2010 v 2020.........................................89Bng 3.25 Lng nc cn (m3/s) cho sinh hot, cng nghip v dch v ............................................89Bng 3.26 Nhu cu nc nm 2005 ti cc khu cn bng......................................................................90Bng 3.27 Nhu cu nc ti cc khu cn bng nm 2010......................................................................91Bng 3.28 Nhu cu nc nm 2020 ti cc khu cn bng......................................................................91Bng 3.29 Nhu cu nc cho cc ngnh dng nc nm 2005 v dbo cho nm 2010, 2020 phn luvc sng M thuc Thanh Ho ........................................ .............................................. ........................92Bng 3.30 Kt qutnh ton tng quan cho cc tuyn c ti liu ngn. ............................................ ..94Bng 3.31 Lu lng (m3/s) vi tn sut 75% ti cc nt cn bng khi u .......................................95Bng 3.32 Lng bc hi (mm) o bng ng piche bnh qun thi k1960 -2005 ca trm Thanh Hov Yn nh ........................................ ........................................... ............................................... .........95Bng 3.33 Lng ma thng, nm bnh qun thi k1960 - 2005........................................................96Bng 3.34 Lng nc thiu (106m3) nm 2005 ti mt skhu cn bng.............................................97Bng 3.35 Lng nc thiu nm 2020 ti Trung sng Bi................................................................98Bng 3.36 Chskh hn ti 12 trm kh tng trong 12 thng v nm.............................................104Bng 3.37 Nng cc yu tphn tch (mmg/l) nc sng..............................................................112Bng 3.38 mn ln nht (0/00) trc v sau cc thi kquan trc ti mt s sng.........................113Bng 5.1 Nhu cu nc (106m3)mt rung v lng nc thiu ti cc vng.....................................142Bng 5.2 Phn vng sdng ngun nc trn cc sng sui..............................................................146Bng 5.3 Nhu cu chng ltrn cc trin sng vng h du.................................................................147Bng 5.4 Mc tn cao theo A6 - 77 ................................... ........................................... ..................148Bng 5.5 Din tch ng (ha) cn tn ti hdu sng M....................................................................150Bng 5.6 Cc hcha dkin trn hthng sng M.........................................................................151Bng 5.7 Mt schtiu hcha tng cng ca cc strn sng Chu..........................................152Bng 5.8 Mt schtiu tng cng ca cc strn sng M.........................................................153Bng 5.9 Mc nc (m) lsng M khi c skhai thc ....................................... .........................154Bng 5.10 mn (1%0)max trn dc sng theo s.......................................................................155

Bng 5.11 Phn loi tnh bn vng theo thi gian ........................................ .......................................156


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DANH MC HNH V

Hnh 1.1 Lu vc sng M, phn trn lnh thVit Nam.......................................................................3Hnh 1.1a Bn hnh chnh lu vc sng M.......................................................................................4Hnh 1.1b Cc huyn thuc LVS M ca tnh in Bin ........................................... .............................5Hnh 1.1c Cc huyn thuc LVS M ca tnh Sn La ................................... ..........................................5Hnh 1.1d Cc huyn thuc LVS M ca tnh Ha Bnh.........................................................................6

Hnh 1.1e Huyn QuPhong (NghAn) trong lu vc sng M............................................................6Hnh 1.2 Bn mng li sng sui lu vc sng M thuc a phn Thanh Ho...............................7Hnh 1.3 Bn a hnh lu vc sng M .......................................... ........................................... ........9Hnh 1.4 Bn a cht lu vc sng M............................................................................................10Hnh 1.5 Bn phn bthm phthc vt lu vc sng M..............................................................13Hnh 1.6 Phn phi lng ma nm trung bnh nhiu nm ti trm Thanh Ha ...................................15Hnh 1.7 Phn phi dng chy nm trung bnh nhiu nm ti trm Cm Thy.....................................17Hnh 1.8 Phn phi dng chy nm trung bnh nhiu nm ti trm Ca t.........................................17Hnh 2.1 Bn phn loi sdng t phn lu vc sng M thuc thanh ha...................................36Hnh 2.2 Bn phn bim qung trong tnh Thanh Ha ....................................... ........................40Hnh 2.3 Bn ng trma chun ma nm......................................................................................47Hnh 2.4 Bn ng trchun dng chy nm .......................................... ..........................................51Hnh 2.5 Hm lng BOD5dc sng M vng trung lu...................................................................57

Hnh 2.6 Hm lng NH3(N) dc sng Mvng trung lu.................................................................57Hnh 2.7 Hm lng BOD5dc sng Chuvng trung lu ....................................... ...........................57Hnh 3.1 Bn phn vng cn bng nc .......................................... ........................................... ......81Hnh 3.2 Sha mng li sng trn giao din chnh ca m hnh MIKE BASIN ...........................94Hnh 3.3 Stnh ton cn bng nc nm 2005 ...................................... .........................................97Hnh 3.4 Stnh ton cn bng nc cho thi k2010 v 2020 ............................................. .........98Hnh 3.5 Phn bchskh hn trung bnh nm ........................................ ........................................104Hnh 3.6 Phn bchskh hn trung bnh thng 1 ........................................... ................................105Hnh 3.7 Phn bchskh hn trung bnh thng 2 ........................................... ................................105Hnh 3.8 Phn bchskh hn trung bnh thng 3 ........................................... ................................106Hnh 3.9 Phn bchskh hn trung bnh thng 4 ........................................... ................................106Hnh 3.10 Phn bchskh hn trung bnh thng 5 ..................................... ....................................107Hnh 3.11 Phn bchskh hn trung bnh thng 6 ..................................... ....................................107

Hnh 3.12 Phn bchskh hn trung bnh thng 7 ..................................... ....................................108Hnh 3.13 Phn bchskh hn trung bnh thng 8 ..................................... ....................................108Hnh 3.14 Phn bchskh hn trung bnh thng 9 ..................................... ....................................109Hnh 3.15 Phn bchskh hn trung bnh thng 10 .......................................... .............................109Hnh 3.16 Phn bchskh hn trung bnh thng 11 .......................................... .............................110Hnh 3.17 Phn bchskh hn trung bnh thng 12 .......................................... .............................110Hnh 4.1 SKin nghQLTHLVS lu vc sng M ..................................... ................................135


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Trng Cao ng Ti nguyn v mi trng H Ni - B Ti nguyn v Mi trng 1

LI MU

Sng M l mt con sng ln nht ca min Trung, chy qua nhiu tnhtrong nc v tnh Sm Na ca Nc Cng ho Dn chNhn dn Lo m trn cc hot ng khai thc phc vcho pht trin kinh tx hi rt si ng,nht l vng ng bng thuc lnh thThanh Ho.

Nhng cc hot ng khai thc ti nguyn trn lu vc cha c squn

l thng nht. Cc hot ng cn phthuc vo chin lc ring ca mi a

phng khng c quy hoch thng nht trong lu vc v cha thc hin qun l

tng hp thng nht theo lu vc sng cng nh cha c s phi hp chung

trong cng tc bo vmi trng trn lu vc. Bi vy, vic khai thc sdng

ti nguyn l cha hp l, hiu qucn rt thp, y trn lu vc xut

hin du hiu suy thoi ti nguyn v mi trng.Nhn thc c vn , nhiu c quan, nhiu nh khoa hc tin

hnh nhiu nghin cu vti nguyn v mi trng trn lu vc nhm khai thchp l, c hiu qu, phng chng gim nhthin tai, tham gia bo vmi trngnh: nghin cu pht trin bn vng ti nguyn t, bo vrng, qun l v khaithc khong sn, ti nguyn nc, kh tng thuvn trn lu vc, nghin cuv xut cc bin php gim nhthin tai. Cc nghin cu l n l, ccbmi a phng m cha c nghin cu thng nht, tng thtrn lu vc,

nht l cc nghin cu vqun l ti nguyn v vic bo vmi trng chungtrn lu vc.Bi vy, ti: Nghin cu qun l tng hp ti nguyn v mi trng

lu vc sng M c trin khai l nhm khc phc v gim nhhn chtrn.Tuy nhin do phn lu vc thuc Nc Cng ho Dn chNhn dn Lo

khng c sliu, phn nm trn cc tnh thng lu dn ccn tha tht, kinht li cha pht trin, s liu cng khng nhiu v cha cc c s trinkhai cc nghin cu ti y, vic thu thp sliu cng cho thy rng: trsliuvti nguyn nc l tng i y cn sliu vcc dng ti nguyn khc

thiu rt nhiu. Bi vy, ti chgii hn trong phn lu vc sng M thuctnh Thanh Ho v ly ti nguyn nc lm i tng nghin cu chnh.

Cu trc ca ti c 84 biu bng, 30 hnh vv 5 chng cthl:Chng 1: Tng quan viu kin tnhin v kinh tx hi trn lu vc

sng M


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Chng 2: Hin trng khai thc Ti nguyn v mi trng lu vc sngM

Chng 3: Nguyn nhn v khnng suy thoi ti nguynmi trng trnlu vc sng M

Chng 4: Nghin cu qun l tng hp lu vc sng M

Chng 5:Cc gii php qun l tng hp ti nguyn v mi trng luvc sng M

Mc d rt cgng nhng do cn thiu nhiu thng tin nn ti vn cnnhiu thiu st. V vy, Tc gi rt mong nhn c sgp chn thnh cabn c quan tm.

Nhng kin ng gp xin gi vTrng Cao ng Ti nguyn v Mitrng H Ni, s41A, K1, Cu Din, TLim, H Ni.

Xin chn thnh cm n./.


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CHNG 1: TNG QUAN VIU KIN TNHIN V KINH TX HITRN LU VC SNG M

1.1. Sng M v hthng sng M

1.1.1. Vtr a l

Sng M l con sng ln nht ca Min Trung, bt ngun tdy ni BonKho, cao 2.178 m thuc huyn Tun Gio tnh Lai Chu, chy theo hngTy Bc - ng Nam qua 5 tnh trong nc (Hnh 1.1): Lai Chu, Sn La, HoBnh, NghAn, Thanh Ho v tnh Sm Na ca nc Cng ho Dn chNhndn Lo ri ra bin ng ti Ca Hi (Lch Tro) v hai ca ph l LchTrng v Lch Sung.

Hnh 1.1 Lu vc sng M, phn trn lnh thVit Nam


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Hnh 1.1a Bn hnh chnh lu vc sng M

Ton blu vc nm trong phm vi: t1903730 n 2103730N v t10300800 n 10600510E. Lu vc sng M gip vi: lu vc sng vsng Bi pha Bc; lu vc sng M Kng pha Ty; lu vc sng Hiu vsng Yn pha Nam cn pha ng l Bin ng.

Phn LVS M thuc tnh in Bin bao gm cc huyn Tun Gio vin Bin ng vi cc phlu chnh l Nm Khoai thuc huyn Tun Gio vNm Mhuyn in Bin ng. Tng din tch phn lu vc ny l 2.550 km2.


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Hnh 1.1b Cc huyn thuc LVS M ca tnhin Bin

Phn LVS M thuc tnh Sn La bao gm cc huyn gm: Sng M, SpCp.

Hnh 1.1c Cc huyn thuc LVS M ca tnh Sn La


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Phn LVS M thuc tnh Ho Bnh gm cc huyn Mai Chu, Tn Lc,Lc Sn.

Hnh 1.1d Cc huyn thuc LVS M ca tnh Ha BnhPhn LVS M thuc tnh NghAn chc huyn QuPhong.

Hnh 1.1e Huyn QuPhong (NghAn) trong lu vc sng M


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1.1.2. Hthng sng

Lu vc sng M (Hnh 1.2) c din tch l 28.400 km2(Bng 1.1), vichiu di sng l 512 km, chiu di lu vc l 421 km, cao bnh qun lu vcl 762 m, dc bnh qun lu vc l 17, 6% v rng bnh qun lu vc l68,8 km.

2174000

2134000

2154000

594720

2294000

2274000

2254000

2214000

2234000

2194000

534720

554720

554720

574720

574720

594720534720

Binn

g

Lo

25

2214000

454720

434720 454720 474720

494720

494720

514720

514720

0 12.5

1 cm trn bn ng vi 25 km thc a

434720 474720

2234000

2254000

2274000

2294000

2154000

2134000

2174000

2194000

Ranh gii hnh chnh huyn

Ranh gii hnh chnh Tnh

Ranh gii Quc Gia

Giao Thng

Trm thu vn

Trm kh t n g

Sng , su i , h

C h g i i

Ni nh B nh

Ngh An

Mai Chu

Quan Ho

Sng M

S n g M

S n g C h u

Sn La

Ho B nh

Thanh Ho

Thanh Ho

Sm Sn

Quan Sn

Ngc Lc

Vnh Lc

Triu Sn

Hu Lc

Tnh Gia

Bm Sn

Lang Chnh

Yn nh Nga Sn

Nh Xun Nng Cng

M ng Lt

Cm Thy

Th Xun

Hong Ho

Nh Thanh

H Trung

Thng Xun

ng Sn

B Thc

Thiu Ho

Qung Xng

Thch Thnh

Lc Sn

Tn Lc

Yn Thu

Hui Hua

Sng Yn

Vc Bn

Sng Lch Tr ng

Sng Cao

Sng Chu Sng Chu

Sng ConSng Con

H Di

H Mu MaSng Bi

Sng m

Su

iPun

QuTian

Sng

Hu

R

Sngi

Hn Lun

SgCuChy SngC

n

NmBung

So

ngTong

S.Cy

Gan

g

K h e C N

g

a

SngLuc

HongGiang

sngBi

Sg.Nam

Bo

SuiCh

m

Sn g L u ng

BaThu

ng

Sui L

n

Sn

gCi SngC

hu

Sng

Lng

M ng Ching

C hu C hing H i X un

C Cnh

Bi Thng

Xm Gi

Cc Phng Bng

Cm Thu

Bi Sim

Yn nh

Nng Cng

Ging

Qung Xng

Tnh Gia

H Trung

Hong Ha

Lch Trng

Nga Sn

Ping Ve

P Bin

Dch Giao

Gia M

Tun oM n g L t

Hi Xun

Chm G ing

L a n g C h n h

C a t

Bi Thn g

Cm T hu

T hch Lm

Xun Khnh

L Nhn

C h u i

Kim Tn

G ing

Ngc T r

H o n g T n

C T hn

Hnh 1.2 Bn mng li sng sui lu vc sng M thuc a phn Thanh Ho

Trong 28.400 km2ca lu vc, phn thuc Thanh Ho l 8.965,92 km2,chim 31,2% din tch lu vc v 48,9 % phn lu vc thuc lnh th VitNam, phn lu vc thuc lnh thLo khong 10.200 km2, chim 35,9 %, phncn li thuc Lai Chu, Sn La, Ho Bnh v NghAn (Bng1.1).

Bng 1.1 Phn bdin tch lu vc theo a gii hnh chnhDin tch tnhin

(km2)

Din tch tnhin

(km2)TT

n v

hnhchnh (km2) (%)

TT

n v

hnhchnh (km2) (%)

1

2

3

Lai Chu

Sn La

Ho Bnh

2.094,7

4.770,0

1.778,38

7,30

16,8

6,23

4

5

6

NghAn

Thanh Ho

Lo

658,1

8.965,9

10.200,0

2,30

31,2

35,9


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H thng sng M c 90 con sng nhnh cc loi [70], trong c 40sng nhnh cp I, 33 sng nhnh cp II, 16 sng nhnh cp III v 01 sng nhnhcp IV.

Trong 40 nhnh cp I c 5 sng c din tch lu vc (F) ln hn 1.000km2:

a. Sng Nm Khoai: Bt ngun tv210

37 30 N v 1030

10 40 E,vo sng M Hui Tia (21018 30N v 103032 40 E), cch ca Ca Hi434,5 km. Sng Nm Khoai c din tch lu vc (F) l 1.640 km2v chiu disng (L) l 62,5 km.

b. Sng Nm Lng:Bt ngun tv20017 20 N v 104019 40E, vo sng M ti Quan Ho (20034 20 N v 103010 40 E), cch CaHi 170 km. Sng Nm Lng c F l 1.580 km2, trong phn Vit Nam l772 km2, phn thuc Lo l 808 km2 v L l 102 km.

c. Sng L:Bt ngun tv20010 00 N v 103036 50 E, vosng M ti Quan Ho (20034 20 N v 105006 00 N), cch Ca Hi 168km. Sng L c F l 1.000 km2, trong phn Vit Nam l 463 km2, phnthuc Lo l 537 km2v L l 76,0 km.

d. Sng Bi:L mt sng nhnh tng i ln nm tngn sng M,bt ngun tni Chu, Ho Bnh (20041 10 N v 105014 50 E) nhp vosng M ti Vnh Khang (20000 40 N v 105038 30 E), cch Trm Thuvn L Nhn 1 km vpha hlu vi F l 1.794 km2v L l 130km.

e. Sng Chu: Sng Chu l phlu ln nht ca sng M, bt ngun tv

20026 50 N v 105053 30 E, vo sng M ti Ging (20034 20 Nv 10504510 E), cch Ca Hi 25 km. Sng Chu c F l 7.580 km2, trong phn Vit Nam l 3.010 km2, phn thuc Lo l 4.570 km2), L l 325 km(phn Vit Nam l 160 km), c cao bnh qun lu vc l 790 m, dcbnh qun lu vc l 18,3%, rng bnh qun lu vc l 29,8 km. Nm 1920,trn sng Chu ngi Php xy dng p dng Bi Thng nhm dn ncti cho vng pha Nam sng to nn hthng Thunng Nam sng Chu. Ngynay, hthng ny c nng cp v ci to vi nng lc ti cho 49.000 ha

v 8.000 ha tnc hi quy. Sng Chu c mt snhnh quan trng rt ng ch l:1) Sng Khao: Sng Khao nm pha t ngn sng Chu, bt ngun t

bin gii Vit Lo (19058 40 N v 10403720 E), nhp vo sng Chu ti Ngba Khao (19051 10 N v 10501420 E), cch Ng ba Ging 83,5 km, c F l

405 km2v L l 43 km.


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2) Sng t: Sng t nm pha hu ngn sng Chu, bt ngun tNghAn (19044 20 N v 10500820 E), vo sng Chu ti Ng ba Cat (19052 20 N v 10501655 E), cch Ging 75,5 km. Sng t c F l285 km2v L l 26 km.

3) Sng ng: Sng ng nm pha hu ngn sng Chu, bt ngun t

Xm Chp, NhXun (190

30 10 N v 1050

2050 E), vo sng Chu tiTrang Hin (19052 30 N v 10502130 E), cch Ging 64 km. Sng ng cF l 345 km2v L l 32 km.

4) Sng m: Sng m, nm pha tngn sng Chu, bt ngun tBnMng, bin gii Vit Lo (20005 30 N v 10505740 E), vo sng Chuti ti Bn Sui (19055 20 N v 10502210 E), cch Ging 55,0 km. Sngm c F l 761 km2, L l 83 km.

1.2. iu kin tnhin lu vc sng M

1.2.1. a hnha hnh lu vc (Hnh 1.3) thp dn tTy Bc xung ng Nam v

c to bi 3 vng r rt [36]:

Hnh 1.3 Bn a hnh lu vc sng Ma. Vng ni cao


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Vng ni cao thuc thng du h thng sng M c din tch khong21.900 km2c tnh tQuan Ha v Thng Xun tr ln, l vng ni caokhng u, vi hai cnh cung pha Bc, Nam sng M, l phn ko di ca dyHong Lin Sn v phn bt u ca dy Trng Sn vi nh cao nht l nhPhu Lan, cao 2.275 m.

b. Vng g iVng g i thuc trung lu h thng sng M, c din tch khong

3.500 km2, bao gm cc huyn Tn Lc, Lc Sn, Thch Thnh, B Thc,Ngc Lc, Lang Chnh, Triu Sn, to thnh vnh ai m ly ng bng ThanhHo.

c. Vng ng bngVng ng bng nm trn a phn Thanh Ho l phn hdu ca sng c

din tch khong 3.000 km2, c tnh tCm Ngc, Kim Tn, Bi Thng tr

xung c cao t0,5 - 20 m, nghing tTy Bc xung ng Nam, trong ri rc cn nhng ngn ni nh: Sm Sn, Lch Trng v Hm Rng. Chnhschia ct ca a hnh to nn sbin i ca kh hu v thuvn theovng.

1.2.2. a cht

a cht trn lu vc (Hnh 1.4) c chia lm 3 vng:

Hnh 1.4 Bn a cht lu vc sng M


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- Vng thng ngun sng M, sng Chu v sng Bi nham thch chyu l trm tch Macma. Dc theo sng c nhiu ct si.

- Vng trung lu sng M, sng Chu l phn ko di i sng M thng lu nhng chm xung di np ph, i chc nh ln, khng lintc. Vng ny tng phdy (15 - 20 m), vt liu xy dng rt phong ph.

- Vng hlu c to bi tng Preterozoi Nm C (mng ca i) v htng Paleozoi sm ng Sn pht trin rng ri Tp. Thanh Ho vi trm tchMerozoi l chyu [31, 32, 44, 69].

1.2.3. Thnhng

So vi ton quc, lu vc sng M c 40/60 loi t c xp thnh 11nhm [9, 25, 36] chnh (Hnh 1.5):

1)t ct ven bin c tn l: Arennosols:c khong 16.000 - 17.000 ha,

ch yu Nga Sn, Hu Lc, Hong Ho, th x Sm Sn v Qung Xngthch hp cho vic trng cy chu hn, cy cng nghip ngn ngy.Loi t ny thng c a hnh sng ln, xen kgia vng a hnh cao

v vng trng, kh thot nc, t c mu xm trng, nu hoc vng nht vithnh phn cgii: ct pha, ct th ti xp, ngho dinh dng, dtiu, chua van chua t: pH = 5,5 - 7,0.

2) Nhm t nhim mn hay t Salic Fuvisols: c khong 12.000 -13.000 ha chyu vng ven bin casng M nh: Nga Sn, Hu Lc, HongHo, Qung Xng, thx Sm Sn. t c nhiu mn do ph sa to nn, mu

en hoc xm nht, c m cao thch hp cho vic nui trng thu sn vtrng ci.

3) Nhm t nhim phn:c khong 6.700 ha va bmn va b chua.Loi t ny tp trung chyu ca sng v c sdng cy la nhng nngsut khng cao, cn c ci to.

4) t ph sa hay t Fluvisol: chim 79% tng din tch t nngnghip Thanh Ho v 50% tng din tch t nng nghip ca lu vc sng M(142.259 ha) c phn bchyu vng ng bng chu th. nh: ng Sn,

H Trung, Hu Lc, Hong Ho, Thiu Ho, Yn nh, Nga Sn, QungXng. Loi t ny c ngun gc tph sa ca sng M v sng Yn, nhngchyu l sng M.

5)t ly v than bn:c khong 10.595 ha, phn bchyu trung duv min ni ca Thanh Ho c a hnh dng thung lng do dc t.


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6) Nhm t xm bc mu:c khong 32.000 ha, bbc mu, ph kmphn bchyu cc huyn min ni Ho Bnh v Thanh Ho.

7) Nhm t en: c khong 17.000 ha, tp trung min ni Thanh Ho,c nhiu hm lng: Mg, Ca, CaO v cc vi lng khc.

8) t vng:chim khong 80% din tch i ni (ti Thanh Ho c

khong 637.000 ha), tng t dy v phn ln l rng v rng ti sinh.9) t mn vng trn ni:chyu cao t700 1.500m, thuc

vng thng ngun sng M, sng Chu v sng Bi, a hnh dc ng v huht cn rng che ph. Ti Thanh Ho, loi t ny c khong 87.000 ha. 10)t thung lng: chim t l nh v phn b hu ht cc huyn min ni,thng ngun sng. t thng xuyn c nc ngm lm snh ly, ph cao vbchua. Ti Thanh Ho, loi t ny c khong 6.884 ha.

11)t xi mn trsi :chim khong 5% din tch lu vc, c ngun

gc t, ct do bra tri xi mn mnh, tng canh tc mng di 30 cm. Loit ny tp trung chyu vng trung du v min ni.Nhn xtTrong 11 loi t lu vc, phn thuc Thanh Ho c 8 loi: t ct ven

bin, t mn, t ph sa, t ly Gly, t en, t xm bc mu, t v tmn trsi .

Trong 8 loi t thanh Ho, t ph sa l loi t chyu vng ngbng v loi t quan trng to nn mt nn nng nghip bn vng aphng.


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1.2.4. Thm ph

Hnh 1.5 Bn phn bthm phthc vt lu vc sng M

Lp phtrn lu vc c nghin cu bao gm:

a. Thm thc vt tnhin- Rng kn l rng xanh nhit i m vi cu trc nhiu tng l loi rng

tnhin, c che phrt ln (kn) cn tn ti Cc phng, Thng Xun,Quan Sn, Sng M, Lc Sn, Tn Lc...- Rng th sinh l loi rng ph bin trn lu vc c tn dy, ph kn

nhng khng nhiu tng v thp.- Rng tre na nhit i m l loi rng phn bkhp ni, nhng chyu

Thanh Ho.- Rng na thsinh phn brt nhiu ni trn lu vc, l loi rng ang

c phc hi sau nhiu kkhai thc.- Rng hn giao c che phkn l loi rng cy l rng, l kim xen k

tre na v cy bi c ch1 tng, c ch2 - 3 tng phn bnhiu ni.- Rng l kim (chyu l thng), che ph thp l loi rng ti sinh,

phn bchyu trn cc i ni thp.- Rng hn giao cy l rng v l kim c che phln cn rt t trn ni

cao.


22/257


- Trng bi c th sinh nhit i m phn ban xen rng tre na thsinh pht trin rng khp.

- Trng bi cthsinh nhit i phn btrn ni cao, c cu trc tha,thp.

- Trng bi cthsinh nhit i trn vi, thp tha xen vi l.

b. Thm thc vt trng- La nc v hoa mu: Phn bchyu vng ng bng, vng trng

gia cc khe ni v thung lng.- Rng trng: phn bri rc trn cc i ni v ng bng.- Nng ry: phn bchyu trn cc i ni thp, sn ni....- Cc qun thkhc rt nh l trong vn tp, hng ro.. phn bkhp

trong cc khu dn c.

c. Nhn xt

Thm thc vt trn lu vc rt phong ph vkiu, loi c hnh thnhdo phn ho ca kh hu, a hnh v do stc ng ca con ngi.a hnh lu vc chim vai tr rt quan trng trong vic hnh thnh lp

phthc vt trn lu vc: a hnh ni cao thng gn vi vic hnh thnh ccloi thm phrng kn l rng xanh nhit i m, trng bi c... a hnh nithp hnh thnh cc rng kn l rng xanh nhit i m, trng bi cthsinh, trena.. a hnh vng ng bng l thm phcy nng nghip la nc, cy nqu, hoa mu...

Trong cc kiu thm thc vt, kiu thc vt thsinh, thc vt trng l ch

yu. Thm thc vt tnhin nguyn sinh cn rt t ni kh khai thc, kh vnchuyn.

1.2.5. Kh tng

Lu vc sng M nm trong vng kh hu nhit i gi ma; ma magn vi ma gi ma ng Nam, gi Lo, thng tthng V n thng X, thitit nng m, nhiu bo v ma t ma gn vi thi krt lnh do gi ma ngBc, thng tthng XII n thng IV. Ma ma trn lu vc sng Chu thngn chm hn trn lu vc sng M 1- 2 thng.

Trong nm, ma tp trung chyu vo ma ma v thng c nhng trnma ln nht, thng ma ln nht v mt sthng c lng ma ln nht phthuc vo cc vng a l khc nhau. Cthl:

- Ti vng Sn La, ba thng VI, VII, VIII c lng ma nhiu nht chimkhong 52 - 57% tng lng ma nm, thp nht ti Mc Chu (52%), cao nhtti Sng M (57%), thng c ma ln nht l thng VI ti Lai Chu (22% tng


23/257


lng ma nm) hay thng VIII ti Sng M (17 - 20%) v thng ma t nht lXII hoc thng I (1 - 2% tng lng ma nm).

- Vng ni Thanh Ho (hnh 1.6) v Ho Bnh, ba thng VII - IX c manhiu nht, chim 48 - 62%, ni thp nht ti Lang Chnh (48%), ni cao nhtti Cm Thu(62%), thng c ma ln nht l thng VIII (17 - 20%) v thng

ma t nht l thng XII hoc thng I (1 - 2% lng ma nm).

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Thng

Lngma(mm)

Thanh Ha 20 25 45 96 147 230 225 246 125 47 28 22

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Hnh 1.6 Phn phi lng ma nm trung bnh nhiu nm ti trm Thanh Ha

- Vng Sng Chu, ng bng Thanh Ho v vng ven bin pha Nam: bathng c ma ln nht l VIII - X, chim 46 - 60%, ni thp nht ti Ca t v

Bi Thng (46%), ni cao nht Hu Lc (60%); thng c lng ma cao nhtl IX, chim khong 18 - 26% lng ma nm v thng thp nht l thng I,chim 1% lng ma nm.

- Vng ven bin pha Bc, ba thng ma ln nht li l VII - IX, chim 46-59%, ni thp nht ti Sm Sn (46%), ni cao nht ti Lch Trng (59%);thng c ma nhiu nht l thng IX, chim khong 24 - 26% lng ma nmv thng thp nht l thng I (1- 2% lng ma nm).

Phn lu vc sng M thuc Vit Nam tng xy ra nhng trn mangy c lng ma rt ln: ti ng Sn l 731,5 mm (24 - IX - 1963), ti Ngc

Lc l 750,0 mm (21- IX - 1975) ti Lang Chnh l 735,0 mm (14 - XI - 1966)v ti P Pin (Mai Chu) l 324 mm (10 - IX - 1963).

1.2.6. Thuvn

1) Phn ma dng chy


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Tng tvi ma kh hu l hai ma dng chy; Ma lthng xy ra tthng V - XI cn ma cn thng bt u tcc thng XII n thng IV v phthuc vo cc vng a l kh hu khc nhau.

Ma ltrn dng chnh sng M (ti X L v Cm Thu) xy ra trong 5thng (VI - X) v trn sng Chu, ma lthng chm hn 1- 2 thng (VII - XI),

ph hp vi schm dn vpha Nam ca cc hin tng thi tit nc ta.Kho st mt syu tlcho thy:

a) Dng chy ma l- Lng dng chy ma l.+ Trn sng M: ma lchim khong 73 - 74% tng lng nc nm.+ Trn sng Chu, chim khong 71% (Bng 1.2). Ti Bi Thng, nc

sng Chu vma cn c chuyn vo h thng Thunng sng Chu nn ttrng dng chy lti Xun Khnh cao hn cc ni khc, chim ti 86%.

- Lng lbnh qun thng ln nht trn sng:thng l thng VIII trnsng M v chim t 20 - 23% tng lng nc nm cn trn sng Chu lithng IX v chim t20 - 27% tng lng nc nm.

Bng 1.2 Tllng nc (%) cc thng ma lLng nc (%) trong cc thng ma l

Trm SngVI VII VIII IX X XI

Ma l

(%)

Mng Hinh

Ca t

Xun Khnh

X L

Cm Thu

Chu

Chu

Chu

M

M

09

09

10

11

10

16

14

16

15

18

23

20

21

20

24

17

19

16

17

18

09

11

08

08

16

71

71

86

74

73

- Lng lbnh qun ba thng lin tc ln nhtBa thng lin tc c l ln nht trn sng M thng l cc thng

VII,VIII, IX v chim t53% (Cm Thu) n 56% (X L) tng lng ncnm cn trn sng Chu l VIII, IX, X v chim t52% (ti Ca t) n 60%(Xun Khnh).

- c trng l

+ Lln nht (Qmax) trong nm: thng xut hin vo thng VIII hocthng IX, thng X trn sng M v t tn sut lt31 % ti Cm Thu(VIII,IX) ti 47,4 % (hnh 1.7) ti X L (VIII) cn trn sng Chu thng xut hinvo thng IX vi tn sut t 41,7 % ti Ca t (Bng 1.3) (hnh 1.8).


25/257


0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Thng

LulngQ

(m3)s)

Cm Thy 140 118 105 111 161 354 578 814 777 433 252 172


Hnh 1.7 Phn phi dng chy nm trung bnh nhiu nm ti trm Cm Thy

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Thng

LulngQ

(m3)s)

Cat 55 45 40 43 76 124 156 232 292 262 126 73


Hnh 1.8 Phn phi dng chy nm trung bnh nhiu nm ti trm Cat

* Nm c lc bit ln trn sng M ti Cm Thul 1927 vi Qmax =9.300 m3/s v Mmax = 531,4 l/s/km2; nm 1975 vi Qmax = 7.900 m3/s v

Mmax = 451,4 l/s/km2; ti X L c Qmax= 6.930 m3/s v Mmax = 1.077 l/s/km2(1/ IX/1975).


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Bng 1.3 Tn sut (%) xut hin lln nht nmTn sut l(%) trong cc thng ma l

Trm SngSnm

QT V VI VII VIII IX X XI

X L

Cm Thu

Ca t

M

M

Chu

38

42

36

2,6 10,5

2,78

23,7

21,4

11,1

47,4

31,0

19,4

15,8

31,0

41,7

14,3

16,7

2,38

8,4

* Nm c lc bit ln trn sng Chu l nm 1962 v ti Ca t cQmax = 8130 m3/s, Mmax = 1316 l/s/km2, lm v ti Xun Khnh.+ Cng sut l:Cng sut l trn sng M bin i kh mnh, bnh

qun khong 15 - 20 cm/gi(ti Xun Khnh v Cm Thy), cao nht c thtti 80 - 100 cm/gi.

*Trn sng M, mc nc ln nht xut hin vo thng X - 1927: ti Hi

Xun: Hmax = 67,80 m, Hmax = 11,01m; Ti Cm Thu: Hmax = 22,88 m,

Hmax = 11,82 m.* Trn sng Chu, mc nc ln nht xy ra ngy 29/IX/1962: ti Bi

Thng: Hmax = 21,54 m; ti Xun Khnh: Hmax = 14,35 m.* Ti Ging, mc nc ln nht li xy ra ngy 11/IX/1980 l 7,18 m.

Bng 1.4 Thp lgia sng M, sng ChuCm Thu Xun Khnh

TT Nm Q

max(m3/s)

TT Q

max(m3/s)

TTTng Q max

(m3/s)

Thtln,

b

1 1964 3.180 13 3.530 7 6.710 6

2 1965 2.340 22 1.370 28 3.710 14

3 1967 2.210 25 1.750 25 3.960 13

4 1968 5.700 4 2.890 10 8.590 3

5 1973 6.700 2 5.110 1 11.810 1

6 1974 3.310 11 2.690 16 6.000 8

7 1980 4.040 5 4.630 3 8.670 2

8 1983 3.730 9 1.590 26 5.320 11

9 1985 3.850 7 3.110 9 6.960 5

10 1987 2.340 23 2.870 11 5.210 12

11 1988 4.000 6 4.420 5 8.420 4

12 1989 2.860 15 2.470 17 5.330 10

13 1992 1.700 29 4.525 4 6.225 7

14 1995 2.730 17 2.860 12 5.590 9


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+ T hp lgia sng M v sng Chu:Theo s liu quan trc trongthi k1964 - 2005, c 15 nm lln nht ti Ging do lxy ra ng thi trncsng M v sng Chu (Bng 1.4) vi xc sut 34,1%.

Trn llch s27/VIII/1973 ti Ging l sgp nhau ca lln th3 trnsng M v ln th2 trn sng Chu. Trn llch sX - 1927 l trn lc bit

ln trn sng M. Nhng trn sng Chu, ti Xun Khnh chtng i ln [2]v tng ng lln th4 (1966).

Tng lng l ln nht nm 1962 ca sng M v sng Chu t ti10.740 m3/s (6.700 m3/s v 4.040 m3/s ti Xun Khnh v Cm Thu) gn bnglln nht nm 1973 nhng v lti Xun Khnh (29/IX) xut hin trc ltiCm Thu01 ngy (30-IX) nn lti hdu khng ln lm v khng c coi ltrng hp gp nhau ln nht gia lhai sng.

Ma cn ko di 7 thng (XI - V nm sau) v thng chm hn ma mat1 n 2 thng. Kho st mt syu tdng chy cn c ththy:

b) Dng chy ma cn- Lng dng chy cn.* Trn sng M, ma cn chim khong 26 - 27 % lng nc nm.Bng 1.5 Lng nc (%) cc thng ma kit ti mt strm thuvn

Lng dng chy thngTrm

thuvn XI XII I II III IV V VI

Ma

cn

Mng Hinh

Ca t

X L

Cm Thu

6

6

5

5

4

4

4

4

4

3

3

3

3

3

2,6

2,7

2,7

2,6

3

3

3

3

4

4

4

4

8

7

29,6

29,7

26,7

25,6

*Trn sng Chu, lng dng chy ma cn chim khong gn 30% lngnc trong nm (Bng 1.5).

- Thng c lng dng chy cn nhnht.Thng c lng dng chy nhnht l thng III (trn chai sng), ch

chim khong 2,6 2,7 % lng nc trong nm. Ring ti Xun Khnh, lng

nc ma kit chchim 1% lng nc trong nm.

- c trng dng chy kit.+ M un dng chy kit. M dun dng chy kit c tnh vi thi on

30 ngy lin tc kit nht v 1 ngy kit c thng k trong (bng 1.6).Bng 1.6 M un dng chy kit ti mt strm thuvn trn sng M

Trm quan trc SngMTB30K

(l/s/km2)

Mkngy(l/s/km2)

M0

(l/s/km2)


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Hi Xun

Cm Thu

Trung H

VBn

Ca t

Xun Khnh

Xun Thng

Xun Cao

Lang Chnh

M

-

L

Bi

Chu

Chu

ng

H.L

m

5,13

5,36

5,36

3,92

3,37

1,41

3,34

5,92

11,20

3,37

4,12

4,80

2,92

2,72

1,06

1,39

3,24

8,69

16,9

19,1

25,3

32,2

20,4

18,8

29,3

29,9

42,3

M un 30 ngy kit nht v 1 ngy kit nht phthuc vo din tch luvc, M0v skhai thc nc trn thng ngun sng nhiu hay t. V d:

* Trn cc sng nhnh nh nh sng Hn L vi Mbqk30 = 5,92 vMk1ngy=3,24l/s/km

2 ti Xun Cao hay sng m: 11,2 v 8,69 l/s/km2 ti LangChnh.

* Trn cc sng ln nhsng M: ti Hi Xun hay Cm Thu, sng Chuti Ca t c Mbq30ngy v Mk1ngyu nhhn, nht l ti Xun Khnh chttng ng l 1,41 v 1,06 l/s/km2.

+ Lu lng kit nht. Trn sng Chu, lu lng kit nht l 16,8m3/sxut hin vo nm 1999 ti Ca t. Trn sng M, lu lng kit nht xuthin ti X L l 13,2 m3/s (1987) v ti Cm Thul 36,0 m3/s(1958).

2)Hm lng ct bn

Lng ct bn trung bnh nhiu nm tnh c ti cc trm Thu vn

(bng 1.7)Bng 1.7 Lng ct bn bnh qun thi k1960 - 2005 ti mt strm thuvn

trn hthng sng M

Trm

g/m3 Rtb Kg/s Wtb

Tn

Rmax kg/s Ngy

X. hin

Rmin kg/s Ngy

X. hin

Cm Thu 389 138 4.355 30.900 03/09/75 0,040 01/06/61

Nm Ty 489 4,64 146 489 12/08/71 0,000 17/11/74

Mng Hinh 166 16,9 533 1.500 29/12/62 0,012 18/03/61

Xun Khnh 201 25,9 817 3.860 27/08/73 0,002 16/02/80

Lang Chnh 164 2,37 74,8 673 26/08/73 0,000 15/09/72

Pha thng ngun c hm lng ct bn bnh qun ln nht khong500g/m3vn Cm Thuhm lng ct bn cn gn 400g/ m3. Pha h lusng M, hm lng ct bn bnh qun nm dao ng khong 82 - 402 g/m3.Sng Chu c hm lng nhhn, cht khong 200 g/m3. So vi sng Hng,hm lng bnh qun ct bn llng ca hthng sng M b hn nhiu, nhng


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hm lng cc i o c t ti 8450 g/m3(10/VIII/1976 ti Cm Thu) lirt cn c ch .

Hng nm, sng M ti ra bin mt lng ph sa khong 5,17 triutn/nm, khong 18,4 tn/km2. Trong , 90% c chuyn trong ma l, cnma kit chchim khong 10%.

Cng vi lng ph sa sng Hng, lng ph sa sng M to cho ngbng Thanh Ho mi nm mrng thm hng chc mt vpha bin.

3) Xm nhp ca thutriu

a. ChtriuThutriu vng ca lu vc sng M thuc chnht triu khng u

vi chu k trn 24 gi trong ngy. Trong mt k triu, cn c ngy xut hinbn nht triu. Thi gian triu ln ngn 7 - 8 gi, nhng ngy triu cng thigian triu ln 8 -9 gi, thi gian triu rt 15 -16 gitrong ngy. Trong mt thngc 2 ln triu cng, 2 ln triu km; nhng c khi c 3 ln triu cng, 2 lntriu km, hoc 2 ln triu cng, 3 ln triu km. Mt chu k triu ko dikhong 13 - 14 ngy v hnh thnh 3 thi k:

- Thi knc sinh t2 - 3 ngy c nh thp, chn triu cao;- Thi ktriu km t5 - 6 ngy c nh cao hn, chn triu thp hn;- Thi k triu cng t5 - 6 ngy xut hin nh cao nht v c chn

triu thp nht, ng thi cng c bin triu ln nht.

b. Bin triu v mc ncMc nc ln nht v bin triu ln nht cao nht ca sng v cng

vthng lu cng gim (Bng 1.8):- Trn sng M: Bin ln nht l 3,19 m v mc nc ln nht l 2,9

m ti Hong Tn (cch ca sng 5 km), 2,46 m v 1,04 m ti Ging (cch casng 25 km) trn sng M.

- Ti mt sni khc nh: ti Lch Sung, trn sng Lch Trng l 2,58m v 2,32 m, ti CThn, trn sng Ln c bin l 2,2 m.

Bng 1.8 Mc nc (m) triu ln nht, nhnht ti mt svtr trn sngBin (m)

TT Vtr SngLn nht Trung bnh

Hmax Hmin

1 Hong Tn M 3,19 1,58 2,9 -1,81

2 Ging - 2,46 - 1,04 -1,42

3 Lch Sung L. Trng 2,58 1,53 2,32 -0,97

4 CThn Ln 2,2 1,53


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- Bin triu trung bnh trn sng Hot l 1,3 m, sng Ln 1,53 m tiLch Sung, sng M ti Hong Tn l 1,58 m.

Cng vthng ngun, bin mc nc triu cng gim v vma lnh hng triu cng gim dn.

1.3. iu kin kinh tx hi

1.3.1. Kinh ttrn lu vc

Theo ti liu thng k, ccu kinh ttrn lu vc sng M theo a bnhnh chnh nh(bng 1.9) sau:

Kt quthng k trong (bng 1.9) cho thy: Nng - Lm - Ngnghip lngnh kinh tcho trn lu vc, kinh tcng nghip ang c xu hng phttrin nhng chyu Thanh Ho. So vi ccu kinh tton quc, y l aphng ngho, chm cng nghip ho v pht trin dch v.

Bng 1.9 Ccu kinh t(%) trn lu vc sng M nm 2005

n vhnh chnh Ccuchung

Nng - Lm nghip vthusn

Cngnghip

Dch v

Ho Bnh 100 60,9 8,9 29,2

Sn La 100 69,2 5,4 25,4

Lai Chu 100 77,3 1,5 21,2

Thanh Ho 100 41,3 24,1 34,6

NghAn 100 78,2 1,6 20,2

Ton lu vc 100 49,8 20,1 30,1

(Ngun Vin Quy hoch Thuli - 2007)

- Tng sn lng lng thc quy thc ti cc a phng trn lu vc t1,22 triu tn v c thng k trong bng 1.10.

Bng 1.10 Kt qusn xut nng nghip ca cc tnh trong lu vcn v hnh

chnh

Din tch gieo

trng (ha)

Nng sut bnh

qun (T/ha)

Sn lng quy

thc (Tn)

Bnh qun u

ngi

(kg/ng/nm)

Thanh Ho 358942 30,20 1.084.926 321,0

Ho Bnh 38098 19,97 76.070 289,0

Sn La 27172 11,42 31.018 236,0

Lai Chu 11717 23,12 27.086 254,0

NghAn 1823 16,95 3.090 219,0

Tng 437752 27,90 1.221.190 313,5

(Ngun Vin Quy hoch Thuli - 2007)


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- Tim nng chn nui trn lu vc rt ln vi cc loi tru, b v gia scgia cm nhng sn lng chn nui mi chim 18,69 % tng gi tr sn xutnng nghip.

- Ngnh Thuhi sn trn lu vc pht trin chyu hdu thuc tnhThanh Ho vi sn lng bnh qun 5 nm gn y l 40.500 tn/ nm. Trong

hi sn 26.098 tn/nm (nh bt 25.380 tn/nm, nui trng 718 tn) vthu sn nc ngt khong 14.402 tn/nm. Din tch nui trng thuhi snhin c 1500 ha nhng v chn nui bn thm canh, kthut lc hu nn nngsut thp. Tng gi trnh bt v nui trng thusn mi t gn 4 % tng thunhp ca tnh Thanh Ho.

- Do yu cu ca bo v mi trng sinh thi, phng chng gim nhthin tai, lm nghip trn lu vc ang c u tin u tvi nhiu dn lnnhDn 135, chng trnh 5 triu ha rng (ton quc) v do rng khaithc kit qunn kh c tha vo sn xut hng ho ln gp phn cho tngtrng kinh t. Tng gi trsn phm lm nghip ng gp vo kinh tca tnhThanh Ho chc 4,06 %.

- Cng nghip ln v tp trung hu ht phn hdu sng M thuc tnhThanh Ho vi cc loi hnh: cng nghip trung ng, cng nghip a phng,cng nghip nng, cng nghip chbin gia cng v cng nghip sn xut hngtiu dng. Ttrng ngnh cng nghip trn a bn tnh Thanh Ho trong ccukinh tca tnh l 24,1%.

- Giao thng vn ti. C nhiu tuyn ng tuyn giao thng quan trng

trong lu vc:a.ng bRt nhiu tuyn ng b chy dc v chy ngang trn lu vc nh:

Quc l1A, ng HChnh Minh tBc vo Nam; ng s6 tMn cln Sn La - Lai Chu, ng tSn La vo huyn Sng M sang Lo; ng15 tMai Chu i Quan Ho, Mc Sn; ng 217 tCu Ln i Na Mo sangLo. Ngoi ra, cn cc tuyn tnh l, huyn l, vng ng bng ng giaothng b tng v tri nha vo n tn thn; x nhng min ni mi c cc

tuyn ng trc n huyn.b.ng stng st Bc Nam i ngang qua phn ng bng ca lu vc song song

vi ng b1A.

c.ng thu


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ng thuc cc tuyn; Tuyn knh nh L ni ng bng Bc BviThanh Ho; Tuyn Cng LMn i ra bin (nng lc 500.000 tn/ nm); TuynCa Hi i sng M, sng Bi chkhch v chuyn chnguyn vt liu,lm sn.

- Y t

Mng li y t cng ng ri khp lu vc: Huyn no cng c cctrung tm y hoc cc bnh vin huyn, cm. Ring tnh Thanh Ho c 32 bnhvin, 626 trm y tcsvi 10.730 ging bnh.

- Gio dc

Trn lu vc c ti 30 % dn sang theo hc tlp 1 n 12 vi 1.331

trng phthng (57 trng phthng trung hc) v 27.545 gio vin cc cp.

Ti Thanh Ho c 1 trng i hc 4 trng cao ng v 6 trung hc chuyn

nghip v ang o to ra lc lng lao ng c kthut cao.

- Du LchLu vc sng M l ni cc triu i Tin L, Hu L, nh H, nh Trnh

v nh Nguyn bt u snghip v cng l ni c nhiu cnh quan thin nhin;rng nguyn sinh, ni, sng, bin hu tnh l im n ca nhiu du khch nh:Bi bin Sm Sn, du lch vn ho c Lam Sn, Thnh nh H, sui CmLng, ng TThc v rt nhiu im du lch hp dn l mt thmnh dulch khc nhng cha c u t, ci to nn cha pht huy c tc dng.

Nhvy, kinh thin ti trn lu vc sng M l mt nn kinh ta dngnhng vn mang nhiu mu sc ca mt nn kinh t nng nghip khng bnvng cn phthuc nhiu vo thin nhin. Trong 10 nm qua cng vi simi ca t nc nn kinh tlu vc dn dn pht trin ng hng honhp vi nn kinh tchung ca t nc. iu v ang l mt i hi lni vi ngun nc trn lu vc sng M cvlng v cht.

1.3.2. Dn cv lao ng

a. Dn c- Cha tnh trn phn lu vc sng M thuc Lo, phn lu vc sng M

thuc Vit Nam c ti 13 dn tc ang sinh sng: Kinh, Mng, Thi, Ty,Mng, Mo v.v

- Nm 1990, tng sdn trn lu vc l 3.005.523 triu ngi vi t ltng dn sbnh qun 2,3% [69], nhiu nht l ngi Kinh (70% dn s), knngi Mng v ngi Thi.

- Tnh n nm 2005 tng dn strn lu vc sng M kckhu hngli l 3.895.236 ngi tng so vi nm 1990 l 89.006 ngi. Tltng dn s


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tnhin bnh qun 1,95 %, trong 15 % dn ssng tp trung cc thtrn,thx v thnh phcn li hu ht sng nng thn. Mt dn sbnh qun ng bng l 300 ngi/km2; trung du 160 ngi/km2; min ni 30 ngi/km2. Sphn bdn strn lu vc phthuc vo iu kin sng tng vng,khng hp l i vi cc vng a l. Phn lu vc sng M thuc Thanh Ho

c sdn chim ti 86,7 % tng sdn lu vc (trLo) cn phn lu vc sngM thuc cc tnh Ho Bnh, Sn La, Lai Chu, NghAn chchim tl13,3 %m thi v iu cng cho thy kinh ttrn lu vc sng M tp trung chyutnh Thanh Ho.

- Ti phn lu vc sng M thuc Thanh Ho, tng sdn sng trn luvc tnh n 31/12/2005 c 2.736.882 ngi, trong thnh thchim 25,6 %(701.411 ngi), nng thn chim 74,4 % (2.035.471 ngi), min ni 28,54 %v min xui 71,46 %. Nu tnh cvng hng li, tng sdn y c khong3,6 triu ngi vi tltng tnhin l 1,68 % [13].

b. Lc lng lao ngLu vc sng M c lc lng lao ng kh ng o. Chtnh ti vng

sng M thuc Thanh Ho, sngi ang tui lao ng tnh n 1/IV/1999chim 51,14 % dn sv n nm 2005 l 1.466.969 ngi, chim 53,6 % dns. Trong s ngi di 50 tui l 1.320.270 ngi, chim hn 90 % lclng lao ng trong ton tnh.

y l mt ti nguyn qu gi cng nghip ho (CNH) v hin i ho(HH) trn lu vc. Nhng, tllao ng cha c o to cn rt cao.

c. Tchc x hi trn lu vcM hnh tchc x hi trn lu vc l m hnh hnh chnh tnh, huyn,

x, lng, bn. Vqun l x hi trn lu vc ngoi vic qun l theo cc cpchnh quyn cn c stham gia ca dng tc, dn tc v tp tc x hi lngbn.

Theo thng k, lu vc sng M c 13 dn tc sinh sng, nhiu nht ldn tc kinh chim ti 80 % ri n dn tc Mng chim ti 10 %, scn li ldn tc Thi, L L, H Nh, Thanh, Mo sng an xen vng min ni to

thnh cng ng dn ctrn lu vc.d.i sng vn ho x hi trn lu vcNn vn ho trn lu vc sng M l nn vn minh la nc cc cng

ng ngi Vit di cv nh ctrc ht l ven sng trng la. in hnhvn ho c trn lu vc l vn ho ng Sn v vn ho Mng Ho Bnh,Mng Cm Thu. Nn vn minh la nc trn lu vc sng M duy tr, tn


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35/257


2005 dn s thn th tng dn s thn th tng

Lai Chu 106,6 127,5 114,7 12,7 1,8 147,9 118,3 29,6 1,50

Sn La 131,4 157,1 125,7 31,4 1,8 182,3 136,7 45,6 1,50

Ho Bnh 263,2 314,6 251,7 62,9 1,8 365,1 255,6 109,5 1,50

Thanh Ho 3.379,8 3.961,3 2.772,9 1.188,3 1,7 4.463,1 2.678,6 1.785,2 1,17

NghAn 14,1 17,2 15,5 1.720 2,0 20,6 17,5 3.084 1,80Tng 3.895,3 4.577,5 3.280,5 1.297,2 1,75 5.179,1 3.206,0 1.973,0 1,31

(Dn sThanh Ho c tnh ckhu hng li)

b. Chtiu kinh tcbnHin ti ccu kinh ttrn lu vc theo hng nng - lm nghip - dch

v- cng nghip. Trong tng lai stheo hng cng nghip - dch v- nng lm nghip vi tlnh(bng 1.12).

Ring Thanh Ho, mc tng trng kinh tgiai on 2010 - 2020 stc 10 - 12 %, thu nhp bnh qun u ngi t 1.200 - 1.500 USD v mc sng

ca ngi dn n nm 2010 st mc trung bnh ca cnc.Bng 1.12 Dbo cu kinh tcc tnh nm trong lu vc sng M

Nm 2010 Nm 2020

Tnh Cng

nghip

Dch

v

Nng

nghipTng

Cng

nghip

Dch

v

Nng

nghipTng

Lai Chu 11,0 32,0 57,0 100 20,0 32,0 48,0 100

Sn La 15,0 32,0 53,0 100 20,0 35,0 47,0 100

Ho Bnh 20,0 33,0 47,0 100 30,0 35,0 35,0 100

Thanh Ho 42,0 43,0 15,0 100 43,0 43,0 14,0 100

NghAn 10,0 30,0 60,0 100 12,0 32,0 48,0 100

(Ngun: Vin Quy hoch Thuli)

1.4.2. Nhng nh hng chung pht trin kinh tlu vc

Quyt nh 879/TTg ngy 23/11/1996 ca Thtng Chnh ph[49] phduyt pht trin kinh tx hi tnh Thanh Ho thi k1995 - 2010 cho thy:

a. Pht trin nng - lm - ngnghipChuyn i nhanh c cu nng - lm - ng nghip theo hng cng

nghip ho, khai thc c hiu qutim nng t ai, rng, bin hn chtc hica hn hn, lt bo. To iu kin vt cht cho pht trin bn vng.

Thm canh cao, tng nhanh sn xut lng thc c sn lng hngho, tham gia chin lc an ton thc phm ca quc gia. Mrng din tch rauqu, cy cng nghip, hnh thnh cc vng chuyn canh lc, vng, ay, ci, ma,cao su, ch, lung, qu.... pht trin chn nui gia sc, gia cm, quy m ph hp


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vi tng vng. Bo vrng u ngun, rng c dng, pht trin rng nguynliu gn ng bkhai thc - trng mi - chbin lm nghip.

y nhanh nui trng thusn nc ngt, nc l. Tng cng nng lcnh bt xa b, pht trin csdch vv chbin.

b. Pht trin cng nghip

Quy hoch xy dng khu cng nghip c cng bin nc su Nghi Sn -Tnh Gia. ng thi y nhanh tc pht trin cng nghip ca tnh. Trc htl cc ngnh chbin nng - lm - thusn, vt liu xy dng hng tiu dngthit yu. Quy hoch cc khu cng nghip: Thnh phThanh Ho - Sm Sn;Bm Sn - Thch Thnh; Mc Sn - Lam Sn v Nghi Sn - Tnh Gia.

c. Pht trin cshtngNng cp cc tuyn ng 1A, 15, 47, 45, 217 pht trin h thng cng

sng, nng cp cng LMn, xy dng cng nc su Nghi Sn. Pht trin h

thng thuli va m bo cung cp nc cho sn xut, i sng v hn chtchi ca hn hn, bo lt, xy dng p sng Ln, hCa t, hTrung Sn, hHi Xun m bo cc yu cu vin nng, thng tin lin lc, nc sch...

d. Pht trin cc vng lnh thPht huy thmnh ca ba vng lnh thhtrnhau:Min ni: Pht huy th mnh tim nng t ai pht trin cy cng

nghip cy n quc gi tr. Pht trin chn nui gia sc gn vi cng nghipch bin. Thc hin tt chnh sch dn tc v min ni ca ng. Rt ngnkhong cch vi sng kinh t- x hi so vi min xui.

ng bng: y nhanh thm canh tng nng sut cy trng bo m nnh lng thc i i vi chuyn i ccu cy trng vt nui theo hng csn lng hng ho gi trkinh tcao.

Min bin: u tmt svng trng im c tc pht trin cao hncc vng khc, pht trin kinh tbin, xy dng cshtng ph hp vi yucu mca kinh thng ho nh: Cng bin, ng vo cc khu cng nghip,cc thdch vv du lch.

1.4.3. nh hng cthpht trin kinh ttrn lu vc

a. Vnng nghip1) Chtiu lng thc v sn lng nng nghip trn lu vc


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Bng 1.13 Mc phn u sn lng lng thc quy thcHin ti Nm 2010 Nm 2020

n v Bnh qun

(kg/ngi)

Sn lng

(tn)

Bnh qun

(kg/ngi)

Sn lng

(tn)

Bnh qun

(kg/ngi)

Sn lng

(tn)

Lai Chu 254 27.086 300 38.240 350 51.775

Sn La 236 31.018 300 47.130 350 63.813

Ho Bnh 289 16.070 310 97.533 380 138.750

Thanh Ho 321 1.084.926 320 1.267.600 350 1.562.088

NghAn 219 3.090 250 4.300 300 6.168

Ton vng 313,5 1.221.190 317,8 1.454.803 351,9 1.822.594

2) Din tch sn xut nng nghipTrn lu vc sng M s hnh thnh cc vng chuyn canh cy cng

nghip, cy mu v cy lng thc. Ch tiu phn u a din tch canh tctng ln vng i v min ni. Tng cng thm canh vng ng bng. Ginguyn din tch la 2 v. Cc vng cy chuyn canh:

- Vng ma nguyn liu sa ln 45.000 ha ma cy trong 40.000thuc Thanh Ho.

- Vng ci tp trung Nga Sn, Hong Ho, Hu Lc din tch 2400 ha.- Thuc l Vnh Lc, H Trung 250 - 300 ha.- ay Nga Sn gidin tch 500 ha.- Ch Nng Cng, Triu Sn, Thng Xun, Tn Lc, Lc Sn 10.000 ha.- Cy n qunhn sng M, mHo Bnh, cam chanh Ngc Lc, Cm

Thu, B Thc.Tng din tch tng thm trn lu vc, l 43.107 ha, trong , vng

thng ngun sng M tng nhiu nht (12.843 ha, chyu tng Sng M,Tun Gio), ri n trung lu sng Bi tng (10000 ha) v Nam sng M - Bcsng Chu (10.000 ha), cn cc vng khc cng tng nhng khng ng k. Chorng, nu nng sut bnh qun t 3,5 tn/ha th sn lng trn lu vc st1.960.920 tn vo nm 2020, ngha l tng gp 1,5 ln hin nay. Mun vy,lng nc ti phi cp v phi m bo tiu ng v chng lc hiu qu.

Nhng thc tli rt phthuc vo vic khai thc hp l ngun nc trn sngM.


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Bng 1.14 Din tch canh tc (1000ha) tng lai v ccu cy trngtrong cc vng cn bng

Vchim xun VmaVng Fct

hin ti

Fct

tng

lai

Ma

tp

trung

Tng

F gieo

trng

Tng La Mu Tng La Mu

V

ng

Hs

SD

t

I 41,1 55,9 2,00 105,2 44,8 50,6 32,2 53,7 22,4 31,2 6,7 38,6

II 14,2 17,6 3,0 34,3 14,2 7,53 6,65 14,2 8,1 6,07 2,97 1,95III 15,7 18,2 3,00 37,0 15,2 10,5 4,70 15,2 9,67 5,58 3,52 2,03

IV 18,8 28,9 15,2 47,0 13,7 11,4 2,20 13,7 11,6 2,05 4,60 3,53

V 34,9 45,9 12,0 88,3 33,3 22,7 10,5 33,9 25,6 8,42 9,11 1,92

VI 7,39 6,90 2,00 12,79 4,50 3,49 1,41 4,50 3,84 0,66 1,79 1,85

VII 68,7 69,5 5,00 151,4 62,5 51,3 11,2 63,5 55,3 13,2 20,5 2,18

VIII 36,3 37,8 2,88 34,1 34,1 23,8 10,0 34,5 23,5 4,04 12,7 2,29

Tng 237,2 280,3 45,0 560,3 322,4 142,5 79,9 237,9 167,0 70,9 61,9 2,0

(Ghi ch: Vng I: thng v trung sng M; II l vng lu vc sng m;

III l thng v trung sng Bi; IV l hsng Bi, V l Nam M - Bc Chu;VI l thng sng Chu; VII l nam sng Chu v VIII l bc sng M)

b.nh hng pht trin cng nghipTheo nh hng pht trin kinh tcc tnh nm trong lu vc sng M

v nhng vng c khnng phi sdng ngun nc sng M shnh thnh cccm cng nghip tp trung nh(bng 1.15).

Bng 1.15 Cc cm cng nghip tp trung trn lu vc sng MQuy m sn phmCm CN tp

trung

Loi sn phm n vtnh

Hin ti nm 2010Cm CN

Bm Sn - Thch

Thnh

- Xi mng Bm Sn

- Gch cao cp, gch xy dng

- khai thc xy dng

- Khai thc Clanke

- Nh my ng Vit i

- Khu ch xut, sn phm sau

ng

103tn

vin

103m3

103tn

Tn

Ha

1.800

20.000

3.000

250

100.000

2.400

30.000

5.000

500

100.000

300

Cm cng nghip

cu Ln

- Thuc l iu

- Thc n gia sc

- G, bt giy

103iu

Tn

M3

150.000 100.000

10.000

1000


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Quy m sn phmCm CN tp

trung

Loi sn phm n vtnh

Hin ti nm 2010

Cum CN chbin

Lch Trng

- Tm ng lnh

- Nc mm

- Hi sn

Tn

103lt

Tn

300

3.000

500

6.000

10.000

Hm Rng - Phn bn vi sinh NPK

- Bia, nc ngt

- Cp nc thx-TP

Tn

103lt

m3/s

35.000

2.500

0.5

70.000

5500

2-2.5

Cng nghip

TP.Thanh Ho

- Cm CN tng hp

- Chxut LMn

- Cng LMn

Ha

Tn

60

500.000

200

800.000

Cum cng nghip

Ni Na

- Khai thc qung Crmit

- Ckh sng Chu

Tn

Tn

4.000

5.000

12.000

10.000

Khu Cng nghip

Mc Sn - Lam

Sn

- ng trng

- Giy

- Ch en

- Phn vi sinh, NPK

- Chxut

- Chbin g

Tn

Tn

Tn

Tn

Ha

M3

30.000

20.000

500

80.000

50.000

2.000

200.000

150

5.000

Cm Tn Lc-Lc

Sn

- Chbin lm sn

- Chbin ch- Chxut

M3

TnHa

500

3000

2000300

Cm CN

sng M -Ching

Khng

- Bt giy

- Chbin lm sn

- ng hp, chbin hoa qu

- ng

Tn

M3

Tn

Tn

200

500

45.000

4.000

4.000

500

KCN Nghi Sn,

Tnh Gia

- Xi mng lin doanh

- Cng nc su

- Ho lc du - kho bi

- Chxut

103tn

103tn

103tn

Ha

2300

100

4.200

5.000

6.500

600

Ngoi cc khu cng nghip c tnh cht tp trung cn c cc khu cngnghip a phng, cng nghip chbin nng lm thusn v cng nghip snxut vt liu xy dng lcc huyn.


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c.nh hng kinh tlm nghip- Khoanh nui rng u ngun ca cc h cha, thng ngun sng:

400.000 ha

- Trng mi din tch rng kcrng kinh t: 200.000 ha.- Rng sn xut: 386.600 ha.

a din tch che phhin ti 35 % ln 53 % vo nm 2010, bo vthinnhin, mi trng.

d. Thusn- Tn dng mt nc ao h, hcha nui trng thusn nc ngt.- Nui trng thusn nc l, nc mn nm 2010 l 3.000 ha; n nm

2020 a ln sn xut 6.000 ha n nh.

e.nh hng pht trin htng kthut nng thn- in sinh hot v sn xut n 2010: 100 % dn c in dng.- Truyn thanh trn khp a bn, phsng truyn hnh ton lu vc.- Trem n tui 100 % c i hc.- Xy dng y csy tcho cc cm dn cvi 100 % dn c

dng nc sch- Giao thng ng x y , xe ti c thvo n cc xm chuyn

chvt tv sn phm.- Xy dng nng thn trthnh nhng tim kinh t, vn ho ca cng

ng.Ton bnh hng trn y u i hi phi c ngun nc sdng

v c mi trng tt, m bo trnh c thin tai l, ng gy nn. Nhng ihi ny phn no chng chvo phng n khai thc hthng sng M.

1.5. Tng quan vqun l khai thc ti nguyn v bo vmi trng trnlu vc sng M

Cng tc qun l v bo v ti nguyn v mi trng (TNMT) trn luvc thng gn vi cc thi kpht trin kinh t, thi klch sca t nc vc thphn ra 3 giai on:

a. Giai on trc nm 1954

Trc nm 1954, nht l trc 1920 l thi ktchc qun l x hi cnmc thp nn cc ngun ti nguyn: t, nc, rng, khong sn c khaithc rt tdo cha c squn l ca cc cp chnh quyn nhv dn scn tv mt dn srt thp, ti nguyn thin nhin cn di do nn vic khai thc cha tc ng nhiu ti mi trng.

b. Giai on t1954 n 1975


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1) Khai thc sdng ti nguynGiai on ny ti nguyn c khai thc rt nhiu, nht l ti nguyn rng

vi nhiu cnh rng vng g i c thay thbi nhiu lm trng nhVn Du, Thch Thnh, Thng Nht, Bi Trnh; ti nguyn khong sn ckhai thc phc vcho ngnh cng nghip, lm vt liu xy dng, giao thng;

khai thc ti nguyn nc phc vti v.v...2) Cng tc qun lTrong giai on ny, cng tc qun l c t ra nhng mi chqun

l cc cng trnh cthnhvic qun l ti nguyn l qun l cc cng trnhthuli, cng trnh chng ng, chng lm cha hnh thnh hthng php lutcng nhhthng qun l ti nguyn mi trng thng nht.

3) Cng tc bo vmi trngDo pht trin kinh t, ti nguyn btn ph, mi trng bhuhoi v con

ngi dn c nhn thc c mt ci g cn phi lm bo v mitrng (BVMT) nn bt u c mt sbin php nh: hnh thnh mt strm quan trc bn ct nh Nm Ty, Cm thu v Xun Khnh, mt s lmtrng trng rng cng c hnh thnh nhng cha c cc bin php BVMT vcha hnh thnh cc vn bn php lut vBVMT.

Tn ti chnh trong giai on ny l qun l cn lng lo, nng vhnhchnh bao cp, mi trng c du hiu xung cp, chch n sdng mcha ch ti bo vmi trng, chc quy hoch sdng mt slnh vc cthm cha c quy hoch tng thlu vc sng.

c. Giai on t1975 n nay1) Khai thc

Giai on tnm 1975 n nay l gia on cng nghip ho (CNH), hini ho (HH) nn c nhiu dng ti nguyn c khai thc ngy cng nhiuhn phc vcho pht trin kinh tx hi a phng: Khai khong c ymnh, nht l khai thc vt liu xy dng cho cc nh my xi mng Bm Sn,Thch Thnh, xy dng giao thng, th, khai thc t phc vcho pht trinnng nghip nhm m bo an ninh lng thc, khai thc ti nguyn nc nh:

nng cp p Bi Thng (1996 - 1997) a nng lc ti t 49.000 ha ln70.000 ha v hng lot cng trnh phng chng lng c xy dng trongthi kny nh Qung Tin, cng trnh chng ng Qung Chu, xy dng hCa t v.v....

2) Qun l, khai thc sdng ti nguyn


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T1795 n nay, cng tc qun l vic khai thc sdng ti nguyn trnlu vc c ch trng, nht l cng tc lp quy hoch pht trin kinh txhi, lp quy hoch chi tit cho cc ngnh thu li, pht trin rng, s dngt. vi nhiu bin php qun l c t ra v hnh thnh cc hthngvn bn php lut phc vcho qun l.

Cng vi vic ra i ca cc hthng vn bn qun l: lut, Nghnh,Quyt nh, Thng t, ti cc a phng hnh thnh cc cquan qun l tinguyn v mi trng, nht l vic hnh thnh cc STNMT cp tnh (2002),cc Phng TNMT cp huyn cng nhvic thnh lp cc Phng Cnh st Mitrng ti cc tnh (2007) to ra mt hthng php l v qun l thng nhtti mi a phng.

3) Bo vmi trngThi ksau 1975, nht l trong nhng nm gn y, vn mi trng

c cc cp qun l a phng, Cc on thx hi, cc cquan thng tn vchnh ngi dn quan tm. Ti cc a phng hnh h thng qun l nhnc nh: cc S, Phng TNMT cp tnh, cp huyn, phng Cnh st mitrng cp tnh, cng vi vic hnh thnh cc tchc qun l l vic honthin, sa i, bsung hthng vn bn php lut BVMT v vn BVMT trnlu vc dn i vo nnp.

Trong thi kny, nhiu nghin cu tnh ton, nhiu n ln phc vcho BVMT trn lu vc c trin khai nh:

1) Lp quy hoch bo vv pht trin rng u ngun v cc phng n

pht trin rng.2) Lp quy hoch sdng t, pht trin thv giao thng.3) nh gi hin trng mi trng.4) Kho st v nh gi cht lng nc cc sng: M, Chu, Bi v Cu

Chy, ng gi hin trng mi trng.5) kho st mi trng nh gi hin trng mi trng hng nm. thm

nh nh gi mi trng, cp php mi trng.6) Kho st triu mn hng nm v.v...

1.6. Nhn xt chng 1Sng M l sng ln nht min Trung, chy qua 3 vng a hnh ca 5

tnh trong nc v qua hai quc gia Lo Vit (vng ni cao, vng g i vvng ng bng) trn nn a cht trm tch Macma v Merozoi thuc i sngM, htng Prtrozoi Nm c, Pleozoi ng Sn vi 11 loi t so vi 60 loit trn ton quc.


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Thm phtrn lu vc rt phong ph vi nhiu loi, cloi thm phtnhin vng nhit i, nhit i v loi thm phthc vt trng bphn ho doiu kin kh hu a hnh v do hot ng ca con ngi.

Trn lu vc, lng ma ma ma chim 80 - 85 % tng lng ma nmv lng nc ma lchim khong 75 - 80 % tng lng nc trong nm.

Kinh tcho trn lu vc l nn kinh tnng lm nghip vi khong70 % sdn l nng dn. Kinh tcng nghip dch vang pht trin nhngcn chm v chyu cc vng thhdu.

Trong khong 15 - 20 nm nay, vn qun l v bo vTNMT trn luvc c ch vi hthng qun l hnh chnh c hnh thnh ttnhn x phng v vic qun l dn i vo nnp, nht l t2002 n nay.


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CHNG 2:HIN TRNG KHAI THC TI NGUYN V MI TRNGLU VC SNG M

2.1. Hin trng khai thc ti nguyn v mi trng t trn lu vc

2.1.1. Hin trng khai thc sdng ti nguyn t trn lu vc

a. Hin trng ti nguyn tLu vc sng M rng 28.387 km2. Trong , phn Vit Nam c 18.090

km2, chim 63,7%, phn thuc Nc Cng ho Dn ch Nhn dn Lo c10.310 km2chim 36,3%. Trong phn Vit Nam, phn thuc Thanh Ho chimkhong 31,4% din tch lu vc (8.956 km2) l bphn lu vc ln nht, ri nphn sng M thuc Sn La (4.77 km2 chim 16,3%), Lai Chu (2.095 km2

chim 7,5%), Ho Bnh: (1.778 km2 6,4%) v bphn lu vc nhnht thucNghAn (651 km2 chim 2,3%).

b. Hin trng khai thc sdng

t ai trn lu vc c khai thc theo nhiu mc tiu khc nhau vc thng k trong (bng 2.1) v (hnh 2.1).

Hnh 2.1 Bn phn loi sdng t phn lu vc sng M thuc thanh ha


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Bng 2.1 Cc loi t (ha) c sdng ti cc a phng trn lu vcDin tch (1000 ha) phn btheo a phng

Loi t Thanh

Ho

Ho Bnh Sn La Lai Chu NghAn

Lu vc

(VN)

t tnhin 890.556 177.838 477.038 209.475 65.810 1820.717

t trng trt 201.998 28.262 18.524 8.687 1.360 253.395

t chn nui 38.157 5.910 1.146 0.962 2.500 48.375

t lm nghip 53.999 83.527 394.115 188.452 45.000 1355.625

Chuyn dng 62.67 10.526 3.037 0.902 0.520 77.655

t khc 33.732 49.613 61.216 1.472 16.430 156.177

(Ngun: Vin Quy hoch Thuli)

Kt quthng k trong (bng 2.1) cho thy:- Trong cc ngnh kinh t, ngnh Lm nghip s dng t nhiu nht

(1.355.625 ha), chim 74,5 % din tch t nhin (DTTN), tip theo l ngnh

Trng trt (253.395 ha), chim 13,9% cn cc ngnh khc chchim 11,6 % mthi.

iphng c din tch t lm nghip ln nht l Thanh Ho (553.999ha), chim 43,7 % t lm nghip thuc Vit Nam, kn l Sn La (394.115ha): 31,2 %, cn NghAn l t nht (45.000 ha), chc 3,6 %.

Trong cc a phng, ni c tlt lm nghip cao nht li l Lai Chut 89,96 % DTTN ca tnh, ri n tnh Sn La chim 82,6 % v ni thp nhtl Thanh Ho chc 62,2 %.

- So vi t Lm nghip, t trng trt trn lu vc khng nhiu lm253.395 ha (13,9 % DTTN) nhng l loi t rt quan trng v Thanh Ho l aphng c din tch trng trt nhiu nht 188.100 ha, chim 79,9 % din tch ttrng trt trn lu vc.

Bng 2.2 Tng hp din tch (ha) gieo trng bnh qun 5 nm (2000 - 2005) ti cctnha phng Din trng trt Hssdng t VXun VMa VngThanh Ha 201.998 1,91 173.112 162.43 23.4Ho Bnh 28.262 1,68 18.856 17.892 1350Sn La 18.524 1,53 18.856 16.375 540Lai Chu 8.687 1,55 4.052 7.545 120

NghAn 1.36 1,76 834 919 20Tng 253.395 1,84 20.711 205.161 25.43

Bng 2.3 Chi tit din tch (ha) gieo trng bnh qun 5 nm (2000 - 2005) theo ccvma

VXun VMaa phng

La Mu Tng La Mu Tng

V

ng

Thanh Ha 114.219 58.893 173.112 139.280 23.150 162.430 23.400


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Ho Bnh 7.792 11.064 18.856 11.542 6350 17.892 1350

Sn La 1.312 8.945 18.856 8.855 7.520 16.375 540

Lai Chu 530 3.522 4.052 4.139 3.406 7.545 120

NghAn 109 725 834 457 462 919 20

Tng 123.962 83.149 20.711 164.273 40.888 205.161 25.430

Trn lu vc c khong 170.708 ha t trng la, chim 67,3 % din tcht trng trt, y l din tch rt quan trng, gp phn chyu vo vic nuisng hn 4 triu dn trn lu vc, trong Thanh Ho c 145.606 ha t trngla (Bng 2.2), chim ti 85,3% % t trng la ca clu vc.

- Cc loi t cn li khng nhiu chchim 13,9% DTTN l t th, t , t giao thng, t quc phng, t cha sdng v.v trong t ang l vn rt nng bng ti cc a phng, nht l Thanh Ho.

c. Hin trng qun l ti nguyn t

So vi cc dng ti nguyn khc, ti nguyn t trn lu vc c qun lcht chv c h thng, c n np t tnh ti x theo 3 cp: STNMT tnh,Phng TNMT huyn v cn ba chnh x.

Cng vi hnh thnh qun l t ai, nh nc ta ban hnh y ccvn bn php lut vqun l t ai: Lut t ai, Nghnh, thng t, quytnh. Cc vn bn c thc thi thng nht trn lu vc.

Tuy nhin, t ai vn l vn rt nhy cm, vn bn php lut cnnhiu kh, c ni qun l cn lng lo, cn bqun l cha nghim, nhiu vkhiu kin vt vn xy ra, cch qun l mi a phng cng c nhiu khcnhau.

2.1.2. Mi trng t

Trong 2 thng 3 v 4 nm 2006, STi nguyn v Mi trng Thanh Ho[44] tin hnh kho st, ly mu phn tch cht lng t ti mt svngtrong tnh (Bng 2.3) v kt quphn tch mu trong cho thy:

- t ai vng hlu thuc loi t chua nhn trung tnh (pHKCL= 5,3- 7,0 v pHH2O = 6,4 - 7,7); ngho n rt ngho P (0,015 - 0,081%) v Kali

(0,002 - 0,0117 % vng ng bng t0,007 - 0,21% v 0,0039 - 0,0078 % vng trung du).- Trong t tn ti cc kim loi nng (Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn) nhng hm lng

khng ln, khong 0,0001- 0,0199 % vng ng bng v khong 0,0 - 0,049% vng trung du.


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- Dlng thuc trsu, bo vthc vt trong t t0,007 - 0,06 mg/kgvng ng bng v t0,007 - 0,014 mg/kg vng i ni nhng u nhhnmc cho php (0,1 mg/kg).

2.1.3. Nhn xt vti nguyn v mi trng t

a. Nhn xt ti nguyn tSo vi cc sng sui Min Trung, lu vc sng M c din tch t ln

nht v phn btrn nhiu a phng v hai quc gia Vit, Lo. Trong hai qucgia, din tch t ai phn lu vc sn

báo cáo nghiên cứu quản lý tổng hợp tài nguyên và môi trường lưu vực sông...

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