Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earthscience. The diagram represents four tubes, labeled A, B, C, and D, each containing 150 mL ofsediments. Tubes A, B, and C contain well~sorted, closely packed sediments of uniform shape andsize. Tube D contains uniformly shaped, closely packed sediments of mixed sizes. The particle size ofthe sediment in each tube is labeled.

A) particle size of the sediments B) particle shape of the sedimentsC) water retention of the sediments D) porosity of the sediments

1. Water was added to each tube to just cover the sediments and the volumes of water added wererecorded. These data can best be used to determine the

A) greatest in tube A B) greatest in tube BC) greatest in tube C D) the same for tubes A, B, and C

2. If tubes A, B, and C were set up to test for capillarity, the data would show that capillarity is

A) B)

C) D)

3. Which graph best represents the relationship betweenporosity and particle size for soil samples of uniformsize, shape, and packing?

A) Density and porosity will both decrease.B) Density and porosity will both increase.C) Density will decrease and porosity will increase.D) Density will increase and porosity will

decrease.

4. If a rock is compressed and its volume decreases, howwill the rock's density and porosity be affected?

A) poorly sorted and densely packedB) poorly sorted and loosely packedC) well sorted and densely packedD) well sorted and loosely packed

5. Soil with the greatest porosity has particles that are

A) large-size particlesB) small-size particlesC) high-density particlesD) low-density particles

6. Which soil characteristic allows greater amounts ofwater retention?

A) Beaker A and beaker B have the same porosity, and beaker C has the least porosity.B) Beaker A and beaker B have the same porosity, and beaker C has the greatest porosity.C) Beaker B has the greatest porosity, beaker A has less porosity, and beaker C has the least

porosity.D) Beaker C has the greatest porosity, beaker B has less porosity, and beaker A has the least

porosity.

7. The diagram below represents cross sections of equal-size beakers A, B, and C filled with beads.

Which statement best compares the porosity in the three beakers?

A) B) C) D)

8. The diagram below shows tubes A and B partly filled with equal volumes of round plastic beads ofuniform size. The beads in tube A are smaller than the beads in tube B. Water was placed in tube A until the pore spaces were filled. The drain valve was then opened, and the amount of time for thewater to drain from the tube was recorded. The amount of water that remained around the beads wasthen calculated and recorded. Data table 1 shows the measurements recorded using tube A.

If the same procedure was followed with tube B, which data table shows the measurements most likelyrecorded?

A) silt and pebbles, onlyB) sand, silt, and pebbles, onlyC) pebbles and the mixture, onlyD) sand, pebbles, and the mixture, only

9. A student performed a laboratory activity in whichwater was poured slowly into four cups containingequal volumes of loosely packed sediment samples,as shown in the diagram below. All particles werespherical in shape and uniform in size within acontainer. After the water level reached the surface ofeach sample, the student determined the amount ofwater that had been added.

The results of the activity should have indicated thatapproximately equal amounts of water were added tothe cups of

A)

B)

C)

D)

10. The diagram below represents three identicalbeakers filled to the same level with spherical beads.

If the packing of the beads within each beaker is thesame, which graph best represents the porositywithin each beaker?

A) B)

C) D)

11. Which graph best indicates the general relationship between soil particle size and the amount of waterretention by a permeable soil?

A) infiltration rate B) water retentionC) capillarity D) porosity

12. The diagram below shows two identical containersfilled with uniform particles that were sorted by size.

Which characteristic is most likely the same forthese particle-filled containers?

A) be resistant to weatheringB) be composed of large grainsC) have a large percentage of space between

particlesD) have a small percentage of rounded particles

13. A rock with a high porosity will probably

A) B)

C) D)

14. The diagram below represents three identical beakers, A, B, and C, each containing an equal volumeof uniform-sized spherical beads. Water is poured into each beaker until all of the pore spaces arefilled.

Which table best indicates the percentage of pore space compared to the total volume of each beaker?

A) have low permeabilityB) have mixed grain sizesC) be porousD) show a high amount of capillarity

15. A soil sample with a high percentage of open spacebetween grains must

16. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below. Columns A, B, C, and D arepartially filled with different sediments. Within each column, the sediment is uniform in size. A finewire mesh screen covers the bottom of each column to prevent the sediment from falling out. Thelower part of each column has just been placed in a beaker of water. Sediment sizes are not drawn toscale.

A) A B) B C) C D) D

Which column contains sediment with an average diameter closest to 0.1 centimeter?

A) B)

C) D)

17. The diagrams below represent three containers, A, B,and C, which were filled with equal volumes ofuniformly sorted plastic beads. Water was pouredinto each container to determine porosity andinfiltration time.

Which data table best represents the porosity andinfiltration time of the beads in the three containers?

A) low permeability rateB) low infiltration rateC) high porosityD) high capillarity

18. A soil sample with a large amount of space betweenthe particles will have a

A) A had a greater porosity than B and C.B) B had a greater porosity than A and C.C) C had a greater porosity than A and B.D) All three samples had the same porosity.

19. The cross sections below represent three beakers that were used to test porosity. Beakers A, B, and C each contain a different size of bead. Each beaker holds an equal volume of beads. Theamount of water needed to fill the total pore space between the beads in each beaker wasmeasured.

Which statement best describes the porosity that was found for these three samples?

20. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below, which represents samples of soil andbedrock at Earth's surface. The arrows representpossible infiltration of rainwater.

A) pebble soilB) pebble-and-sand soilC) conglomerate bedrockD) granite bedrock

Which sample probably has the greatest porosity?

A) the rock's geologic ageB) the rock's hardnessC) the rock's porosityD) the rock's color

21. Which is most important in determining the amountof ground water that can be stored within a rock?

22. Base your answer to the following question on thediagrams below, which represent cross sections offour samples of loosely packed, uniformly sorted soilparticles. The diameter of the particles is givenbelow each diagram. All soil samples consist of solidspherical particles.

A) A B) B C) C D) D

If equal amounts of 0.2-centimeter soil particles aremixed into each sample, which sample's porositywill not be affected?