baroque, rococo, neoclassicism, romanticism, realism[1]

8/13/2019 Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism[1]

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BaroqueRococo

NeoclassicismRomanticism

Realism


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Baroque Art

Originated in Rome at the beginning of the 17th century(1600s)

Ornate, dynamic and filled with emotion - all available spaceon a canvas filled with action, detail and movement

Dramatic action due to crucial moments, gestures, use ofangles for spectators view of the scene

Very elaborate, whether religiousin nature (vivid images ofthe Bible, saints, miracles and the crucifixion) or secularworks commissioned by rulers and other important peoplewho wanted to show off their own wealth and power

Strong contrasts of light and dark (chiaroscuro) Caravaggio, Rubens, Velazquez and Rembrandt were

important Baroque artists


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Caravaggio,Judith Beheading Holofernes

c. 1598; Oil on canvas

Dramaticchiaroscuro, Aword borrowed fromItalian ("light and

shade" or dark")referring to themodeling of volumeby depicting lightand shade by

contrasting themboldly

Emotional, Biblicalsubject matter

Intensely dramatic

moment Twisting diagonal

lines createmovement


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Rubens,Daniel in the Lion's Den

c. 1615, Oil on canvas

Diagonal linesand twistingforms createdramaticmovementRealisticportrayal of

animals fromseveral anglesDramaticmomentReligious

subjectDramaticlighting(chiaroscuro)


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Velzquez, The Maids of Honour (Las Meninas),

c. 1656, oil on canvas

Velzquez earned a living as acourt painter

In the artists studio; we see theartist poised with brush in handbefore easel; interpreters havesuggested that Velazquez wasindicating - by commanding thisunusual place in the painting -that this is the rightful position ofthe artist in society

Velazquez reversed the order ofimportance by giving moreprominence to Princess Margaritaand her ladies in waiting than tothe royal couple, and evengreater importance to the dwarfsand to the dog by placing them inthe forefront

Not idealizedin this sense veryrealistic

Viewer is made to feel present artist, princess and a coupleattendants are making eyecontact our vantage point isthat of the King and Queen ofSpain reflected in the mirror on

the back wall


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Rembrandt,Jan Six

1654, Oil on canvas

Rembrandt had abandonedconventional Dutch smoothness- surfaces were caked withmore

paintthan was strictly necessaryto present an illusion

Vigorously modelled with aheavily loaded brush- whereothers needed five touches hewas using one, and so thebrushstrokes had begun toseparate and could sometimesonly be properly read from adistance

The exact imitation of form

was being replaced by thesuggestion of it(note thegloves): to some of hiscontemporaries, therefore, hispaintings began to lookunfinished


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Rococo

Western Europe from about 1700 to 1780 (18thcentury)

Emphasis on portraying the carefree life of the aristocracy

Love and romancewere common subjects departure fromhistorical or religious subjects light-heated themes

Playful, showy, and luxurious, with delicate colours

Often appears in decorative art (tapestries, furniture and porcelain)as well as other art and architecture..

Some of the better known Rococo artists were Watteau, Fragonard,and Boucher


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Watteau, The Embarkation for Cythera

1717, Oil on canvas

Lovers coming to seek loveon the island of Cythera,under the statue of itsgoddess, Venus

developed a new categoryof genre painting known asthefte galantefancifulscenes depicting elegantlydressed young peopleengaged in outdoorentertainment

display a sobermelancholy, a sense of theultimate futility of life(ladies looking back withlonging glances), that makeshim, among 18thcentury

painters, one of the closest tomodern sensibilities

Watteau's paintings seemto epitomize aristocraticelegance, although he neverhad aristocratic patrons. Hisbuyers were bourgeois suchas bankers and dealers.


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Fragonard, The Swing

1767, Oil on Canvas

By today's standards FragonardsThe Swingis rather tame, but in

the 18th

century this painting of awoman being in a position wherea man can look up her skirts wasconsidered highly erotic. Note18th century women did notwear knickersor other similarundergarment(no funderwear!)

Soft, delicate colours Lush foliage High degree of ornamentation


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More than any other 18thcentury painter, Boucherachieved success as a courtpainter

Commissioned by Madamede Pompadour (mistress ofLouis XV) for her residence

The cupids and the doves areattributes of Venus as goddess

of Love. The flowers allude toher role as patroness ofgardens and the pearls to hermysterious birth from the sea

Considered # 1 painter ofnudes in the 18thcentury

Boucher, The Toilet of Venus

1751, Oil on canvas


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Neoclassicism

In the 1700s, archaeological discoveries in Greece and Romerevived interest in the study of classical art and literature

Heroic, moral themesin classical history were used to inspire the

causes of the French Revolution

Calm, serious subjectspresented with simple lines and a sense oforder and purpose

Better known artists of the Neoclassical style are the painters

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres and Jacques-Louis David and thesculptors Antonio Canova and Bertel Thorvaldson


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David, Oath of the Horatii

1784, Oil on canvas

Drawing subject matter fromancient sources

Basing form and gesture onRoman sculpture.

Dramatic lighting and idealformsare emphasized.

Presenting a lofty moralistictheme, the work became theprincipal model for noble andheroic historical painting ofthe next two decades.

As the French Revolutionloomed, paintings urgingloyalty to the state rather thanto clan or clergy abounded.Although it was paintednearly five years before therevolution in France, the Oathof the Horatii became one ofthe defining images of thetime.

There is only clear, hard detailsand no wispy brushstrokeslike the Rococo; the brushstrokes are invisible showing that thepainting is more important compared to the artist; the frozenquality of the painting gives it the feeling that its rational

unlike the Rococo style.

David proposed the establishment of an inventory of allnational treasures- making him one of the founders of France's

museums - he played an active role in the organization of thefuture Louvre, Paris


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Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres,Jupiter and Thetis

1811, Oil on canvas

Ingres was a student ofDavid

clarity of line and a coolformality

preference for drawing ratherthan colour

he said paint should be assmooth `as the skin of anonion'--but he was oftenattacked for the expressive

distortions of hisdraughtsmanship; criticssaid, for example, that theabnormally long back of LaGrande Odalisque(Louvre,1814) had three extra

vertebrae


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Canova, Pauline BonaparteBorghese1801, Marble

This marble statue ofNapoleons sisterPauline in a highly

refined pose isconsidered a supremeexample of theNeoclassical style

Antonio Canovaexecuted this portrait

between 1805 and 1808without the customarydrapery of a person ofhigh rank, anexception at the time,thus transforming this

historical figure into agoddess of antiquity ina pose of classicaltranquillity and noblesimplicity.


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Thorvaldsen, Venus

1813-16, Marble

complete harmony andbalance, marked by greatsimplicity

Resting squarely within theNeoclassical tradition,

Thorvaldsen's great talentwas his ability to perfectlybalance his sculptures,giving them a sense ofweightlessness


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Romanticism

In the early 1800s, the drama, struggle and emotion ofRomanticism replaced the calm, order and sense of purpose ofNeoclassicism.

New interests in exotic lands and travel fuelled Romanticism.In France, despair followed the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 andwas reflected in art of the time. Artists painted soldiers fleeingthe battlefield and scenes of death, despair and destruction.

Painters chose scandalous and tragic subjects from the news ofthe day and transferred, in great detail and graphic emotion,these events to canvas

Pictures of nature in its untamed state, or other exotic settings

filled with dramatic action, often with an emphasis on the past Some of the better known artists of Romanticism are painters

Theodore Gericault and Eugene Delacroix.


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Gericault, Raft of the Medusa1819, Oil on canvas

The combination of idealizedfigures and realisticallydepicted agony, as well as its

gigantic size and graphicdetail, aroused controversybetween neoclassical andromantic artists

Its depiction of a politicallyvolatile scandal (the wreckwas due to government

mismanagement) also causedcontroversy.

The captain was a politicalappointee, and caused theship to sink off the coast ofAfrica. The captain and crewtook the lifeboats and 149

French passengers were puton a raft towed behind theboats. The ropes wereeventually cut, only 15survived after 12 days afloat.

Gericault studied the wrecklike a reporter. He was

obsessed with the theme ofstruggling for survival.

Violent action, bold design, and dramatic color, all evoke powerful emotion in this paintingwhich is considered one of the first paintings of the Romantic era.


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Friedrich, Cloister Cemetery in the Snow

1817-19, Oil on canvas

Friedrich's apparentlypaintings contain innermeanings, clues to whichare provided either by

the artist's writings orthose of his literaryfriends

For example, alandscape showing aruined abbey in the

snow, can be appreciatedon one level as a bleak,winter scene, but thepainter also intended thecomposition to representboth the church shakenby the ProtestantReformation and thetransitoriness of earthlythings


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Eugne Delacroix Delacroix was another leader of the

Romantic movement, painting

scenes of violence and passion

taken from literary sources or

intriguing news of the day.

Delacroixs work is often

characterized by lush colours,

swirling curves, and animals.

This painting depicts the story of

the emperor Sardanapalus (as told

in the verses of Byron)

The emperor, who was about to be

defeated in battle and lose

everything, ordered that all his

possessions, including his horses

and the women in his harem

(concubines) be destroyed (killed!!).

This painting depicts Sardanapalusslaves killing the harem girls.

The very intense colours (bright

red), the writhing and dying bodies

of the girls, and the strong contrast

are all typical features of a

Romantic painting. Death of Sardanapalus 1827, oil on canvas


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Details


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Realism The 1800s saw social/economic problems related to the Industrial

Revolution - jobs were hard to find and working conditions were poorfor those lucky enough to find employment. Artists and writers became concerned with the troubles of ordinary

people, peasants and the urban working class. The subjects were humble citizens doing everyday work, rather than

mythical heroes, Biblical or classical subjects, or portraits of the rich.

New ways of handling brushes and paint At this time, the invention of the camera gave artists the possibility of

working from a photo for the first time, making Realist work all themore possible to achieve.

Very interested in painting landscapes from a realistic point of view,and were especially interested in how the land looked during different

weather and different times of the day. In fact, Realists' desire to paintin the open air and their interest in how light affected one's perceptionof a scene paved the way for the work of the Impressionists.

Some of the better known Realist artists are painters Gustave Courbetand Francois Millet.


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Courbet, The Painter's Studio; A Real Allegory

1855, Oil on canvas

In 1855, the Academy

did not accept hispaintings for the annualshow. As a result, hebuilt a pavilion andcalled it the Pavilion ofRealism. He even

painted himself inworking clothes to shockpeople into viewingcommon people in adifferent way.

Gustave CourbetOn the left of this painting are the ordinary models, on the right are friends of Courbet.

The artist takes centre stage in sharp daylight. Velzquez and Goya had brought theartist into art, but Courbet went a step further and placed himself as the central figure.

Its speculated that the little boy who watches might symbolize the unfetteredadmiration an artist craves


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Gustave Courbet

Courbet believed thatpainting is essentially aconcrete art and must beapplied to real and existingthing. He is sometimesreferred to as the father ofRealism.

This painting, entitled ABurial at Ornans was notwell accepted by critics ofthe time. The canvas wasHUGE (22 feet in length)and never before had an

artist used such an epicsized canvas to paint ascene depicting simple,everyday people. This typeof large scale was usuallyreserved for subjectsdeemed to be moreimportant.

A Burial at Ornans, Gustave Courbet,

1851, Oil on Canvas


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Millet, The Gleaners

1857, oil on canvas

French painter noted forhis depictions ofpeasant life. The son of

a farmer in Grville In 1849, when a cholera

epidemic broke out inParis, Millet moved toBarbizon and became

devoted to this area as asubject for his work, andhelped establish theBarbizon School.

Though Flemish artistsof the 17th century had

depicted peasants atwork, Millet was thefirst painter to endowrural life with so muchdignity, making thepeasant an almost

heroic figure.

Francois Millet


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Quiz!Some hints

You will need to be able to explain both Romanticismand Realism in your own words. You should know at

least 2 characteristics of each movement. You will need to be able to recognize the works we have

looked at in class, and give me the title, artist andmovement for each.

You should understand the subject matter that each artistdiscussed was interested in painting.

All other content is fair game, so review the slides andyour notes please!

baroque, rococo, neoclassicism, romanticism, realism[1]

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