baroque art (autoguardado)
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BAROQUE ART
BRITISH COUNCIL 2nd year ESO
01/06/2016
IES AL-QÁZERES
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BAROQUE ART General Overview
The Baroque period of history is from about the year 1600 to about 1750.
The period between the Renaissance and Baroque is sometimes called Mannerism. The later
part of the Baroque period is often called the Rococo period
The Roman Catholic Church encouraged the Baroque movement in art and architecture as a
response to the Protestant Reformation. The word "baroque" comes from a similar word in
Spanish, Portuguese, and French that means "rough pearl". Today, when someone uses the
word "baroque" to describe something, they usually mean that the object is overly ornate and
complex. An example of Baroque sculpture and architecture is the Trevi Fountain in Rome
When was the Baroque style popular?
Baroque art became popular in the 1600s. It started in Italy and moved to other areas of
Europe and the world.
What are the characteristics of Baroque art?
The Baroque style started with the Catholic Church. The church wanted its religious paintings
to become more emotional and dramatic. This type of style spread to where much of the art of
the time became very dramatic, full of life and movement, and emotional. In Baroque art there
was generally action and movement. Angels flew, people fought, crowds cowered in fear, and
saints rose to the heavens. Baroque sculptures were often made of rich materials such as
colorful marble, bronze, or even gilded with gold.
Read more at: http://www.ducksters.com/history/art/baroque_art.php
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Baroque architecture CHARACTERISTICS OF BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE
Baroque buildings were built to attract the attention of passers-by.
They used the following features:
Curved lines and Solomonic or spiral columns.
Light effects on facades produced by using recesses and projections, and also broken
pediments to create areas of light and shade.
(Pediment: triangle below sloped roof. Frontón)
Rich ornamentation on facades, combining painting, sculpture and architecture.
Rich and colourful materials, such as coloured marble.
EXERCICES
1. Spot the Baroque facades. How have you known they are Baroque style?
1) 2)
3) 4)
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2. From the characteristic given, which ones do you recognize? The fist one is by Conrad
Rudolf and the fourth is by Fernando de Casas Novoa. These are both Spanish works of art. Can
you identify them? Which buildings do they belong to?
3. This is the facade of one of the most important Italian baroque architecture. Borromini
was the artist who designed this building.
Your task is to:
Search for the name of the work.
The location for the building
Find out why it has this name.
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Bernini (1598-1680) is one of the greatest genius of all time in architecture and sculpture and
one of the biggest figures of Italian Baroque. As an architect it is important to mention St
Peter’s Square and the Baldachin in St Peter’s Basilica.
Have a look at St Peter’s Square Colonnade. It represents Church greatest arms that welcome
the followers of the Catholic Church that turn to God.
The Baldachin is the best example of movement, energy and vitality of the Baroque art –this
movement can be seen in those columns with curved
lines which are very typical of the Baroque. The
Baldachin seems to be a stage, and the upper part is the
curtain. The scenery achieves a dramatic effect among
the faithful.
4. What is the name given to the typical columns that
we have mentioned?
The Baldachin represents one of the most important
places of Christianity. Therefore, it shows all the
propaganda this arte had. What is the main role of the
baldachin?
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BAROQUE SCULPTURE The characteristics of sculpture are:
Realism. The figures had personal features and natural movement.
Very intense feelings. The figures showed their emotions.
Movement, energy and vitality. The figures were often entangled in complex
compositions.
Effects of light. Folds in clothes and the gestures of the figures were used to create
areas of light and shade.
Did you like architecture? You will see how impressive sculpture is, and mainly you are going to
appreciate the ‘life’ and the realism that Gian Lorenzo Bernini is able to give to a piece of
marble.
I suggest you compare the ‘David’ by Michelangelo with the one by Bernini. Pay attention at
the movements, in the dramatically features of the faces, in their body tenses…
5. Compare them using five sentences at least.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
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I will now show more sculptures by Bernini. They are pure dramatically sceneries – authentic
scenes, small theatre performances. They also show suffering, pain – pay attention to the
details of the work- and mainly the movement- which is the most typical of Baroque art.
6. I suggest looking for the name of these three amazing sculptures and for you to explain
me the scene that one of them is telling us- whichever you prefer.
a)
b) c)
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BAROQUE PAINTING The main characteristics of Baroque painting are: realism, figures have physical defects; a
sense of movement and energy; strong emotions, which are expressed through gestures.
Baroque painting is varied and there are many artists of great quality. There is a wide range of
religious themes in Catholic countries, but also still life, genre paintings- of representing daily
life routines, landscapes, portraits etc… or even scenes of bourgeoisie life in Protestant
countries.
The Italian Caravaggio is the best representative of dramatic illumination in history, with his
work that focuses light in darkness. Tenebrism is the term used in art to describe this
technique. He is also the best driving force of Naturalism. ‘His religious figures were based on
male and female models recruited off the streets, which he painted directly from life without
any drawings or preparatory sketches. As a consequence, he succeeded in creating an
immediate and powerful effect, whose dramatic quality was accentuated throughout his
paintings by his use of boldly contrasting light and dark.
Tenebrism Versus Chiaroscuro
Caravaggism embraces both chiaroscuro and tenebrism. Because both techniques
involve the pronounced use of light and shadow, they can be confused, even
though there is a clear theoretical difference between the two terms. Chiaroscuro is
a method of shading which is used to give figures a sense of three-dimensional
volume. Tenebrism is where an artist keeps some areas of a painting totally black,
allowing one or two areas to be strongly illuminated by comparison. Tenebrism thus allows the artist to control the 'action' in his canvas.’
Source: http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/caravaggism.htm
7. Can you say the title of this Caravaggio’s master piece.
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Naturalism and Tenebrism
Baroque painting is characterized by Naturalism and Tenebrism. The main representative of this pictorial tendency was Caravaggio and his greatest work of art is the The Crucifixions of St. Peter that you can see below.
8. From this image and from what you know about Baroque painting, what do you think Naturalism and Tenebrism is? Use concise and precise sentences.
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The Dutch and Flemish Golden Age painting
We have mentioned that we can appreciate a large mercantile class in protestant countries
who were far more ready to commission portraits that asserts its position and who spends
most of its fortune in purchasing works of art, especially paintings. It is clear that they did that
to decorate their properties in which we will come across beautiful landscapes, scenes of daily
life, still life, etc. Definitely, they have a different taste to those who belong to the church or
the monarchy. The most prominent painting is the one that was created in Netherlands -the
Low Countries.
The main artists are Rembrandt and Vermeer of Delft in Holland and Rubens in Flanders.
Remember that The Netherlands and Flanders were part of the Hispanic Monarchy from
whom Charles I inherited it till 1648. The Northern part became independent at the end of the
Thirty Years War, and the Spanish Monarchy lost The Southern Countries ( Flanders) in 1713,
under the Treaty of Utrecht , following the War of Spanish Succession, after the death of
Charles II , the last Habsburg ruler of Spain.
9. Look at the famous painting by Rembrandt ‘ Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp’. What is the
topic?
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10. Name the title of this famous Dutch painting. Who is the artist?
11. This painting is called ‘The three Graces’. It is the most famous painting of its author. This
painter emphasized movement, colour and sensuality. He moved away from the tenebrous
because of the sensuality of the bodies that he painted. He had a lot of influence in Velázquez.
What is his name? Where was he born?
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The Golden Age of Spanish Painting: The Spanish School. As in the Netherlands, the 17th century era of Baroque art was the Golden Age of
Spanish painting.
The Catholic Church was strongly supported by the Hapsburg dynasty, so the main
painting topics are religious and court portraits.
The summit of Baroque painting in Spain was attained in the person of Diego
Rodríguez de Silva Velazquez (1599-1660).
He was born in Seville but moved to Madrid to become official painter to the king
Philip IV. Due to his position as a Royal painter, he was able to move away from religious
paintings and thanks to the main contacts with Royal Collections, with other painters, as
Venetian painters, Caravaggio, Rubens and Titian, as well as his trips to Italy, he was able to
carry on further on his training and qualifications during his life.
He started as a tenebrous painter like Caravaggio with games of lights and shadows,
with the street-life subject as reflected in ‘ Old Woman Frying Eggs’. Then, he started to learn
from Rubens and painted more colourful and lively portraits such as ‘Prince Baltasar Carlos on
Horseback’, or ‘Count-Duke of Olivares’ or ‘The Triumphs of Bacchus’.
Visiting Italy and the Italian masters at the end of the 1620s certainly had an enormous impact
on Velázquez's art. He learnt the sense of the classics and the contention, which is reflected in
a great mythologist painting: ‘The Forge of Vulcan’. In general, Velázquez learnt many lessons
from the Venetians, especially from their rendering of fabrics and materials.
The latest paintings are a claim for the nobility of artists and the fine arts in general,
such as ‘The Spinners’ or even ‘Las Meninas’ where Velázquez appears next to the King and
Queen of Spain.
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12. Identify the following paintings.
a)
b) This painting has two titles:
c ) Explain this painting and its main theme in a few sentences.
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d) This painting also received two names:
e) Identify this portrait. Why did Velázquez paint him?
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f) Identify this painting:
g) Why was this character so important ?
h) Identify this painting:
i) What does the painting represent?
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k) ‘Las Meninas’ is a group portrait of the five-year-old Infanta Margarita, her ladies-
in-waiting and other members of the court, the King and Queen of Spain, and
Velázquez himself. Where are the King and Queen of Spain?
l) Why is Velázquez there?
m) On Velázquez’s chest is a red cross. Which military order does the red cross
belong to? What does it symbolize?
You can click on these links to find out more.
http://www.artble.com/artists/diego_velazquez/paintings/las_meninas
https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2003/aug/23/art
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Apart from Velázquez, there are many Baroque artists in Spain. They mainly created
painting of religious themes. This is because the Catholic Church commissioned these
kinds of requests. It is important to highlight the great skill of Zurbarán, - born in
Fuente de Cantos, Extremadura, who painted mainly monks from different
monasteries. One of his finest paintings is ‘St Hugo in the refectory’. You can see this
work in the Fine Arts Museum of Seville, but the main paintings of Zurbarán are
located in the Sacristy of the Monastery of Guadalupe, Extremadura.
Murillo is best known as the painter of sweetness and light. He mainly painted shy,
rosy-cheeked Virgins, and naughty street poor children.
13) Identify these two paintings and their painters.
A) Title :
Artist:
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B) Title:
Artist:
To learn more:
National Gallery of Art, Washington, USA.
You can watch the videos.
http://www.nga.gov/education/timetravel/index.shtm
Web Gallery of Art. Good information
http://www.wga.hu/index1.html
Diego Rodríguez de Silva Velázquez.
Painting analysis
http://www.artble.com/artists/diego_velazquez