bart leplae- magnetism-gravity: working model

8/3/2019 Bart Leplae- Magnetism-Gravity: Working Model

1/60

Magnetism - Gravity

Working Model

Bart Leplae

12-Sep-2010hotmail: bartleplae

1


2/60

Introduction The objective of this presentation is to share a working model that can explain the

physical nature of magnetism. Based on this working model we can explain: why magnetic monopoles cannot be

isolated, origin of Earth magnetic field (and reversals), Faraday rotation, LondonMoment

A major challenge for the suggested working model is that it assumes theexistence of an ether. This is why the presentation starts with an alternativeinterpretation of the Michelson-Morley experiment: not by questioning themeasurement (the famous null result) but by using a different conceptualframework for which the null result is the expected result.

This alternative interpretation of the MM experiment explains: the observedperiodic variations of speed of light, stellar aberration, pioneer anomaly, frame-dragging / gravitomagnetism

As a consequence, the curved spacetime and the nature of gravity need to obtainan alternative (more intuitive) interpretation.

The working model for magnetism allows to deduct the physical nature ofElectromagnetic Waves from the known mathematical representations.

From the physical representation of EM waves / wave packets we can put forwarda hypothesis for the particle-wave duality. This explains photoelectric effect anddouble slit experiment.

2


3/60

MichelsonMorley experiment

Earth

Sun

A. Ether

Earth

Sun

B. No Ether

Conclusion: Ether cannot exist

Through the MM experiment, the speed of light was

observed to be the same from any direction.

Wikipedia:

Light traveling along with the motion of the Earth

would have a different speed than light traveling

backward, as they would both be moving against the

unmoving aether.

Even if the aether had an overall universal flow,changes in position during the day/night cycle, or

over the span of seasons, should allow the drift to be

detected

3


4/60

MichelsonMorley experiment

Alternative explanation C: Ether rotates around the sun

Sun

Earth If the ether rotates around the sun with the same

speed as the planets, the speed of light is expected

to be the same from any direction.

Through the MM experiment, the speed of light was

observed to be the same from any direction.

This model is consistent with the observations of the

Michelson-Morley experiment

4

Neither the planetsdrag the ether,

nor does the ether drag

the planets


5/60

Michelson-Gale experiment

Earth

Unlike the Michelson-Morley interferometer, this experiment did not produce nullresults -- a fringe shift was observed, and that fringe shift was closely related to

the rotational velocity of the earth

Earth

Sun

B. No Ether

Sun

Earth

C. Ether rotates around sun

Result can be explained:

If arm lengths l1 and l2 are

subject of different length contraction

(Lorentz transformation)No transformation needed to explain

the result

Rotational velocity

reflected in fringe shift

5


6/60

Ether drift

Sun

Earth

Superposed upon the rotational ether motion around the sun,

the solar system is subject to an ether drift.

This ether drift is reflected through changes in the

measurements during the day/night cycle and over the span

of seasons.

This ether drift has been measured by:

-Dayton Miller:

- Long term measurements with improved version of Michelson-Morley interferometer

- Fringe Shift variations reflect sidereal day (relative to space) and seasonal effects

-Roland DeWitte:

- Phase comparison using two sets of atomic clocks connected through a 1.5km coaxial

cable

- Measured phase variations show periodicity corresponding to sidereal day.

- GPS Satellites: >> See appendix B

- GPS Satellite clock frequencies show variations with a harmonic close to orbit duration

relative to space (rather than the orbit duration relative to the sun)

- Annual GPS satellite variations reveal a draconitic harmonic (1 dy ~= 351.4 days) that is

equal to the rotation of the GPS orbit planes relative to the Sun (and the directiondirection of Ether Drift)

6


7/60

Stellar aberration

Earth

Sun

B. No Ether

Sun

Earth


Stellar aberration occurs

when light enters the telescope

Stellar aberration occurs

when light enters the solar system

7
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Stellar_aberration.JPG


8/60

Flow electrons

in wire Ether flowElectric

wire

Electrons in the electric wire move upwards.

Nearby the wire, ether particles are dragged in the direction

of the moving electrons.

Further away from the wire, the ether particles experience less drag

Ether drag by moving electrons

8


9/60

Flow electrons

in wire

Ether flow Resultant Magnetic Force

Electric

wire

Ether particles between the two wires move faster

because they are dragged by the electrons of both wires.

The wires are forced towards each other

because of the Bernouilli effect.

(analogy: lift of airplane wing)

Magnetism: 2 parallel wires

9


10/60

Magnetic Coil

Ether particles rotate around the coil because of the drag

caused by the moving electrons.

Resultant Magnetic Field

Flow of

electrons

in wire

10


11/60

Magnetic Coil

Ether particles rotate around the coils because of the drag caused by the electrons.

The Ether between the two coils rotates faster because it is dragged by the electrons of both wires.

The coils are forced towards each other because of the Bernouilli effect. (Analogy: lift of frisbee)

Resultant Magnetic ForceResultant Magnetic Force

Flow of

electrons

in wire

11


12/60

Magnetic Monopoles

Magnetic North and South poles are no real physical properties but reflect the

direction of the resultant magnetic force caused by the Bernouilli effect.

This is the reason why magnetic monopoles cannot be isolated.

Wikipedia:

A magnetic monopole is a hypothetical particle in physics that is a magnet with

only one pole (see Maxwell's equations for more on magnetic poles).[1] In more

technical terms, it would have a net "magnetic charge.

Monopole detection is an open problem in experimental physics. Within

theoretical physics, some modern approaches assume their existence.

12
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_polehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell's_equationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_monopolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_monopolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell's_equationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_polehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle


13/60

London Moment

Wikipedia:The 'London moment'is a quantum-mechanical phenomenon whereby

a spinning superconductor generates a magnetic field whose axis lines up

exactly with the spin axis.

The term may also refer to the magnetic moment of any rotation of a

ny superconductor, caused by the electrons lagging behind the rotation of the object.

13
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum-mechanicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_symmetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_momenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_momenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_symmetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum-mechanicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum-mechanicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum-mechanical


14/60

London Moment

Electrons in the superconductorkeep their position relative to

the static ether surrounding the

superconductor.

The electrons lag behind the rotation of the

object and thereby induce an

electric current in the superconductor.

14


15/60

Earth Magnetic Field

+Permanent magnetism Magnetism induced

by the Earth rotating in ether

The Earth magnetism is induced by the Earth rotating in a static ether.

This builds the permanent Earth magnetism

N

S

15


16/60

Magnetic Field Reversals

+

N

S

Induces N

Induces S

Earth magnetic field caused by

Earth rotation is reversing

permanent magnetism from

N on geographic south pole to

N on geographic north pole

+

N

S

Induces N

Induces S

When both permanent magnetism

and ether induced magnetism have

their N and S poles pointing in the same

direction, the situation becomes unstable

and will ultimately result in permanent

magnetic N and S poles to flip bymovements of the liquid core

(at moments of strong magnetic fields).

N

S

Remark: The magnetic reversals on the sun are happening during solar maximum

and are characterised by highly twisted and contorded

magnetic lines. This is likely caused by the same effect as illustrated above. 16


17/60

Faraday Rotation

Wikipedia: the Faraday effect or Faraday rotation is a magneto-optical

phenomenon, or an interaction between light and magneticfield in a medium. The rotation of the plane ofpolarization isproportional to the intensity of the component of the appliedmagnetic field in the direction of the beam of light.

The Faraday effect is a result offerromagnetic resonancewhen the permittivity of a material is represented by atensor. This resonance causes waves to be decomposed intotwo circularly polarized rays which propagate at differentspeeds, a property known as circular birefringence.

In the interstellar medium. the effect is caused by freeelectrons

Alternative explanation:

The Faraday rotation is caused

the ether that rotates

within a magnetic field

17
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto-optichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromagnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar_mediumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar_mediumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar_mediumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar_mediumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromagnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto-optichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto-optichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto-optic


18/60

Gravity

Hypothesis:

When an ether particle hits a mass,

it will transfer its impulse to the mass.

Subsequently the mass will transfer the impulseto multiple ether particles, thereby distributing

the original impulse across multiple ether particles

18


19/60

Gravity

Hypothesis:

The ether particles between the two masses

are slower than outside the two masses.

Both masses are pushed to each other because of

the stronger impluses coming from the opposite directions.

19


20/60

Gravity

Sun

EarthHistoric models (Le Sage) that explainedgravity based on an ether where rejected

because ofAbberation:

Wikipedia:

As shown by Laplace, a possible

Le Sage effect is orbital aberration due to finite speed of gravity.

Unless the Le Sage particles are moving at speeds much greater than the speed of light, as Le Sageand Kelvin supposed, there is a time delay in the interactions between bodies (the transit time).

In the case of orbital motion this results in each body reacting to a retarded position of the other,

which creates a leading force component. Contrary to the drag effect,

this component will act to accelerate both objects away from each other.

In order to maintain stable orbits, the effect of gravity must either propagate much faster

than the speed of light or must not be a purely central force.

Not applicable

when ether impulses hit the Earth

perpendicular due to rotating ether.

20
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_gravity


21/60

Gravity

Sun

Earth

Historic models that explained

gravity based on an ether where rejected

because ofDrag:

Wikipedia:According to Le Sage's theory, an isolated body is

subjected to drag if it is in motion relative to

the unique isotropic frame of the ultramundane flux

(i.e., the frame in which the speed of the ultramundane corpuscles

is the same in all directions).

This is due to the fact that, if a body is in motion, the particles

striking the body from the front have a higher speed (relative to the

body) than those striking the body from behind this effect will act

to decrease the distance between the sun and the earth.

Not applicable

when ether rotates

around the Sun with same

speed as planets.

21
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(physics)


22/60

Pioneer Anomaly

Sun

Earth

Wikipedia:

The Pioneer anomaly or Pioneer effect is the

observed deviation from predicted trajectories and

velocities of various unmanned spacecraft visiting the

outer solar system, most notably Pioneer 10 and

Pioneer 11.

Both Pioneer spacecraft are escaping from the solar

system, and are slowing down under the influence ofthe Sun's gravity. Upon very close examination,

however, they are slowing down slightly more than

expected.

The effect can be modeled as a slight additional

acceleration towards the Sun.

The anomaly has no universally accepted explanation.

The explanation may be mundane, such asmeasurement error, thrust from gas leakage or

uneven radiation ofheat. However, it is also possible

that current physical theory does not correctly

explain the behaviour of the craft relative to the sun.

Drag:

The particles striking the satellite fromthe front have a

higher speed (relative to the satellite)

than those striking the satellite from behind

this effect will act to decrease the distance

between the sun and the satellite in motion.

Outside the perimeter of

Solar system, the ether is

no longer rotating around the sun

22
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajectoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_spacecrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_solar_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_solar_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_spacecrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajectory


23/60

Frame-draggingWikipedia:

The theory ofgeneral relativity predicts that rotating bodies drag spacetime around

themselves in a phenomenon referred to as frame-dragging. More generally,

the subject of field effects caused by moving matter is known as gravitomagnetism.

Rotational frame-dragging (the Lense-Thirring effect) appears in

the general principle of relativity and similar theories in the vicinity of rotating

massive objects. Under the Lense-Thirring effect, the frame of reference in which a

clock ticks the fastest is one which is rotating around the object as viewed by a

distant observer. This also means that light traveling in the direction of rotation

of the object will move around the object faster than light moving against the

rotation as seen by a distant observer.

Earth

The rotating Earth

induces a small drag

In the surrounding ether

23
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitomagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lense-Thirring_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_principle_of_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_principle_of_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lense-Thirring_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lense-Thirring_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lense-Thirring_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lense-Thirring_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lense-Thirring_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitomagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity


24/60

Gravitomagnetism

24

Rotating bodies that rotate in the same

direction:

Ether particles between the bodies rotate at aspeed that is more close to the speed of the

bodies.

The ether particles at the oppositie ends

rotate faster relative to the speed of the

bodies.

The bodies are pushed awayfrom each other because of

the Bernouilli effect

Rotating bodies

drag the surrounding ether


25/60

Gravitomagnetism

25

Rotating bodies that rotate in different

direction:

Ether particles between the bodies rotate at a

speed that is relatively faster than the speed

of the bodies.

The ether particles at the oppositie ends

rotate more similar relative to the speed of

the bodies.

The bodies are pulledtowards each other because

of the Bernouilli effect


26/60

Gravity Impact on Atomic Clocks

Sun

Earth

Ether particles nearby a mass are slower

This causes a reduced speed of light.

This slows down the frequency of atomic clocks nearby the mass

because the frequency of atomic clocks depends on the speed of light.

26
http://writersgateway.files.wordpress.com/2007/05/clock.gifhttp://writersgateway.files.wordpress.com/2007/05/clock.gif


27/60

Speed Impact on Atomic Clocks

Sun

Earth

Ether particles nearby a body moving through the ether are slower becauseof the front wave created in front of the moving body:

This slows down the frequency of atomic clocks nearby the moving mass

27
http://writersgateway.files.wordpress.com/2007/05/clock.gif


28/60

Curved Spacetime

Height represents

the speed of light

Speed of light determines

the atomic clock frequency

The speed of light

is determined by the

average speed of theether particles

Gravitational force

is the result of thedifference in average speed

of ether particles at both sides

of a body

28
http://writersgateway.files.wordpress.com/2007/05/clock.gifhttp://writersgateway.files.wordpress.com/2007/05/clock.gif


29/60

Gravity Bending of Light

Sun

Earth

Ether particles nearby a mass are slowerThis slows down the propagation of light nearby the mass.

This is what makes the light to bend towards a mass

29


30/60

Dark Matter / Energy

Earth

Sun

B. No Ether

Sun

Earth

Determining the nature of

this missing mass is one of the

most important problems

in modern cosmology and particle physics.

Ether is part of what constitutes

Dark matter / Energy

Wikipedia: Dark matter is matter that is inferred to exist from gravitational effects

on visible matter and background radiation,but is undetectable by emitted or scattered electromagnetic radiation.[


30
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbody_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbody_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physics


31/60

Propagation of light/gravity

Ether particles move randomly through space

Light is a series impulses (increased energy) carried

by ether particles

Gravity is a series of missing impulses (decreasedenergy) carried by ether particles

Ether particles collide elasticly with each other and

thereby transfer the original impulse, thereby

preserving the momentum and direction of the

original impulse

31


32/60

Flow electrons

in antenna

Ether flowDirection

Magnetic Force

---- -

+

+++

+

+++

---- -

+

+++

---- -

Electric

Charge

Antenna

1. Electrons in the antenna move upwards.

Nearby the antenna, ether particles are dragged in the direction

of the moving electrons.Further away from the antenna, ether particles flow back in opposite direction.

The circular ether flow creates a magnetic force

2. Antenna is charged negatively at the top

because of the increased density of electrons

3. Electrons in the antenna move downwards.Nearby the antenna, ether particles are dragged in the direction

of the moving electrons.

Further away from the antenna, ether particles flow back in opposite direction.

The circular ether flow creates a magnetic force

4. Antenna is charged negatively at the bottom

because of the increased density of electrons

Induction of electromagnetic waves

32

+


33/60

Flow electrons

in antenna Ether flowDirection Magnetic Force

Pattern moves left with speed of light Pattern moves right with speed of light

---- -

+

+++

+

+++

---- -

+

+++

---- -

+

+++

---- -

---- -

+

+++

---- -

+

+++

+

+++

---- -

---- -

+

+++

+

+++

---- -

+

+++

---- -

---- -

+

+++

---- -

+

+++

+

+++

---- -

Electric

ChargeAntenna

33


34/60

+

+++

+

+++

---- -

---- -

+

+++

---- -

+

+++

+

+++

---- -

---- -

+

+++

---- -

Combined wave pattern

1 wavelength

1 wavelength

+

+++

+

+++

+

+++-

--- - ---- - -

--- -

+

+ +++

+ ++

+

+ ++---- - ---- - ---- -

34


35/60

Photons

Photon has an angular momentum

Moves with the speed of light

Direction of flow determines the

polarization state of the photonPhoton has no mass

35


36/60

Photons form wave packets

Moves with the speed of light

The angular momentum of the initial photon

is distributed across multiple photons and thereby forms

a wave packet

Initial Single

Photon

Resultant

wave packet

36


37/60

Wave packet: EM wave

37

Photons

have

a different

wavelength:

Smaller in

the center,

larger at theboundary.

This gives

the wave packet

a constrained

size


38/60

Wave packets collapse to a single

photon

If energy is taken away from a single photon within a wave packet,

then (all) energy contained within the wave packet will flow to that

photon and will cause the combined wave packet to collapse instantly to

a single photon

Initial

Wave Packet

Resultantsingle photon

38


39/60

Wave Packet: gearbox analogy

39

Single photontransforms

to wave packet

of photons

Wave packet

collapses

Momentum

distributes

across all

photons

Momentum

felt at point of

collision = combined momentum


40/60

Photoelectric Effect

Wave-Particle Duality

40

The impacted electron feels the impact of the total momentum of the wave

packet immediately. So it does not need to 'gather up' energy over a period of

time, and then be emitted.

The total momentum contained in a wave packet is larger when the

wavelength decreases (assuming speed at boundary of photons = speed of

light)

Therefore, momentum available to impacted electron is higher when

frequency increases.


41/60

Double slit experimentWave Packet

reconstructsbehind the double slit

with interference

First photon within

wave packetthat hits the detection wall

obtains all energy

embedded in wave packet

Wave packet

collapses to

a single photon

Initial

photon

41


42/60

2 wave packets:

Merge to 1 wave packet

42

When 2 identical wave packets overlap each

other, they create an interference pattern.This causes the wave packets to twist towards each other

and to form a new wave pattern with a different topology.


43/60

2 wave packets:

Merge to 1 wave packet

43

The force that causes the twist

of the wave packets is themagnetic field alignment

of all the photons in both wave packets.

This only works if photons in both

wave packets are at the same position.

When two magnets are almost

on top of each other, they will beforced to align with each other.


44/60

3 slit experiment

44

Once 2 identical wave patterns have merged

into a new wave pattern, the 3th wave pattern

cannot merge with the new wave pattern

because of the difference in topology.


45/60

Double slit experiment:

with photon detector

Photon

detector

Detector takes energy andtherefore causes wave packet

to be collapsed to a single photon

Initial

photon

Photon

detector

Photon

detector

45


46/60

Wave refraction

Higher speed of light

Longer wavelength

Lower speed of light

Shorter wavelength

46


47/60

Summary

The rejection of the ether as the consequence of the Michelson-Morleyexperiment does not account for the observed siderial day variations.

The model whereby the ether rotates around the sun with the samevelocity as the planets accounts for both the outcome of the MMexperiment and the observed siderial day variations.

Magnetism / Gravitomagnetism are similar in nature: both are caused by

the Bernouilli effect applied to ether particles. Gravitation is caused by a difference in velocity of the ether particles at

either side of a body. The speed of light is related to the velocity of theether particles. Time measurements (e.g. through atomic clock) aredependent on the speed of light: this explains differences in measuredtime depending on speed relative to ether and strength of gravity field.

Maxwell equations are applicable to ether model (Maxwell assumed theether model)

Formulas of Relativity are applicable to the ether model when taking intoaccount that these include a mathematical transformation (transformingconstant time/variable speed of light to constant speed of light/variabletime)

47


48/60

APPENDIX AADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

48


49/60

Exoplanets with tilted orbits

The ether that rotates around any star acts a largegravitomagnet.

Through the influence of another gravitomagnet (rotatingether of Galactic Plane / other star), the plane of the starsystem can be tilted. This may explain why some exoplanets

have orbits that are very titled relative to the rotation oftheir star.http://spacefellowship.com/news/art15607/an-exoplanet-with-an-extremely-tilted-orbit.html

The Earths climate may have been changed by a different

tilt of the ecliptic plane:http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7093/abs/nature04668.html

49


50/60

Electron spin

Electron spin makes the

surrounding ether to rotate

around the electron.

Electron

50


51/60

Superconductivity

Electron

Electr

on

Electr

on

Flow

of

electronsElectrons are interconnected

through their magnetic dipole

moment

Ether keeps rotating

between two moving electrons

(by keeping a rotational momentum)

Ether rotation forms a pipe though

which the electrons flow.

51


52/60

Superconductivity

Electron

Electr

on

Electr

on

Flow

of

electrons

Electr

on

Electr

on

Electr

on

Number of free electrons

must exactly match the

space available on the

electron train.

Too few electrons >

no ether pipe /

electron train can be formed.

Excess electrons > will cause

resistance / normal currents

Distance determined by

opposite force of electron charges

52


53/60

Superconductivity

Electron

Electr

on

Electr

on

Flow

of

electrons

External causes that break down

the ether pipe:

- Heat

- Strong magnetic fields

Electrons do not have the required

energy level to escape from the ether

pipe on their own.

An electron that tries to escape

will be immediately pulled back into the

ether pipe as result of magnetic forces.

53


54/60

SuperconductivityEther pipe forms a closed

loop from which the

electrons cannot escape

Ether pipe

protects electrons

from hitting any

object

54


55/60

Superconductivity

When all free electronsare locked into the ether pipe,

there are no more

electrons that can react

to an external magnetic field.

The superconductor becomes

perfectly diamagnetic: all

magnetism inside the conductor

is cancelled.

Meissner effect

55


56/60

APPENDIX BGPS ANOMALIES

56


57/60

GPS Satellite Deviations

Satellite orbit planes

rotate once per draconical year (1 dy ~= 351.4 days)

relative to space:

Correlates with yearly harmonic

Satellites in this orbit fly against ether drift

once per rotatation around the orbit (relative to space): 11.9672 h

this closely correlates with sub-daily harmonic in GPS Clock Frequency

(11.982-h)

Earth rotates once per day

relative to orbit planes

This GPS orbit is perpendicular to ether drift

and subject to a continuous force

caused by the ether drift

57

Characterization of periodic variations
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ConstellationGPS.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ConstellationGPS.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ConstellationGPS.gif


58/60

Characterization of periodic variations

in the GPS satellite clocks

Kenneth L. Senior Jim R. Ray Ronald L. Beard:

All the peaks can be understood as harmonics of a fundamental 11.982-h signal. While this

frequency is close to the average orbital period of the GPS satellites (namely, 11.9659 0.0007 h

according to Agnew and Larson 2007), the two differ in period by 0.016 0.006 h or 58 22 s

(for comparison, a halfsidereal day is 11.9672 h, which is about 9.7 s longer than the meanorbital periods; see Agnew and Larson 2007).

Since the most natural explanation for the twice-daily clock variations is insolation, thermal, or

other environmental changes driven by the orbital motion, a close correspondence in the

periods is expected.

58


59/60

Variations in the GPS satellite clocks

Least impact

Satellites in Block IIA, Cs Clock

Correlation between GPS orbit and variation

59

Anomalous harmonics in the spectra
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ConstellationGPS.gif


60/60

Anomalous harmonics in the spectra

of GPS position estimates

http://www.springerlink.com/content/8w20lp2741x66pj3/

Peaks are evident at harmonics of about 1 cycle per year (cpy) up to at least 6 cpy, but the peaks are not all at

strictly 1.0 cpy intervals. Based on the 6th harmonic of the N spectrum, which is among the sharpest and

largest, and assuming a linear overtone model, then a common fundamental of 1.040 0.008 cpy can explain all

peaks well, together with the expected annual and semiannual signals.

A flicker noise power-law continuum describes the background spectrum down to periods of a few months,

after which the residuals become whiter. Similar sub-seasonal tones are not apparent in the residuals of

available satellite laser ranging (SLR) and very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) sites, which are both an order

of magnitude less numerous and dominated by white noise.

There is weak evidence for a few isolated peaks near 1 cpy harmonics in the spectra of geophysical loadings, but

these are much noisier than for GPS positions.

Alternative explanations related to the GPS technique are suggested by the close coincidence of the period of

the 1.040 cpy frequency, about 351.2 days, to the GPS year; i.e., the interval required for the constellation

to repeat its inertial orientation with respect to the sun. This could indicate that the harmonics are a type of

systematic error related to the satellite orbits. Mechanisms could involve orbit modeling defects or aliasing of

site-dependent positioning biases modulated by the varying satellite geometry.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/8w20lp2741x66pj3/http://www.springerlink.com/content/8w20lp2741x66pj3/

bart leplae- magnetism-gravity: working model

Documents