bases_summer_2013_1754-3452

Issue 36, Summer 2013

BASES Conference 2013 • University of Central Lancashire (UCLAN) • 3 – 5 September www.bases.org.uk/BASES-Annual-Conference

The official publication of the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences

The

BASES PositionStand on GraduateInternships

Sport andExercise Scientist

ISSN

175

4-34

52

High-intensity exercise:Evidence summary and relevanceto public health

Gaining Chartered Scientist status

Carbohydrate restriction in modulating training adaptation

World class sports science and performance training equipment

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Blood and Lab

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Respiratory

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The new Bio-harness 3

and Omnisense software

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40 parameters, including

HR, HRV, BR, Skin & Core

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platforms and weights from

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HaB Direct brings you a new range of

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HaB Direct are the

exclusive distributors for

the NEW Lactate Pro 2.

Fast measurement in

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The new PowerCube

from Ganshorn is a new

generation of CPET systems.

Super fast analysers and

new architecture allow the

unit to operate up to 85

breaths per min without any

degradation in data output.

Now with GPS

Speed and Distance

3The Sport and Exercise Scientist n Issue 36 n Summer 2013 n www.bases.org.uk

The Sport and Exercise ScientistThe Sport and Exercise Scientist is published quarterly for the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences. The publication is free to BASES members. BASES is a nonprofit professional membership organisation “promoting excellence in sport and exercise sciences.” It is a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered in Cardiff No. 5385834.

Editor Dr Claire Hitchings n [email protected]

Editorial Advisory Board Dr Kevin Currell n Kelly Goodwin n Adam Hawkey Dr James Morton n Len Parker Simpson

Samantha Parnell n Claire-Marie Roberts n Dr Garry TewDr Ken van Someren FBASES

Editorial AssistantsJane Bairstow n Marsha Stankler

Want to place an advertisement? Visit www.bases.org.uk/SES-Advertisers or contact Jane Bairstow 0113 8126162 n [email protected]

What do you think of The Sport and Exercise Scientist? We’re keen to know what you want more of, what’s missing and what we should drop. We’re also keen to hear from potential contributors. Contact the editor, Dr Claire Hitchings n [email protected]

Want to submit a letter to the editor? Letters, which may be edited or shortened for reasons of space or clarity, should be no longer than 300 words, must refer to an article that has appeared in the last issue, and must include the writer’s name.

Publisher Mercer Print, Newark Street, Accrington BB5 0PBTel: 01254395512 n [email protected]

Front Cover PhotographySam Collard. Courtesy Dr Claire Hitchings and Andy Smyth

DisclaimerThe statements and opinions contained in the articles are solely those of the individual contributors and are not necessarily those of BASES. The appearance of advertisements in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement or approval of products or services. BASES has undertaken all reasonable measures to ensure that the information contained in The Sport and Exercise Scientist is accurate and specifically disclaims any liability, loss or risk, personal or otherwise, which is incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly of the use and application of any of the contents.

Copyright © BASES, 2013All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in substantial part without permission of BASES is strictly prohibited. Please apply to the editor in writing. Authors may use their own material elsewhere without permission. We ask that the following note be included: “First published in The Sport and Exercise Scientist, date and issue number. Published by the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences – www.bases.org.uk”

BASES BoardProf Ian Campbell (Chair) n Dr Claire Hitchings Dr Stephen Ingham n Dr Keith Tolfrey FBASES Prof Richard Tong FBASES

Want to contact BASES?BASES, Leeds Metropolitan University, Fairfax Hall, Headingley Campus, Beckett Park, Leeds, LS63QT n Tel/Fax: 01138126162/63 [email protected] n www.bases.org.uk

www.twitter.com/basesuk

www.facebook.com/BASESUK

The Sport and Exercise Scientist is printed on paper from sustainably managed forests and controlled sources. Please recycle

Check out previous issuesAll copies of The Sport and Exercise Scientist are available in PDF format in the Member Area at www.bases.org.uk. You will need your username (your e-mail address) and password (sent to you via e-mail when you joined BASES).

On the cover

6 BASES Position Stand on Graduate Internships

Good practice recommendations for the provision of quality graduate internships with a guide for establishing the employment status

and rights of graduate interns Michael Pye, Dr Claire Hitchings, Dr Lance Doggart, Graeme Close and Lisa Board

10 High-intensity exercise: Evidence summary and relevance to public health

Our expert panel discuss the evidence for high-intensity exercise and its appropriateness as a public health strategy for physical activity promotion

18 Gaining Chartered Scientist status

How BASES members can become Chartered Scientists

Kate Yule

22 Research spotlight - a focus on research undertaken by sport

and exercise scientists Reduced carbohydrate availability

enhances exercise-induced p53 signalling in human skeletal muscle

Dr Jonathan Bartlett and Dr James Morton

Regulars

4 News

5 View from the Chair Prof Ian G. Campbell

5 Diary dates

12 Reviews

16 CHuTzPAH: CHarlie’s Thoughtz on Physical Activity for Health

Why does recruitment matter? Dr Charlie Foster

27 Final word Prof Richard Tong FBASES

Also inside

14 Using science to accelerate the rehabilitation of injured

Olympic athletes The role of science in rehabilitation

including applied examples Ben Rosenblatt and Rachel Sheldrick

20 Recognising the co-curriculum: The HEAR has arrived

The Higher Education Achievement Record (HEAR)

Prof David James and Kelly Goodwin

24 Sport and exercise psychology Who is legally qualified to provide support? Guidance for current and potential Sport and

Exercise Psychologists Prof Ian Maynard FBASES and Dr Sandy Wolfson FBASES

ContentsWorld class sports science and performance

training equipment

To make your life easier...

www.habdirect.co.uk +44 (0) 1926 816100 [email protected]

HaB Direct has over the past 23 years sourced Innovative, Best in Class Products from Partners around the World including: HP Cosmos, Ganshorn, EKF, Lactate Pro, Zephyr, Noraxon, Brower, Fusion Sport, Marpo, Monark, Suunto, Sigma, CardioSport, Sensorize, T-Wall & POWERbreathe

Delivering Products and Services that perform.

YEARSYEARS

• PR

OD

UCTS THAT PERFORM •

FROM HaB

HaB International Ltd. is ISO 9001:2008 accredited

Part of the HaB group HaB Direct HaB GmbH HaB Oceania HaB Latin America United Kingdom Germany Australia Brazil

Pantone 185C0c 0m 0y 40k

Pantone 185C

0c 100m 100y0c 0m 0y 40k

0c 100m 100y

Strength and

Conditioning

Heart Rate and

GPS

Portable

Lactate Analysis

Blood and Lab

Analysis

Altitude

Training Systems

Respiratory

Training

The new Bio-harness 3

and Omnisense software

now comes with an

optional GPS unit. The

Bio-harness records over

40 parameters, including

HR, HRV, BR, Skin & Core

Temp (estimation) and

speed & distance.

HaB Direct supply a

comprehensive range

of Olympic lifting racks,

platforms and weights from

the best manufacturers

around the world

HaB Direct brings you a new range of

performance simulated altitude systems. Including

training rooms from 35m3 to 250m3, new mask

based systems with superior flow rates

and a new range of inflatables and

sleeping tents.

ALTITUDE SYSTEMS


Blue Pantone 2925

TM

ALTITUDE SYSTEMSTM

The POWERbreathe K5

is the world’s most

advanced respiratory

training system and

includes Breathe-Link

software that can

measure, train, monitor

and customise your

athletes inspiratory muscle

performance.

ALTITUDE SYSTEMS


Blue Pantone 2925

TM

ALTITUDE SYSTEMSTM

HaB Direct are the

exclusive distributors for

the NEW Lactate Pro 2.

Fast measurement in

15 seconds, only 0.3µl

sample volume and a

memory for 330 results.

The new PowerCube

from Ganshorn is a new

generation of CPET systems.

Super fast analysers and

new architecture allow the

unit to operate up to 85

breaths per min without any

degradation in data output.

Now with GPS

Speed and Distance

“For most quality sport and exercise graduate internshippositions there is an obligation to perform work anda contract or formal arrangement; meaning the internshould be classed as either a worker or an employeeand entitled to be paid at least the National MinimumWage (NMW).” Michael Pye, Dr Claire Hitchings, Dr Lance Doggart,Graeme Close and Lisa Board, p6.

4 The Sport and Exercise Scientist n Issue 36 n Summer 2013 n www.bases.org.uk

NewsBASES Re-Accreditation and Accreditation Re-AccreditationDr Sally Akehurst, University of Derby, Scott Bradley,Bucks New University, Dr Tracey Devonport, Universityof Wolverhampton, Dr Phil Graham-Smith, University ofSalford, Dr Maria Konstantaki, Bucks New University, Dr Jamie McDonald, Bangor University, Dr Ross Roberts, Bangor University, Caroline Robertson, Loughborough University, Prof John Saxton, University of East Anglia,Prof Craig Williams, University of Exeter, Karen Williams, University of Surrey, William Winstone, Performance 1 Ltd.

AccreditationSimon Crampton, ECB/EIS/University of Roehampton,John Currie, Sunderland FC, Hannah Druce, NHS,Emma Huntley, Edgehill University, Nick Hutchings, LeAF Elite Athlete Academy, Dr Stefan Koehn, University of Abertay, Duncan Locke, RFU/PGIR, Amanda Miller, Coventry University, Dr Ian Sadler, York St John University, Rachel Sheldrick, EIS, Dr Tony Turner, University of Edinburgh.

BASES Certified Exercise PractitionerAmy Rigby.

BASES signs up to the Voluntary Code of Good Governance

The British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences has signed up to the Voluntary Code of Good Governance, an initiative backed by Minister for Sport and the Olympics Hugh Robertson MP.

The Code aims to enable sport and recreation organisations to aspire to and maintain good governance by providing signatories with practical, simple and realistic advice on improving structures and decision-making processes in their sport or activity.

The Code was developed by a coalition of organisations led by the Sport and Recreation Alliance including the British Olympic Association, the British Paralympic Association and UK Sport. It has seven basic principles: • Integrity: ensure all organisations act as guardians of the sport,

recreation, activity or area• Defining and evaluating the role of the board• Delivery of a vision, mission and purpose• Objectivity: The implementation of a balanced, inclusive and skilled

board• The creation of basic standards, systems and controls• Accountability and transparency throughout the organisation• Ensuring all Code members have an understanding and

engagement with the sporting landscape.

New research in physical, cognitive and social domains in motor learningHuman Kinetics has begun publication of Journal of Motor Learning and Development, a new journal that aims to advance the understanding of movement skill acquisition and change across the life span. It provides a platform for innovative research related to factors that influence the learning or relearning of skills in individuals with various movement-related abilities and disabilities. JMLD also features high-quality studies that offer insight into training or therapeutic interventions that promote motor proficiency, or reduce deficits and decline, in any age group. More information is available at www.JMLD-Journal.com.

BASES Awards and GrantsBASES Applied Practitioner Awards WinnersDr Barry Fudge, English Institute of SportSarah Hardman, English Institute of Sport.

BASES Masters Dissertation of the Year Award WinnerKevin Reeves, University of Portsmouth. His dissertation is entitled: Barefoot running improves economy at race intensities and is ergogenic during incremental treadmill running. It was supervised by Dr Jo Corbett.

BASES International Conference Grant WinnerDr Costas Karageorghis FBASES Brunel University.

BASES Student Conference 2013 Award Winners and Runners-Up

Thanks to the sponsors: BASES, Pearson,Human Kinetics, Routledge, Cranlea andCardiff Metropolitan University.

Undergraduate Oral Presentation Award:Winner Mark Hearris, Liverpool John Moores UniversityRunner-Up Omar Green, Cardiff Metropolitan University

Undergraduate Poster Presentation Award: Winner Sam Wright, University of PortsmouthRunner-Up Josh Foster, University of Bedfordshire

Postgraduate Oral Presentation Award: Winner Mark Faghy, University of DerbyRunner-Up Leanne Glover, Cardiff Metropolitan University

Postgraduate Poster Presentation Award: Winner Bryn Savill, Loughborough UniversityRunner-Up Angela Davenport, University of Chester

Postgraduate Applied Research Presentation Award: Winner Dominic Cunliffe, University of SouthamptonRunner-Up Fiona Letton, Sport Wales.

Social Media

You can now follow BASES on Twitter @basesuk Like us on Facebook /basesuk

Keep up-to-date with all the latest information, job vacancies, access to articles and reminders of those all important deadlines!


I am delighted that the BASES Position Stand on Graduate Internships is now available. The aim of this position stand was to provide good practice recommendations for the provision of quality graduate internships. Key is the concept of mutual benefit to the graduate and employer. A guide for establishing

the employment status and rights of graduate interns, including remuneration is also provided. It is important that graduate internships are not viewed simply as inexpensive labour. For most quality sport and exercise graduate internship positions there is an obligation to perform work and a contract or formal arrangement; meaning the intern should be classed as a worker or an employee and is entitled to be paid at least the National Minimum Wage.

As of now the BASES website will only list vacancies if the advertiser confirms that the graduate internship complies with the advice given in this position stand. UK Sport has removed all internship roles advertised on its website and is reviewing its policy on advertising these positions.

For me personally this project has been particularly pleasing for several reasons. In the first instance, we had 30 members answer the call out for assistance with writing and reviewing the Position Stand. Such a high response rate is really satisfying to see and demonstrates that we do have active members who wish to contribute.

Second, is that one of the objectives of BASES is the representation of the interests of sport and exercise sciences nationally and internationally. The development of this position stand fits exactly with that objective, providing guidance to early career sport and exercise scientists.

Third, has been the collaborative nature of this venture. For this project to have a real impact and make a difference BASES has recognised the role that other key stakeholders can play. This has involved liaising with Intern Aware (Intern Aware is the national campaign for fair, paid internships; www.internaware.org). UK Sport and The English Institute of Sport are also supporting the position stand, as is The Sport and Recreation Alliance. The Sport and Recreation Alliance is the umbrella organisation for the governing and representative bodies of sport and recreation in the UK and represents more than 300 members – most of the UK’s sporting national governing bodies. Through them we aim to inform many of those offering graduate internships.

Finally, now that BASES has become a Licensed Body of the Science Council, I hope many members read Kate Yule’s article in this issue and decide to apply for Chartered Scientist (CSci) status.

View from the ChairProf Ian G. Campbell

www.tandfonline.com/rjsp

2011 Impact Factor 1.931 Ranking28/84 (Sport Sciences)

2012 Regular £70Student £29

Both online only

14 June. Monitoring Exercise Intensity (HR, RPE and METS) in partnership with BASES, Sheffield Hallam University

15 June. Exercise Medicine Symposium, University Hospitalof Wales, Cardiff

19 June. Reflective Practice for Sport and Exercise Scientists(Core SE workshop), University of Roehampton

21-22 June. Exercise Medicine Conference, Royal Society of Medicine, London

26-29 June, 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Barcelona

1 July. BASES Accreditation submission deadline

12 July. Assessing Functional Capacity – how to administer and interpret submaximal testsin clinical populations in partnership with BASES, BACPR Education, Surrey

21-26 July. International Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS) Congress, Birmingham, UK

30-31July. 12th Cambridge/UCLA Course on Clinical Exercise Testing and Interpretation, Addenbrooke’s Hospital

31 July. BASES Fellowship application deadline

1 Sept. BASES International Conference Grant submission deadline

3-5 Sept. BASES Conference 2013, University of Central Lancashire

9-12 Sept. 11th International Society for Exercise Immunology (ISEI) Symposium: Exercise Immunology: Prescriptions for Health, Newcastle, Australia

6 Sept. BASES Undergraduate Endorsement Scheme submission deadline

Diary dates

Further information: www.bases.org.ukEvents n Awards n Grants


IntroductionBASES recognises the value of quality internships that are of mutual benefit to the sport and exercise science graduate and employer. Graduate internships provide practical experiences to individuals with a degree looking to develop the relevant knowledge and skills required to enter into a particular career.

Graduate interns can benefit greatly from internships; including improvements in understanding a career, soft skills, marketability and work readiness. The experience can also help to build a network of contacts to enhance job prospects. Employers benefit by obtaining inexpensive, qualified and motivated labour. They may also identify potential future staff in a more effective way than ‘snap-shot’ interviews.

A worrying trend is that some employers see internships as unpaid labour, ignoring the concept of mutual benefit, i.e., graduate internships should assist graduates in gaining the necessary experience to enter a profession, whilst also providing employer benefits.

The aim of this position stand is to provide good practice recommendations for the provision of quality graduate internships. Key is the concept of mutual benefit to the graduate and employer. A guide for establishing the employment status and rights of graduate interns, including remuneration is also provided. Good practice recommendations1. Consider why you want an internIt is important to consider why you want a graduate intern. Ethical issues regarding the provision of internships need to be addressed at the outset, as does the concept of mutual benefit to the graduate and employer. Graduate internships should not be viewed simply as inexpensive labour.

2. Identify the position and required resources including an appropriately qualified supervisorPrior to recruitment the roles and responsibilities of the graduate intern will need to be clearly identified in a detailed job description. The roles and responsibilities should be sport and exercise science-related and appropriate to the job title. Resources need to be put in place to ensure a quality experience – for instance, equipment (e.g., computer and work station) and an appropriately qualified supervisor with sufficient time to supervise the intern and provide induction, training, mentorship, and regular review and reflective practice meetings.

3. Establish the employment rights of graduate interns including paymentThere are no laws specifically directed to the payment of interns. According to GOV.UK an intern’s right to payment depends on his/her employment status and whether he/she is classed as:

1. A volunteer 2. A worker 3. An employee.

Volunteer. A volunteer is under no obligation to perform work and has no contract of employment. Volunteers are not paid for their time but may get money to cover expenses. This is usually limited to covering food, drink and travel or any equipment they need to buy.

Worker. A worker is anyone who works for an employer, whether under a contract of employment, or any other contract where they undertake to perform personally any work or service. Workers are entitled to core employment rights and protection. The following groups of people are likely to be workers but not employees:

• most agency workers• short-term casual workers• some freelancers.

Employee. An intern may be classed as an employee if s/he works under a contract of employment. The contract will normally set out what s/he is expected to do and s/he will be expected to do the work themselves. The key difference between a worker and an employee is that an employee has additional employment rights (see Figure 1).

Figure 1 provides a flowchart that can be used to establish the basis upon which the graduate intern is to work - as a volunteer, worker or employee and to act as guidance for determining appropriate employment rights including remuneration.

For most quality sport and exercise graduate internship positions there is an obligation to perform work and a contract or formal arrangement; meaning the intern should be classed as either a worker or an employee and entitled to be paid at least the National Minimum Wage (NMW). The NMW is a minimum standard and if employers pay above the NMW and offer benefits in kind (see section 4), they are more likely to attract higher calibre candidates.

There are valid exemptions to NMW payment including those exempt from the NMW

The BASES Position Stand on Graduate Internships Produced on behalf of the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences by Michael Pye, Dr Claire Hitchings, Dr Lance Doggart, Graeme Close and Lisa Board.

“The aim of this position stand is to provide good practice recommendations for the provision of quality graduate internships. Key is the concept of mutual benefit to the graduate and employer. A guide for establishing the employment status and rights of graduate interns, including remuneration is also provided.”

legislation and those not classified as employees or workers. Students undertaking work placements of up to one year as part of a higher education course of study are exempt, as are volunteers - those who are under no obligation to perform work or carry out instructions, who have no contract or formal arrangement and can come and go as they please.

4. Understand benefits in kindIf a graduate intern is classed as a volunteer, s/he will not be paid for work but should be reimbursed for legitimate expenses (against receipts) incurred to carry out work – for example, travel, meals taken during the course of volunteering (one per day) and childcare expenses. If a volunteer receives any other payment, reward or benefit in kind, s/he will be classed as a worker or employee by HM Revenue and Customs. The following benefits/payments in kind would infer worker/employee status on the graduate intern, which means s/he must be paid at least the NMW (this list is not exhaustive): • Complimentary match tickets • Fee payments for training courses/postgraduate study • Professional body registration fees.

5. Decide the format of the graduate internshipThe length of the internship will vary based on the identified natureof the graduate intern’s work. The internship needs to allowsufficient time for the graduate intern to ‘bed-in’ and be able tobring value to the employer. Informal intern and employer feedbacksuggests graduate internships between 4 to 12 months allow this tohappen. In terms of hours per week, workers and employees aresubject to the provisions of the Working Time Directive, whichincludes the right to work no more than 48 hours per week unlessthey choose to do so.

A part-time graduate internship would allow the intern addedopportunity for income generation and/or job seeking (aminimum of 3 days per week is recommended to be a usefulexperience). Such part-time positions are more accessible tothose on low incomes and/or with carer responsibilities. Givenone concept of a graduate internship is to assist the individual ingaining the necessary skills and experience to enter a profession,it is important, where possible, to allow time for academic study,training and/or job interviews.

6. Follow good practice recruitment, selection andadministration policiesEmployers should adopt a fair, rigorous and transparent recruitmentand selection process, which complies with legislativerequirements. This should include detailing key duties associatedwith the role and the key skills, experience and qualificationsrequired to perform the role successfully. The experience andqualifications requested should be appropriate and realistic to agraduate internship position. Graduate interns classed as workersshould as a minimum be issued with a letter confirming termsand conditions, including hours of work, rate of pay and requiredduties. Those classed as employees should be issued with an offerletter, written contract of employment and comprehensive jobdescription. The appropriate liability insurances and Disclosureand Barring Service (DBS) checks must be in place, arranged andpaid for by the employer. The value of a comprehensive inductionprogramme should not be underestimated as it should help toensure the graduate intern settles in quickly.

7. Deal with issues such as confidentiality, data protectionand intellectual property rightsIn the course of the internship it is likely that the graduate internwill have access to, or generate, much confidential information. There should be clarity about confidentiality, data protection and


Figure 1. Guide for establishing the employment status and rights of graduate interns, including remuneration

Check ‘worker’ criteria

Determine the graduate intern's employment status

Volunteer• Is there any obligation to perform work?• Do they have any rights of a worker or an employee?• Do they receive any benefits in kind? (see section 4 of main body text)

Worker• Is there a contract to perform work or services personally? • Are they expected to undertake work for the organisation?• Do they have a list of duties?• Do they work set hours?• Do they receive any benefits in kind?

Graduate intern classed as worker and must be paid at least the National Minimum

Wage, check ‘employee’ criteria

Employee• Do they have a contract of employment?• Are they paid?• Are they required to work regularly unless on leave? • Are they required to do a minimum number of hours and expect to be

paid for time worked?• Is someone responsible for their workload, saying when a piece of work

should be finished and how it should be done?• Does the business deduct tax and National Insurance from their wages?• Do they get paid holiday?• Are they entitled to contractual or Statutory Sick, Maternity or Paternity Pay?• Can they join the business’s pension scheme?• Do the business’s disciplinary and grievance procedures apply to them?• Do they work at the business’s premises or at an address specified by

the business?• Does the contract set out redundancy procedures?• Does the business provide the materials, tools and equipment for their

work?• Do they only work for the business, or if they have another job, is it

completely different from their work for the business?• Does their contract, statement of terms and conditions or offer letter

use terms like ‘employer’ and ‘employee’?• Do they receive any benefits in kind?

Graduate intern classed as an employee, must be paid at least the National Minimum Wage and afforded relevant

employment rights

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes No

Graduate intern classed asa worker and must be paid

at least the NationalMinimum Wage

Graduate intern classed as a volunteer and does not

need to be paid

intellectual property rights both during and after the internship. Hence it is good practice to deal specifically with these issues where relevant in the contract of employment. Training in these areas may also be of benefit.

8. Provide an employer reference and debriefOn completion an intern will welcome an employer reference and feedback on overall performance. It is recommended the organisation invite constructive feedback from the intern. Recording the securement of any work by the intern within the organisation and/or the sector may be useful in informingfuture interns. What to do if internships do not comply with this position standBASES recommends that organisations should refer to this position stand to review all current graduate internships they have in place and where necessary update the arrangements accordingly. They should also review this position stand when considering all future graduate internships.

As a graduate intern if, after consulting this position stand, you believe that your employment status with the organisation you are working with is incorrect, you should raise and discuss this with your supervisor and refer them to this paper.

If you are an individual who believes that the terms of a graduate internship being advertised by an organisation do not comply with the advice given in this position stand, you should contact the organisation concerned referring them to it and asking them to review as a matter of good practice. A template letter is available: www.bases.org.uk/BASES-Position-Stands Summary The aim of this position stand is to provide good practice recommendations to guide organisations towards the development of quality graduate internships that will be of mutual benefit to the graduate and employer. BASES advises that any employer wishing to provide a quality graduate internship programme should always refer to the recommendations above. They should also determine whether the intern is a volunteer, employee or worker and provide appropriate employment rights and pay them accordingly. For most quality sport and exercise graduate internship positions there is an obligation to perform work and a contract or formal arrangement; meaning the intern should be classed as a worker or an employee and is entitled to be paid at least the NMW.


Useful resources

Common Best Practice Code for High-Quality Internships (2011).Available: www.bis.gov.uk/assets/BISCore/higher-education/docs/C/11-1068-common-best-practice-code-for-quality-internships.pdf

www.gov.uk/employment-rights-for-interns

www.internaware.org

Notes

Please note that this position stand is for guidance only and further legal guidance should always be sought if necessary. Download a PDF of this Position Standwww.bases.org.uk/BASES-Position-Stands.

Supported by:

words:

Michael Pye

Mike is an Associate of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development and an independent Human Resources Consultant with P&Y HR Associates (www.pyhrassociates.co.uk).

Dr Claire Hitchings

Claire is the BASES Executive Officer and was a graduate intern on the former England Netball Sport Science Support Programme.

Lisa Board

Lisa is a Senior Lecturer in Sport and Exercise Sciences at the University of Sunderland and a BASES accredited sport and exercise scientist.

Dr Graeme Close

Graeme is a Senior Lecturer at Liverpool John Moores Universityand is Head of Sports Nutritionat Munster Rugby.

Dr Lance Doggart

Lance is Head of Sport and Health Sciences at the University of St Mark and St John, Plymouth.

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Intensity of exercise is a key determinant of training response. Recently, there has been increased interest in both the sport and exercise science community and in the media about high-intensity exercise and high-intensity interval training (HIT) in particular. For example, research has demonstrated that HIT can serve as an effective, time-efficient alternative to continuous moderate exercise (CME) training, inducing similar or even superior improvements in several physiological and performance markers. There have also been indicators of health benefits in both healthy individuals and diseased populations. This research has attracted widespread media coverage. Some of it has been helpful but quotes such as "Just three MINUTES of exercise a week could prevent diabetes" (Daily Mail, 2011) have the potential to confuse the public about how much exercise/physical activity we should do. Here, our expert panel discuss the evidence for high-intensity exercise and its appropriateness as a public health strategy for physical activity promotion.

Dr Keith Tolfrey FBASES, BASES Chair of the Division of Physical Activity for Health and Senior Lecturer in Paediatric Exercise Physiology, Loughborough University

Young peopleDespite considerable effort to increase habitual physical activity in children and adolescents, many

young people fall short of international recommendations for health promotion. HIT might be a viable activity (exercise) option in a group who are often characterised by frequent, brief periods of play. However, this has yet to spawn sufficient evidence to clarify the role of HIT for enhancing health in young people.

Although this brief commentary is not based on a systematic or meta-analytic review of the literature, it is clear that well-designed, randomised, controlled prospective training studies with young people, where objective cardiometabolic measures of health have been examined, are scarce. Buchan et al. (2011) concluded that brief, maximal-intensity interval running improved several cardiovascular disease risk factors in adolescents using a 7-week ‘time-efficient’ programme. However, a CME group experienced superior effects and some of the novel metrics had unexpected directional changes.

Exercise adherence has been linked to numerous factors, including enjoyment. Crisp et al. (2012) examined the combination of CME and short, maximal exertion sprints in healthy- and over-weight boys. Sixteen of the eighteen boys preferred the combined sprint intervals and CME more than CME alone; however, their responses on the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale and the Pictorial Children’s Effort Rating Table were similar between the two conditions. Further work is required before we can determine whether short duration, maximal-intensity exercise is appropriate for health promotion in this population. Equally, however, there is little basis currently to dismiss it from the wide variety of possible types of exercise that young people could use to enhance health.

Prof Marie Murphy FBASES, Professor of Exercise and Health, University of Ulster

Healthy adultsHigh-intensity exercise has traditionally been the preserve of athletes and early research in this area focused upon the optimum work:recovery ratio required to improve capacity for athletic

performance. Given the high proportion of adults who fail to achieve the recommended 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity associated with health benefit and the fact that ‘lack of time’ is the most frequently cited reason for failing to be active, research attention has turned to the potential of high-intensity exercise to produce health benefits in healthy but inactive adults.

In terms of health benefit, studies have shown that regular high-intensity exercise may result in many of the adaptations traditionally associated with endurance exercise. Gibala and McGee (2008) provide a thorough review of the physiological adaptation that occur in response to HIT which include increases in muscle oxidative capacity and favourable changes in carbohydrate metabolism and describe the proposed mechanisms underlying these changes. In addition to the training effects, some of the health benefits of regular exercise may be attributed in part to the acute or ‘last bout’ effects derived from a single exercise session. Gabriel et al. (2012) have recently shown that five, 30-second sprints may be more effective than 30 minutes of walking in reducing postprandial lipaemia following a high fat meal. It would appear therefore that, at least in controlled laboratory studies, HIT can result in equivalent or perhaps even greater physiological adaptations than a longer time spent performing CME.

However, the application of this research to public health is likely to be limited and ill-advised. Inactive but otherwise ‘healthy adults’ are, by definition, unaccustomed to regular activity and may already have risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Unsupervised, high-intensity exercise increases the risk of a cardiac event and musculoskeletal injury, and may cause delayed onset muscle soreness, which may deter the individual and reinforce the view that ‘exercise hurts’. It seems unlikely therefore that advocating high-intensity exercise to the largely inactive adult population will result in long-term maintenance of physical activity that is required for health benefit.

Prof John Saxton FBASES, Professor of Clinical Exercise Physiology, University of East Anglia

Clinical populationsHigh-intensity exercise in clinical populations has generally taken the form of HIT. Protocols characteristically involve 4-6 cycles of aerobic

exercise at 80-95% of maximum oxygen uptake, with interpolated active rest intervals of lower intensity. Exercise modalities have included cycle and rowing ergometry, uphill treadmill walking and arm-cranking. Current evidence suggests that HIT is safe for chronic heart disease patients and can induce positive adaptations in cardiac function that are not apparent after CME training (Wisløff et al., 2007). In patients with type 2 diabetes, improved glycaemic control has been observed after a single session of HIT (10 x 60-s sprints at 90% of peak power output) and six similar bouts of HIT spread over two weeks (equating to 60 minutes of exercise in total) induced an increase in skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity (Gillen et al., 2012; Little et al., 2011). We have shown that HIT using an arm-cranking ergometer improves walking performance and a key risk marker associated with cardiovascular events in elderly patients with lower-limb mobility impairment due to peripheral arterial disease (Saxton et al., 2008). It is important to emphasise that all these studies were undertaken under controlled laboratory conditions, with small numbers of research participants (primarily male) who were enthusiastic about volunteering for an exercise study! The


High-intensity exercise: Evidence summary and relevance to public health


broader applicability of HIT amongst poorly motivated clinical populations that may not have engaged in structured exercise for several years is less clear. At present, studies investigating the feasibility and safety of implementing HIT programmes in clinical populations outside of the laboratory setting are lacking and would be difficult to achieve due to safety concerns. There may, however, be more potential to implement HIT within the safer confines of the NHS or other healthcare settings. The health benefits associated with structured exercise programmes and their role in the self-management of long-term conditions and disease-specific symptoms such as low-energy fatigue is increasingly being recognised by healthcare professionals. If the cardiac rehabilitation model becomes the foundation for more clinical exercise programmes within the NHS, the time-saving (and cost-saving) potential of HIT could no doubt have great appeal.

Prof Stuart Biddle FBASES, Professor of Physical Activity & Health, Loughborough University

Relevance to public healthWhen I was a student, I was introduced to the notion

of being cautious about fads and fashions in research. High-intensity exercise (in whatever form) seems to be very popular among physiological researchers. But, despite my support for this area from a scientific point of view I see it has little or no application to public health. Supporters of this form of exercise seem to make several points. Here are my responses:

1. High-intensity exercise is effective: Of course it is! We have dose-response curves in physical activity for many health outcomes and we have known this for years.

2. High-intensity exercise is time-efficient and therefore addresses the barrier of ‘lack of time’: If specialised facility-based equipment is needed, this may increase the barriers of access and cost. Perhaps more importantly is the misunderstanding of the ‘time’ barrier. Those who state that they have no time usually have no less ‘spare’ time than those who are physically active. ‘Time’, therefore, partly reflects how we want to use our time and the value we place on activities. Making the behaviour harder to do is unlikely to entice people to move it up their list of values.

3. People enjoy high-intensity exercise more than other forms: Really? This assertion is based on the study of 8 young, healthy, fit and active male volunteers with an average BMI of 24 (Bartlett et al., 2011)! I suggest that we look at the extensive literature showing progressively negative affective

states as exercise intensity increases (Ekkekakis, 2003). We also need more data on the reactions to this form of exercise from older adults and those with chronic disease, including obesity. We know that adherence to exercise is less for higher intensities of exercise (Cox et al., 2003).

Even proponents of this form of exercise acknowledged that HIT requires "an extremely high level of subject motivation" (Gibala & McGee, 2008, p.62). I see high-intensity exercise having a role for only a minority of individuals, and these people are likely already to be active. We will serve public health better by getting the inactive to do something rather than the active to do more, as stated nearly 30 years ago (Mason & Powell, 1985).

Prof Ken Fox FBASES, Professor of Exercise and Health Sciences, FFPH, University of Bristol

ConclusionsThe study of HIT and particularly the potential training

and health benefits of very short intervals of high-intensity exercise is clearly in its early stages. Initial results warrant further research as there does seem to be an opportunity to gain benefit through an alternative form of exercise training. Several contributors have pointed out the dangers of translating current evidence into public health settings. Studies have involved small numbers of highly-motivated and consenting volunteers. There is also a critical issue around injury and safety or at least public perception of it (see Marr and Porter articles: www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-22150091). Public health is concerned with reducing health inequalities by attracting the difficult to reach and health-needy sectors of the population in this case into physical activity. We have enough trouble attracting them to regular walking. A topic like this that has the potential to be translated by the media as a ‘magic pill’ approach to exercise has to be dealt with great caution and responsibility by researchers. Regardless of good intent by scientists, superficial, sensationalised and misleading interpretations will always emerge. Short magazine and newspaper articles featuring results from single studies already drive or confuse public perceptions about nutrition. Hopefully exercise science is still in a good place, but we need to make sure our research results are accurately interpreted and reported in true context by the media if they are to contribute to public understanding.

References

Bartlett, J. D. et al. (2011). High-intensity interval running is perceived to be more enjoyable than moderate-intensity continuous exercise: Implications for exercise adherence. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29, 547-553.

Buchan, D.S. et al. (2011). The effects of time and intensity of exercise on novel and established markers of CVD in adolescent youth. American Journal of Human Biology, 23, 517-526.

Cox, K.L. et al. (2003). Controlled comparison of retention and adherence in home- vs center-initiated exercise interventions in women ages 40-65 years: The S.W.E.A.T. study (Sedentary Women Exercise Adherence Trial). Preventive Medicine, 36, 17-29.

Crisp, N.A. et al. (2012). Adding sprints to continuous exercise at the intensity that maximises fat oxidation: implications for acute energy balance and enjoyment. Metabolism, 61, 1280-1288.

Ekkekakis, P. (2003). Pleasure and displeasure from the body: Perspectives from exercise. Cognition and Emotion, 17, 213-239.

Gabriel, B. et al. (2012). High intensity exercise attenuates postprandial lipaemia and markers of oxidative stress. Clinical Science, 123, 313-321.

Gibala, M.J. & McGee, S.L. (2008). Metabolic adaptations to short-term high-intensity interval training: a little pain for a lot of gain? Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 36, 58-63.

Gillen, J.B. et al. (2012). Acute high-intensity interval exercise reduces the postprandial glucose response and prevalence of hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 14, 575-577.

Little, J.P. et al. (2011). Low-volume high-intensity interval training reduces hyperglycemia and increases muscle mitochondrial capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Applied Physiology, 111, 1554-1560.

Mason, J. O. & Powell, K. E. (1985). Physical activity, behavioral epidemiology, and public health. Public Health Reports, 100, 113-115.

Saxton, J.M. et al. (2008). Effect of upper- and lower-limb exercise training on circulating soluble adhesion molecules, hs-CRP and stress proteins in patients with intermittent claudication. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 35, 607-613.

Wisløff, U. et al. (2007). Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients: a randomized study. Circulation, 115, 3086-3094.

Compiled by

Dr Garry Tew, Senior Research Fellow,Sheffield Hallam University


Early Sport Specialisation, Does it Lead to Long-Term Problems? Mostafavifar, A.M., Best, T.M. & Myer, G.D. (2012)British Journal of Sports Medicine, Published Online First: 19 December 2012. http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/early/2012/12/19/bjsports-2012-092005.full.htmlThis article examines the benefits of the emerging trend in pre-adolescent sport specialisation as

a means of increasing the numbers of 'superior young athletes' in the USA. The authors hypothesise that the net effect of sport specialisation at this early stage of life may lead to reduced motor skill development, increased injury risks and may contribute to sedentary behaviour. The suggestion that specialisation in a single sport leads to success for few and physical inactivity for many is made yet there is little explanation and a lack of supporting evidence to suggest why specifically this may lead to a decrease in levels of physical activity in later life. The authors do propose that this trend may result in burnout or dropout and/or injury, however it should be questioned whether the instances of this would be reduced if the sports were well-organised and featured life development considerations such as those provided by sports academies in the UK. This is an article that raises an interesting topic for further debate since it fails to clarify exactly how early sport specialisation may contribute to the decrease in mass physical activity participation. Whilst it may in fact be a contributory factor, the article raises more questions than it answers. - MICHAEL JOHANSEN, GATESHEAD COLLEGE, ACADEMY OF SPORTRating 6/10

Strength and Conditioning for Triathlon – The 4th Discipline Jarvis, M. (2013)Bloomsbury Sport: LondonCost: £13.97 (paperback from www.amazon.co.uk)This was an interesting and informative read that would be most suitable for coaches interested in strength and conditioning, especially those involved in

triathlon and the coaching of the individual disciplines. Furthermore, this title will prove informative to undergraduate sports students. As a coach I was initially frustrated by the naivety of the author's suggestion that strength and conditioning could be described as being similar to triathlon training. Reading on, the book explained this proposal in detail. The book presents the history behind strength and conditioning, evidence to support it as a discipline, and coaching advice in 4 parts: Training concepts; Strength and conditioning for triathlon; Planning and programming; and Exercise reference. The book is an excellent resource covering everything a coach would need to know about the specifics of strength and conditioning for triathlon. However, and although it didn't detract from the content, it was disappointing that there wasn't more reference to the science behind the concept of strength and conditioning. The section that presents examples of the exercises is more comprehensive than any of the other strength and conditioning specific titles currently available. This section provides detail on the specific exercises suggested, their emphases, their key points, loading and variations. Each is accompanied by accurate pictures and where necessary, showing what not to do. I would definitely recommend this book as an incredibly useful resource for those coaching or competing in triathlon (or the individual events). - GORDON ROBERTSON, UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING.Rating 8/10

The Complete Guide to Sports Nutrition (7th Edition)Bean, A. (2013)Bloomsbury Sport: LondonCost: £15.19 (paperback from www.amazon.co.uk)Anita Bean’s Sports Nutrition is part of Bloomsbury’s Complete Guides series that aims to ‘combine expert information and accessibility’. Now in its 7th edition

(the first being published 20 years’ ago), Sports Nutrition certainly achieves this. Despite the difficulties in keeping pace with the advances in sports nutrition, this book manages to cover most of the questions an athlete might have about diet and supplementation. Of course, it’s unlikely that any resource could be totally comprehensive when faced with the dazzling array of well-marketed supplements, but Bean applies the science behind the most popular and widespread nutritional aids to reach well-supported recommendations. As might be expected in a book of this type, there are sections addressing weight loss and gain, and nutrition for selected populations (young, female, vegetarian), which, again, address the needs of these groups using current research. For those less familiar with the application of sports nutrition, the book is rounded off with some very helpful meal plans and recipe suggestions. For athletes and sports scientists looking for a resource that balances the current state of science in sports nutrition with the real life practicalities of feeding athletes, Anita Bean’s Sports Nutrition continues to be an excellent resource. - SCOTT EWAN, UNIVERSITY OF GREENWICHRating 9/10

Sport, Exercise and Social Theory: An Introduction Molnar, G. & Kelly, J. (2012)RoutledgeCost: £80.75 (hardcover) and £21.99 (paperback from www.amazon.co.uk)The authors of this text relate a number of different sociological perspectives (e.g., Marxist, Feminist)

to sport and exercise settings. Each chapter provides a clear and easy to understand outline of each perspective and then brings in a range of sport and exercise issues and discusses them through each perspective’s lens. Due to the book’s sociological roots it is very text heavy, however the authors have cleverly sectioned off areas to make it easier to digest. To help the reader put the perspectives into context, biographies of each social theorist are included, and reflective sections help relate the perspectives to more contemporary sport and exercise issues. If you are an undergraduate student who studies sport and society modules then I think this book will be a great resource to help provide a framework to understand the different sociological perspectives. It fills a niche in the market as other contemporary texts are either written in terms of the theorist, or in an individual case study format. This perspective-driven text provides a different angle to the discipline. For those taking sport sociology studies at 2nd and 3rd year of their undergraduate degree I think this will be a really handy and well-used resource. - DR PAUL DANCY, ST MARY’S UNIVERSITY COLLEGE Rating 8/10

Reviews - books, websites and policy documents

Send books for potential review to Claire-Marie Roberts, 3 Royal York Mews, Royal York Crescent, Clifton Village, Bristol, BS8 4LF

Want to be a book reviewer? Email [email protected] Reviewers get to keep the book in return for a 200 word review

Additional online book reviews are available at www.bases.org.uk/SES-Book-Reviews

This conference offers you an exciting multi-disciplinary programme, with workshops on exercise physiology, biomechanics, psychology and environmental physiology in the University of Portsmouth’s first-class sport and exercise science facilities.

• For current undergraduate and postgraduate students of sport, exercise or related disciplines.

• Great networking opportunities with other academic institutions and employers.

• Chance to present work and learn more about postgraduate study and career development in sport and exercise science.

• Keynote presentations from discipline experts.

• Excellent seaside location within walking distance of transport links, hotels, bars and restaurants.

W: www.port.ac.uk/sportscience/bases2014E: [email protected]

Sport and Exercise Science: Putting the Pieces Together

BASES Student Conference 2014University of Portsmouth8–9 April 2014

Introduction The Intensive Rehabilitation Unit (IRU) was established in 2009 as a partnership between the British Olympic Association’s Olympic Medical Institute and the English Institute of Sport. The role of the IRU is to deliver intensive, residential, multidisciplinary rehabilitation to British Olympic athletes with the aim of accelerating the rehabilitation process. A central component to the IRU is the application of science into rehabilitation.

The IRU accepts three athletes per week onto a full-time residential rehabilitation programme. Each athlete will receive physiotherapy, strength and conditioning, soft tissue, physiology, medical, nutrition and psychological support to help them overcome their injury. To ensure the IRU makes a positive impact on an athlete’s rehabilitation, the multidisciplinary team takes a problem-solving approach to their working practice. Following an initial multidisciplinary clinical assessment the IRU team meet to discuss the athlete’s and their support team’s goals and expectations. During this session, the problems an athlete is facing and the relevance are identified. The solutions and interventions are discussed, measurement tools are put in place, and the members of the team who will be delivering the intervention through the week are identified. This process facilitates clear decision-making and effective communication throughout the team.

The mission statement of the rehabilitation science team is “to provide objective evidence to support the process of clinical reasoning and provide training solutions to athletes in order to accelerate rehabilitation”. A systematic approach was taken to achieve this, beginning by identifying the risk factors associated with the injury, and selection of appropriate measurement techniques and bench mark criteria for each of these risk factors. Based on the results of these assessments, appropriate training interventions can then be implemented and the responses monitored to modify and evaluate their effectiveness in addressing the identified injury risk factors. The following three case studies outline this approach in differing scenarios.

Case study 1: Monitoring response to rehabilitation and training As outlined above, continual monitoring of an athlete’s response to a training intervention helps guide both the current intervention and subsequent strategies. Monitoring of key session variables and physiological responses to these sessions is vital to determine how an athlete tolerates training. For example, the ability of a rugby player returning from a lower limb fracture to tolerate match play was assessed by tracking and comparing GPS data and visual analogue scale of injury specific pain in the morning.

The normal work rate of a rugby 7s match was compared to the work rate of the athlete’s current training sessions. Through this analysis the athlete’s ability to tolerate this level of loading could be evaluated based on the reaction of the injury to training. This demonstrated that when the training work rate remained below match work rate, the athlete’s injury response showed small increases in pain - pain being a strong indicator of tissue healing and ability to tolerate loading. As soon as running work rate exceeded

The Sport and Exercise Scientist n Issue 36 n Summer 2013 n www.bases.org.uk

Using science to accelerate the rehabilitation of injured Olympic athletesBen Rosenblatt and Rachel Sheldrick introduce the role of science in rehabilitation, outlining their approachto providing objective evidence to support clinical reasoning. Applied examples ranging from the monitoring of physiological responses to novel interventions are discussed.

14

Below: The application of science into rehabilitation

Courtesy the BOA and EIS Intensive Rehabilitation Unit

match work rate there was a significant elevation in injury pain, thus highlighting the athlete’s inability to tolerate match work rates. The data supported the clinical findings of injury, but more importantly gave the athlete a tangible reason why to not return to full competition. It also provided the Rugby support team with clear loading levels for this athlete’s progression.

Case study 2: Improving muscle mass through blood flow restriction (BFR) trainingFollowing injury, a limb often undergoes a period of immobilisation. During this period it is common that an athlete loses muscle mass (Wernbom et al., 2008). Typically moderate to large muscle forces are required to induce muscle hypertrophy (Wernbom et al., 2008). However, during a period of injury this is usually unfeasible as the injured structure cannot tolerate the external load required for forceful muscle contraction thereby limiting the rate of rehabilitation. It has been widely demonstrated that exercising at low loads (20-40% 1RM) with BFR increases muscle mass and strength to the same extent as high loads (Wernbom et al., 2008).

At the IRU, 14 athletes met the criteria of requiring muscle strength with a load compromised joint and were appropriate

candidates for BFR training. Athletes who had previous illness or injury to their vascular, peripheral nerve and/or metabolic systems did not participate in this form of training. A variety of protocols were utilised, but all used a 10 cm wide cuff at a pressure of 150 mmHg as proximal on the affected limb as possible to restrict the blood flow. All training protocols exercised at a low load and attempted to induce muscle fatigue. The work was matched on the opposite limb but without BFR. Strength was measured through isokinetic dynamometry pre- and post-training.

References

Aagaard, P. et al. (2000). Antagonist muscle coactivation during isokinetic knee extension. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science Sports, 10(2), 58-67.

Myer, G.D., Ford, K.R. & Hewett, T.E. (2011). New method to identify athletes at high risk of ACL injury using clinic-based measurements and freeware computer analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(4), 238-244.

Van Gent, R.N. et al. (2007). Incidence and determinants of lower extremity running injuries in long distance runners: a systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41, 469-480.

Wernbom, M., Augustsson, J. & Raastad, T. (2008). Ischemic strength training: a low-load alternative to heavy resistance exercise? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science Sports, 18(4), 401-416.

words:

Rachel Sheldrick

Rachel is a Rehabilitation Scientist at the English Institute of Sport workingat the Intensive Rehabilitation Unit. She is a BASES accredited sport andexercise scientist.

Benjamin Rosenblatt

Benjamin is the Senior Rehabilitation Scientist at the English Institute of Sport working in the Intensive Rehabilitation Unit.He is undertaking a PhD in sports biomechanics and provides strength and conditioning support to the British Judo team.


40%

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%

-5%

Ch

ang

e in

Str

eng

th (

%)

BFR No BFR

Figure 1. The mean percentage change in isokinetic strength associated with low load BFR and non-BFR strength training.

The results (see Figure 1) show that large gains in strength were made over a period of one to two weeks of training for the majority of athletes, suggesting that low load BFR strength training is an effective means of improving muscle strength in injured elite athletes. Interestingly however, four athletes did not exhibit a positive response to this form of training, which may have been due to a lack of appropriate volume or intensity of the training. BFR therefore has the potential to accelerate the rate of rehabilitation; however, further research is required to understand the mechanisms of adaptation and the relative risks of this type of training.

Case study 3: Return to play following Anterior Cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction This case study outlines the need of a footballer during late stage rehabilitation for ACL reconstruction to reintroduce running into her training programme. Risk factors associated with ACL injury include lack of eccentric hamstring strength (Aagaard et al., 2000) and knee valgus during reactive cutting and turning movements (Myer et al., 2011). With this particular athlete there was also a pressing need to return to full training and competition. Therefore, it was essential to ensure the athlete had appropriate levels of aerobic fitness without inducing excessive fatigue that would compromise adaptations to strength, motor control and sport specific training. To resolve this problem a progressive high intensity interval running programme was instigated to limit training volume whilst achieving sufficient intensity for adaptations in aerobic capacity. This approach was believed to be important as sudden changes in volume or training type is a risk factor for running-based injuries (Van Gent et al., 2007).

Aerobic capacity was assessed by quantifying maximal aerobic running speed. Based on maximal aerobic running speed, a progressive 4-week running programme was prescribed using short duration work efforts (15-30s) with intensity set at or above maximal aerobic running speed. The programme gradually increased running volume. The advantages of this approach are that volume and intensity of work can be quantified and prescribed with any adverse reactions attributed to changes in either of these variables. This meant that the athlete could spend time improving sport specific performance, reduce injury risk factors, and improve aerobic capacity.

ConclusionsThe purpose of this article was to introduce the reader to the scientific approach taken in the IRU to accelerate rehabilitation from sports injury. The application of advances in sports training knowledge and techniques to support and develop evidence-based rehabilitation interventions at the IRU have been discussed. By addressing injury specific risk factors, the efficacy of novel interventions can be determined and value can be added to injury rehabilitation practice.

Why does recruitment matter? The past few weeks have seen the media focus on the health impacts of low measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine coverage. The present UK policy is for at least 95% of children to receive a first vaccination with the MMR vaccine before age 2 years. Then a booster vaccine is administered before age 5 years to achieve herd immunity and prevent outbreaks. The principle of herd immunity is that by having enough vaccinated children in the population this ‘herd’ stops the spread of measles between unvaccinated children, a little like a firewall. The current response to increasing incidence cases of measles is to take the opportunity of immunisation into communities with low rates. This ‘catch up’ approach will recruit unvaccinated children (now teenagers, targeting 10-16 year olds) through GPs, schools and community groups. Can the present public health response to this issue offer anything for physical activity promotion because of different and more effective recruitment procedures?

Most researchers who conduct physical activity projects and research face difficulties in recruiting participants who are representative of the population. Just read the results section of any systematic review of adult physical activity interventions and the descriptions of who participated. If our priority groups are middle aged, white women, then we have the optimal recruitment approaches. Participants who are often the hardest to recruit are often those who stand to benefit most. So what is recruitment, why does it matter, what examples are presently used and how can we become more effective and improve our project and research reach?

Dr Graham Brennan and colleagues’ study of recruitment methods from physical activity research and practice identified that recruitment was an undefined activity; there were no conceptual frameworks for recruitment, and also a lack of procedural models and systems. He defined recruitment as the process of inviting participation to a formal activity including the invitation, informing and facilitation of interested parties to take part in an organised study, activity or event (Foster et al., 2011).

Recruitment matters as it determines if a project is successful even before it has delivered its intervention or dose of physical activity promotion. The best project in the world has limited effectiveness if it can only recruit a small number of participants over time. Good recruitment would maximise the numbers who will participate and receive the intervention dose. Brennan’s research showed that very few projects had plans or systems to deliver and monitor their recruitment approaches. Such systems would describe where recruitment took place; who conducted the recruitment; the time taken to conduct the planning/preparing and delivery stages, the success of each different recruitment approach over time and targeted recruitment systems that reflected retention activities also. He also identified two types of recruitment approaches:

1. Active approaches; a recruitment method that requires those conducting the study to make the first contact with a participant (e.g., phone calls, face-to-face invitation, word of mouth, referrals)

2. Passive approaches; a recruitment method that requires a potential participant to make the first contact with the study (e.g., posters, leaflets drops, newspaper advertisements, mail outs). The present MMR catch up system has shifted from its traditional passive to active methods.

Effective recruitment appeared to be based on training, time and trust. Training focused on how best to offer the invitation to a target

group by training in not only talking and listening strategies but also assessing the needs of the population. One study reported taking 5 months to get to know their target group and this time was needed to establish trust between the project team and participants (Banks-Wallace, Enyart & Johnson, 2004). Word of mouth also appeared very effective to improve recruitment (Nguyên et al., 2005). Clearly developing recruitment approaches is a time and resource intensive activity, requiring skilled research and recruitment staff. I wonder how many of our current sport and exercise science courses not only offer training in key theory, skills and strategies to change behaviour, but also offer training in the skills and strategies to recruit participants?

So how do we improve our recruitment? Brennan’s work suggest six key principles for recruitment: (i) make recruitment plans and strategies on evidence of what the target group feels would be appropriate, based on needs assessment, (ii) conduct a pilot phase of testing different materials and recruitment strategies, (iii) recruit in places where the target group is located, (iv) allow sufficient time to recruit participants and monitor their uptake or rejection, (v) provide training in recruitment for recruitment staff, (vi) monitor the participants response to recruitment approaches and use different recruitment strategies where necessary (Matthews et al., 2012).

This month will see many activities focused on getting teenagers to take their MMR vaccine. April also heralded the launch of Sport England’s £5.8 million of Lottery investment for 14 projects to tackle inactivity through their Get Healthy, Get into Sport programme. These projects will specifically target recruiting sedentary adults to participate in sports programme, and most projects are supported by BASES members. These projects have prepared innovative and ambitious projects but their true impact on their target group will rise or fall with their recruitment. We all must take action to improve our thought and practice about recruitment, otherwise we will continue to offer programmes and projects that may be differentially accessed by more active or better-off groups, and may therefore have the potential to increase health inequalities.


CHuTzPAH: Charlie’s Thoughtz on Physical Activity for HealthDr Charlie Foster is The Sport and Exercise Scientist’s physical activity for health columnist.

What can we learn from vaccine recruitment?

References

Banks-Wallace, J., Enyart, J. & Johnson, C. (2004). Recruitment and entrance of participants into a physical activity intervention for hypertensive African American women. Advances in Nursing Science, 27:102-116.

Foster, C. et al. (2011). Recruiting participants to walking intervention studies: a systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8:137.

Matthews, A. et al. (2012). "Don't wait for them to come to you, you go to them". A qualitative study of recruitment approaches in community based walking programmes in the UK. BMC Public Health, 12:635, doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-635.

Nguyên, M.N. et al. (2005). Sustainability of the impact of a public health intervention: lessons learned from the laval walking clubs experience. Health Promotion Practice, 6:44-52.

words:

Dr Charlie Foster

Charlie is a Senior Lecturer/Researcher at the University of Oxford. He runs a research programme, funded by the BHF, to improve the evidence base for physical activity promotion. Chutzpah is the quality of audacity, for good or for bad.

STUDY THE SCIENCE BEHIND SPORTS NUTRITION AND ITS APPLICATION TO ELITE PERFORMANCE

Sports and Exercise Nutrition MSc

New for September 2013 the course is available full-time (one-year) or part-time (two-years), taught at our Cavendish Campus in central London.

For more details, talk to the course leader Dr Sally Parsonage, email [email protected]

Visit our Postgraduate Information Evening, meet the staff and see the state-of-the-art facilities in the Human Performance Laboratories – Wednesday 12 June, 5.30 - 7pm.

westminster.ac.uk/nutrition

Study Postgraduate Sport at Winchester

MSc Applied Sport and Exercise Science*

Study a mixture of approaches to sport and exercise science which draws on physiology, psychology and biomechanics. Experience a blend of theoretical, practical, experiential and professional approaches to sports performance and exercise health. Learn the skills required to work in an applied sport and/or exercise science setting.

Specialist modules include:Applied Sport and Exercise ScienceApplied Sport and Exercise PhysiologyApplied Sport and Exercise BiomechanicsApplied Sport PsychologyApplied Exercise Psychology

MA Sport and Society*

Study the main issues impacting sport and society from a multidisciplinary social scientific approach drawing on sociology, history, management and law.

Specialist modules include:Sport and Society: Theoretical PerspectivesSport, Gender and SexualitySport and the NationCommercial Influences in Global Sport

For further informationplease visit www.winchester.ac.uk/courses or contact course enquiries and applications on: +44 (0)1962 827234 or email: [email protected]

* Both courses start in September. Entry requirements are a relevant degree (2:2 or above).www.derby.ac.uk/sport-and-exercise-mres

PG Cert / PgDip / MRes in Sport and Exercise

Tailor your research in line with your career aspirations andget to the top of your game.

For more information contact the Programme Leader Dr Peter Brown: [email protected], 01332 594276

bases magazine advert_Layout 1 14/01/2013 13:48 Page 1


How to become a Chartered Scientist BASES has gained Licensed Body status with the Science Council, meaning that BASES accredited members will be eligible to become Chartered Scientists. Kate Yule, BASES Education Officer, explains how BASES members can apply.

BASES accreditation and Chartered Scientist status BASES has provided an accreditation scheme for many years now. The scheme is concerned with setting, maintaining and enhancing the professional and ethical standards of its members who are actively involved in sport and exercise science. Members may achieve accreditation as a result of work in applied sport/exercise science support, research or pedagogy. In all cases the process and the judgement of generic knowledge, skills and professional practice will apply although how these are expressed and the ‘client’ group will differ. Those accredited by BASES are entitled to use the term ‘BASES accredited sport and exercise scientist’ while they still fully meet all the relevant accreditation criteria. Whilst the accreditation scheme is well known in the sport and exercise science field, BASES began an application with the Science Council to be awarded Licensed Body status in order to increase the recognition of accredited sport and exercise scientists.

What is Chartered Scientist (CSci)?CSci represents a single chartered mark for all scientists, recognising high levels of professionalism and competence in science. There are currently around 15,000 Chartered Scientists working in a vast array of settings and across all scientific and related sectors. Being chartered is the mark of professional recognition. Being a Chartered Scientist allows all scientists working at the full professional level to be recognised on an equal footing. It gives an assurance of current competence through annual continuous professional development (CPD) monitoring, and encapsulates the interdisciplinary nature of science in the 21st Century. There are currently 27 professional bodies that are able to offer CSci including the British Psychological Society, the Institute of Biology and the Institute of Biomedical Science. During the application process, the Science Council were impressed by BASES and its accreditation scheme. The standards set to gain accreditation were a near-perfect match with their standards.

What are the benefits to BASES members and the sport and exercise science profession?CSci will give BASES accredited members a wider recognition of the standards achieved and maintained outside of the sport and exercise science area. CSci provides recognition by an external organisation of the standards achieved by BASES accredited members and benchmarks all professional scientists at the same high level no matter which discipline or sector they work in. It also demonstrates professionalism and commitment to CPD.

What are the benefits to the public?CSci provides a single badge of professionalism that the public can recognise across the science

Below: Schematic of the BASES Accreditation and Chartered Scientist Application Procedures

Undertake SE process(please refer to SE Guidelines

for further details)

Submit application [email protected] by

6th January or 1st July

Application assessed byAccreditation Committee

Accreditation and CSci Awarded

Address reviewers’comments

DEFER DECLINE

ACCEPT

Feedback is provided*

Complete theCSci Grandparenting

Application Form

Complete SE Process

* If the applicant believes that the correct assessment process has not been followed, thens/he is entitled to appeal the decision by writing to the BASES office within 2 weeks of beinginformed of the decision. The appeal must outline in detail where due process has not beenfollowed. The Accreditation application fee is a non-refundable payment. However if theaccreditation application is declined, the CSci application fee will be refunded.

I am currently BASESAccredited and wish to

apply for CharteredScientist status (CSci)

I am not BASES Accreditedand am intending to

begin BASES SupervisedExperience (SE)

I am not BASES Accreditedbut think that I meet

the criteria for a directaccreditation application

Complete Accreditation andChartered Scientist

Application Form, competencyprofile and portfolio of evidence

(please refer to AccreditationGuidelines for further details)

Complete Accreditation andand Chartered Scientist

Application Form

professions. It maintains and increases the public’s trust in scientists through professional standards, codes of conduct and mandatory revalidation.

How do BASES members apply?The criteria for BASES members to gain Chartered Scientist status is BASES accreditation. There are three routes to gaining Chartered Scientist status. These are shown in the schematic above.

The first route is for members who are already BASES accredited. This route is known as the ‘grandparenting route’. This process will be in place until July 2015 in order to give current accredited members the opportunity to apply for CSci as an addition to their accreditation. All those accredited members following this route need to do is complete the Chartered Scientist Application Form for Accredited Members. This form will confirm that you understand the criteria required to maintain accreditation and are also aware that to maintain CSci, you are required to declare on an annual basis that you are completing CPD and are prepared to provide evidence of this.


Thinking about Postgraduate study?

*Subject to validation

THEN WE HAVE THE RIGHT COURSE FOR YOU:• Advanced Clinical Practice for Sports Injuries*• Physical Activity, Exercise and Health Practice• Sport and Exercise Psychology• Sports Development• Sports Therapy• Sports and Christian Outreach (Sports Chaplaincy)• Sports Coaching• Sports Strength and Conditioning

Visit our Open Day on 4 June to find out more or contact us: www.glos.ac.uk/pgopen or 01242 715230

words:

Kate Yule

Kate is the BASES Education Officer and is the liaison person between BASES and the Science Council, [email protected]

“We are extremely pleased that BASES members will now be able to apply for Chartered Scientist status. We regard this as a historic and important moment, as part of the continuing development of BASES and are delighted that the profession has been recognised for the standards achieved.”Prof Ian Campbell, Chair of BASES

“The recognition of our well-established accreditation scheme by the Science Council is good news for accredited members and the sports and exercise science profession in general. Although we are aware of the high standards we expect of BASES accredited sport and exercise scientists, the CSci will provide greater external recognition for these standards, benchmarking these against the standards expected in other science-based professions.”Prof Marie Murphy FBASES

“I’m delighted that BASES has succeeded in gaining Licensed Body status within the Science Council. This is an important and necessary step in safeguarding our profession and in securing external recognition for the quality of our work. Importantly, gaining Licensed Body status validates our Code of Conduct and Accreditation schemes. Becoming Chartered Scientists will allow us as BASES members to be recognised as professional scientists alongside our peers in other (perhaps more established) science disciplines. I look forward to submitting an application.”Prof Andy Jones FBASES

CommentsOnce this route is closed, there will be only two

routes available to gain accreditation and CSi:

1. Via Supervised Experience2. Via a direct BASES accreditation application. Members applying for BASES accreditation will

have the option of including Chartered Scientist status as part of their application.

“CSci provides recognitionby an external organisationof the standards achievedby BASES accreditedmembers and benchmarksall professional scientistsat the same high level nomatter which disciplineor sector they work in.”

I’m not BASES accredited but wish to apply for CSci, is this an option?No. This was explored with the Science Council but it was considered that to demonstrate the equivalent knowledge and experience would have resulted in providing the same information as is required for an accreditation application.

What costs are involved?Registration for CSci is £35 per year.

When is the first opportunity to apply?Current accredited members will be able to apply for CSci from 1 June to 1 July. The grandparenting route will be in place until 1 July 2015 and applications will be accepted during the normal accreditation application periods (deadlines of 6 January and 1 July). New applicants for accreditation will be able to apply for CSci from 6 January.

Is there an official launch?The official launch will take place at the BASES Conference 2013 at the University of Central Lancashire, on Tuesday 3 September, 6.30pm. All conference attendees are welcome to join us at this social event to launch this historic moment for BASES.

Who do I contact if I want further information?All information for CSci is available at www.bases.org.uk/Accreditation. If you have any further questions please contact [email protected]


IntroductionIt is striking that, at exactly the same time as there is high graduate unemployment there are also employers with unfilled vacancies (Barber et al., 2013). A lack of requisite personal attributes and skills have been identified as partly to blame and the call continues for institutions to demonstrate how they provide education for employment. Frequently, the value of Higher Education (HE) is being questioned and with competition between universities set to intensify, a tool to demonstrate student achievement per institution has been developed, welcome. . .the HEAR (the Higher Education Achievement Record). A concise electronic document that details student achievement, piloted in over 90 institutions (over half of the sector) since 2008 (HEAR, 2012).

The Burgess ReportThe Burgess Implementation Steering Group anticipate that the HEAR will swiftly become a key feature in differentiating and distinguishing the United Kingdom (UK) HE system from others (Burgess, 2012). It is hoped that eventually, the wider information contained within will eclipse the degree classification and where appropriate, replace it (Universities UK, 2012). For the first time students will be accredited for co-curricular and extra curricular activities and experiences alongside academic grades (section 6.1 of the HEAR).

The University of Gloucestershire – trialling the HEARThe University of Gloucestershire became one of the initial trial

institutions in 2008. Their School of Sport and Exercise is one of the largest providers of sport and exercise programmes in the UK (Gloucestershire University 2013) and as such, they are perfectly placed to provide comment.

The topics included in the diverse range of sport and exercise courses within UK HE provide a perfect test-bed for the HEAR. The subject area is highly applied attracting students who are interested in gaining practice experience. Although some sport and exercise courses have a long tradition of student credit-bearing placements, most do not. Similarly, some departments are now developing opportunities for students beyond the curriculum but, to date, these experiences have generally not been verified by the HE institution which is a requirement of the HEAR.

Prof David James from the University of Gloucestershire explains that ‘most students attracted to sport and exercise courses are intrinsically interested in the subject but unsure where their studies could lead. Opportunities to explore practice, alongside the highly applied content of most courses, allow students to formulate ideas about employment destinations and firm up their plans. Being able to demonstrate to employers their experiences beyond the curriculum then becomes a natural conclusion to the student’s HE journey.’

The University of Gloucestershire has a wide-ranging sport and exercise provision with over 1,400 students studying for undergraduate, postgraduate and research awards. Early work at the University resulted in the Employable Gloucestershire Graduate (EGG) award. These awards were presented to the

Recognising the co-curriculum: The HEAR has arrivedProf David James and Kelly Goodwin discuss The Higher Education Achievement Record (HEAR).

Left: A student engaged in sport based co-curricular activity

Courtesy University of Gloucestershire


students during events to mark other outward-facing achievements such as enterprise awards providing at least some evidence of achievements beyond the curriculum. Within sport and exercise, these awards were able to recognise the significant numbers of students volunteering (SportCVs), where students are supported and funded to take a National Governing Body award alongside volunteering in the local community. More recently, opportunities to undertake internships in areas beyond their subject boost their employability. The University is also planning to extend the academic year to ensure students have more time to undertake periods of practice experience.

The need for verification of co-curricular activitiesCentral to awards beyond the curriculum is the need to independently verify the activities of the student. These activities might be diverse and levels of student engagement may vary considerably. Unlike credit bearing aspects of the curriculum, where a well-developed culture of assessment exists with learning outcomes, grade descriptors and task-specific assessment criteria, no such culture and shared understanding exists for co-curricular activities that may take on a variety of forms and may well be identified and led by the student and his/her interests. This is a different challenge to the credit for placements that is an established feature of many subjects and courses. Placements are often clearly specified opportunities that form an integral part of the objectives of the course. Those hosting the students are normally carefully inducted into their role, and mentors are in place to support students. In contrast, co-curricular opportunities may be far less predictable and consistent.

It is against this backdrop that the University of Gloucestershire became involved in the HEAR pilot, trialling the concept and informing the conclusions and recommendations that have emerged. The Burgess report marks an important

point in HE in the UK and is aligned with the national economic context and the reform of Higher Education. Students will increasingly want recognition for co-curriculum learning, and that recognition will need to be readily accessible to potential employers. The HEAR provides a vehicle for such recognition. If Universities are not able to quickly set mechanisms in place to verify and provide access to the student achievements, commercial providers have solutions in place. These developments provide a game-changing opportunity for sport and exercise courses, especially in Institutions with a track record of co-curricular opportunities for students. The academic transcript and the curriculum vitae may never look the same again.

References

Barber, M. et al. (2013). An avalanche is coming: Higher Education and the revolution ahead. Institute for Public Policy Research.

Burgess, R. (2012). Bringing it all together – introducing the HEAR: The final report of the Burgess Implementation Steering Group. Universities UK.

Universities UK. (2012). Bringing it all together – introducing the HEAR: The final report of the Burgess Implementation Steering Group.

Gloucestershire University (2013). Available: http://insight.glos.ac.uk/academicschools/dse/Pages/default.aspx

Masters’ Degrees in Clinical Exercise and Nutrition Sciences

For further details contact: the Clinical Sciences TeamTelephone: 01244 513431, Email: [email protected]: Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester CH1 4BJ

MSc Cardiovascular Rehabilitation• Risk factors and treatments• Anatomy and exercise physiology• Physical activity, exercise testing and prescription• Nutrition and cardiovascular health• Public health policy and programme management• Psychology, education and health behaviour• Research methods

MSc Exercise and Nutrition Science• Exercise and health• Nutrition in health and disease• Sports nutrition• Physiology and physical performance• Performance enhancement• Science of weight control• Biochemistry of metabolism• Research methods

MSc Human Nutrition• Principles of nutrition• Nutritional assessment • Nutritional anthropometry• Nutrition in health and disease• Human metabolism• Sports nutrition• Food and nutrition policy• Research methods

MSc Weight Management• Obesity epidemic – a public health issue• Dietary approaches to weight management• Causes and assessment of obesity• Pharmacotherapy, surgery and alternative methods• Exercise and weight management• Behaviour modi cation• Childhood obesity• Research methods

www.chester.ac.uk/cens/2013

words:

Prof David James

David is a Professor at the University of Gloucestershire, a BASES accredited sport and exercise scientist and Deputy Dean for the Faculty of Applied Sciences.

Kelly Goodwin

Kelly is a Senior Lecturer at Bournemouth University, a probationary sport and exercise scientist and Theme Leader for employability, work based learning and professional practice for the Centre of Excellence in Learning (CEL).

IntroductionSince the late 1960s, it has been well documented that consumption of a high carbohydrate (CHO) diet in the days leading up to and immediately before exercise results in improved exercise capacity and performance. In addition to elevation of pre-exercise muscle glycogen stores, the 1980s and 1990s saw a wealth of research confirming that consuming additional CHO during exercise (i.e., sports drinks) further enhances performance. As such, the traditional advice to athletes is to ensure that training and competition is always completed with high CHO availability. However, with the emergence of molecular biology in the sports and exercise sciences, the last 5 years have challenged these guidelines. Indeed, data from our laboratory (Morton et al., 2009) and others (Yeo et al., 2008) have collectively showed that deliberately training with reduced CHO availability actually enhances oxidative adaptations of human skeletal muscle. It is now known that training with reduced CHO availability enhances activation of some of the key cell signalling kinases involved in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis such as AMPK and p38MAPK.

This periodised approach to training and nutrition has since been termed as the train-low: compete-high model, surmising that carefully selected training sessions be deliberately performed with reduced CHO availability but yet competition always be performed with high CHO stores.

Practical approaches to training-lowThe early studies investigating the efficacy of the train-low approach adopted a twice per day exercise model whereby participants exercised once in the morning and 2-4 hours later in the afternoon (Morton et al., 2009; Yeo et al., 2008). In this model, no CHO is consumed after the morning exercise so that the second session is performed with reduced muscle glycogen stores. Another simple approach to train-low is to perform fasted exercise whereby breakfast is consumed after training as opposed to before training. Similar to the twice per day model, fasted training also results in superior training-induced oxidative adaptations of skeletal muscle (Van Proeyen et al., 2011).


Research spotlight – a focus onresearch undertaken by sport and exercise scientistsDr Jonathan Bartlett and Dr James Morton on reduced carbohydrate availability enhances exercise-induced p53 signalling in human skeletal muscle: Implications for mitochondrial biogenesis.

Day beforeDiet (24 h)

7.00 am

Exercise day7.00 amBreakfast9.00 am

Immediately pre-exercise9.30 am

ExerciseDuring exercise

9.45 am10.00 am

Post-exercise10.30 am11.30 am12.30 pm1.30 pm

8 g/kg BW CHON/A

2 g/kg BW CHOBiopsy

8 ml/kg BW CHOHIT (6 x 3 min at 90 % O2max

interspersed with 6 x 3 min recovery at 50 % O2max)

3 ml/kg BW CHO3 ml/kg BW CHO

Biopsy1.2 g/kg/h BW CHO1.2 g/kg/h BW CHO1.2 g/kg/h BW CHO

Biopsy

3 g/kg BW CHOGlycogen depletion exercise

N/ABiopsy

N/AHIT (6 x 3 min at 90 % O2max

interspersed with 6 x 3 min recoveryat 50 % O2max)

N/AN/A

BiopsyN/AN/AN/A

Biopsy

HIGH LOW

Table 1. Timing and amount of CHO ingestion during both HIGH and LOW.

Sleep low, train low, recover low In an effort to further manipulate the training stimulus, we have recently investigated the effects of ‘sleep, train and recover low’ whereby athletes effectively sleep, train and recover with low CHO availability (Bartlett et al., 2013). We subjected a group of recreational males to an acute bout of high-intensity interval running in conditions of either HIGH or LOW CHO availability. In the HIGH trial, the participants reported to the laboratory on the morning of testing following a high CHO diet in the 24 h before, consumed a high CHO breakfast (2 g/kg BM), consumed a 6% CHO sports drink immediately before (8 ml/kg) and during (3 ml/kg) exercise as well as consuming high CHO snacks after (1.2 g/kg/h BW) exercise. In contrast, in the LOW trial participants consumed a low CHO diet (3 g/kg BW), performed a bout of glycogen depleting interval exercise the night before, were restricted CHO before going to bed, reported to the laboratory in the morning fasted and restrained from ingestion of any CHO before, during and after exercise. This experimental design therefore allowed us to examine two extremes of CHO availability, one that is in accordance with typical textbook guidelines whilst the other permitted us to examine the efficacy of sleeping, training and recovering with LOW CHO availability (see Table 1).

In accordance with the differences in nutrient provision, muscle glycogen was significantly different between HIGH and LOW (Figure 1A). The disparity in muscle glycogen also resulted in significant alterations in substrate utilisation in the morning exercise. Despite the same amount of work being completed for both HIGH and LOW, HIGH resulted in greater CHO oxidation (HIGH; 177 ± 17 g, LOW; 122 ± 26 g) and LOW resulted in three times greater lipid oxidation (HIGH; 8 ± 1 g, LOW 23 ± 10 g). Indeed, plasma free fatty acids and glycerol (as markers of lipolysis) were suppressed in HIGH whereas they were significantly elevated in LOW.

From a cell signalling perspective, restriction of CHO combined with exercise resulted in phosphorylation of the tumour suppressor protein, p53 (Figure 1B). In 2012, we had previously reported for the first time that exercise activates p53 (Bartlett et al., 2012) and data from Prof David Hood’s group in Canada have also confirmed that this protein plays a pivotal role in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis. In this study, we showed that activation of this protein appears dependent on reduced CHO availability so much so that exercise with HIGH CHO availability completely suppressed p53 activation. We also demonstrated that phosphorylation of ACC (a marker of AMPK activity) was also enhanced in LOW thus suggesting that p53 activation maybe dependent on upstream phosphorylation through AMPK. These data therefore suggest a novel signalling axis that may be a contributory mechanism underpinning why training-low enhances mitochondrial biogenesis.

Practical implicationsThis emergence of p53 as a key molecular player has opened a new field of investigation in exercise biochemistry that has huge implications for both

health and performance. Indeed, as one of the most well studied proteins in cell biology, p53 has been shown to have a crucial role in ageing, cancer and insulin resistance. The exercise and nutritional modulation of p53 therefore has much therapeutic potential. Additionally, for athletes and coaches, the enhanced activation of p53 with reduced CHO availability suggests a molecular pathway that may enhance oxidative training adaptations. The use of the sleep low model also presents a novel practical approach to training low. Indeed, sleeping with low CHO availability followed by fasted morning exercise provides an approximate 12-hour window in which the muscle is subjected to repetitive changes in gene expression that are associated with regulating mitochondrial biogenesis. Traditional feeding and training approaches undertaken throughout the day are unlikely to provide the same prolonged window of opportunity. Clearly, the role of CHO restriction in modulating training adaptation remains an exciting area.

Figure 1. A) Muscle glycogen, B)p53 phosphorylation, and C) ACC phosphorylation immediately pre-, post- and 3h post exercise. * Significant effect of exercise (P < 0.05). † Significant difference between conditions (P < 0.05).


References

Bartlett, J.D. et al. (2012). Matched work high-intensity interval and continuous running induce similar increases in PGC-1 mRNA, AMPK, p38, and p53 phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology, 112, 1135–1143.

Bartlett, J.D. et al. (2013). Reduced carbohydrate availability enhances exercise-induced p53 signalling in human skeletal muscle : implications for mitochondrial biogenesis. American Journal of Physiology Regulatory and Integrative Comparative Physiology, 304, R450-R458.

Morton, J.P. et al. (2009). Reduced carbohydrate availability does not modulate training-induced heat shock protein adaptations but does upregulate oxidative enzyme activity in human skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106, 1513–1521.

Van Proeyen, K. et al. (2011). Beneficial metabolic adaptations due to endurance exercise training in the fasted state. Journal of Applied Physiology, 110, 236-245.

Yeo, W.K. et al. (2008). Skeletal muscle adaptation and performance responses to once a day versus twice every second day endurance training regimens. Journal of Applied Physiology, 105, 1462–1470.

words:

Dr Jonathan Bartlett

Jonathan is a Post-Doctoral Researcher at Liverpool John Moores University and Lead Sport Scientist for the FA National football teams.

Dr James Morton

James is a Senior Lecturer in Exercise Metabolism at Liverpool John Moores University. He is also the consultant nutritionist to Liverpool Football Club, Science in Sport (SIS) and works with a variety of professional boxers.

Right: The GB Volleyball Team at the London Olympics doing a sport

psychology group session

Courtesy GB Volleyball

For just over three years Psychology has become a publicly-regulated discipline. The Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) is the independent UK regulator of 16 health and care professions, established in 2001 to protect the public. It keeps a register of practitioners who meet its standards of proficiency, education, training and professional behaviour. The title ‘Sport and Exercise Psychologist’ is a legally protected title; therefore, all sport and exercise psychology practitioners have to be registered with the HCPC or can be prosecuted for illegally using the protected title or portraying themselves as having the skills and techniques that a sport and exercise psychologist would use. This would be the same for the many other titles protected by the HCPC, such as physiotherapists, speech therapists, paramedics, and the other kinds of psychologists (e.g., clinical, educational, forensic) for which high levels of skills and knowledge are needed.

If a practitioner is HCPC-registered, you know that the person has been assessed for these attainments, as well as for exemplary character and commitment to continuing professional development. You might want to have a look at the HCPC website (www.hpc-uk.org), which contains a wealth of information about policies and registrants. Anyone can use this site to check whether an individual is registered as a sport and exercise psychologist. Alternatively, people can check the register ‘on the go’ on the HCPC’s free iPhone app.

The website notes that not only is it an offense to use a protected title if not registered, but that it “is also an offense to intend to deceive by implying that you are a member of one of the professions that we regulate.” In the first instance this could take the form of a ‘cease and desist’ letter, with escalation to prosecution if this is ignored. In line with its remit to protect the public, the HCPC will also review complaints made by the public, including clients and colleagues, about registrants. These have included such concerns as inadequate skill, misconduct, inappropriate behavior toward a client, poor record-keeping and data falsification.

When the register for psychology practitioners opened in 2009, all Chartered sport and exercise psychologists were permitted to be transferred to the register. How did such people become

Chartered in the first place? They did so by meeting standards set by the British Psychological Society (BPS). This entailed the completion of a BPS-accredited undergraduate Psychology degree plus further specific training and experience, normally consisting of a BPS-approved postgraduate degree followed by two years of supervised experience within the BPS framework, which has since been approved by the HCPC. This remains the main route through which sport and exercise psychologists can become HCPC-registered, although people with equivalent qualifications have been admitted onto the register during its three-year ‘grand parenting period’, which ended in July 2012.

Some people are accredited by the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences (BASES). While this qualification alone does not legally permit individuals to call themselves sport and exercise psychologists, support of a more general nature can be offered by accredited BASES members, many of whom have come through a sport science


Sport and exercise psychology - Who is legally qualified to provide support? Guidance for current and potential Sport and Exercise Psychologists.Prof Ian Maynard FBASES and Dr Sandy Wolfson outline the issues around the title 'Sport and Exercise Psychologist' and present some advice for would-be Sport and Exercise Psychologists on how to become appropriately qualified.


route. Since they have usually applied their studies specifically to sport, they should to be in a position to offer considerable interdisciplinary expertise in other areas such as biomechanics and physiology. They can also be educators: teaching classes, running workshops or giving lectures to sports groups.

Students and trainees can offer sessions to clients in the sport or exercise context but it is important to check that these people are working under the guidance of a qualified supervisor through the BPS and where appropriate registered with the HCPC.

Without a doubt, sport and exercise psychology is becoming more familiar and commonplace within NGBs, professional sport and health/exercise-related contexts, and attitudes towards this discipline are changing considerably. Practitioners are not viewed with the same scepticism that they once were, but there is still confusion regarding the qualifications needed to ensure top class delivery of services. Many people are advertising their services claiming to be able to enhance performance and support the wellbeing of staff and patients. The big question is: Are they all qualified to do so? The concern is that some individuals who have not undergone the appropriate accreditation processes or received the correct training could be offering counterproductive psychology services. While they may be well-meaning and passionate about the discipline, they could lack the comprehensive psychological knowledge and professional skills with which to provide the most valuable service in the sport or exercise context. Indeed, in the worst-case scenario, they could actually

be putting athletes or patients at risk by performing questionable services without being fully qualified or aware of their own limits.

Hence, if you are a potential employer of a sport and exercise psychologist or you currently employ a sport and exercise psychologist, you should check first and foremost that the person is HCPC-registered, as part of your 'duty of care' as an employer. Should you require any further information please feel free to contact Ian, Sandy or the BPS.

Postgraduate opportunities in sport and exercise

MSc courses:• Applied Exercise Physiology • Sport and Exercise Science

We are a leading UK centrefor education and research inphysiological profiling, exercisetolerance and fatigue. Exampleresearch interests are exercisein hypoxia and heat or neuromuscular responses to exercise in both healthy and clinical populations.

Study with us and become one of our successful postgraduates who have gone on to work as UK Sport talent scientists, cardiac physiologists, health professionals or have completed PhDs.

Find out more01273 [email protected]/sasm

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Note

A variation on this article has also been forwarded to the National Performance Directors of the National Governing Bodies of Sport funded by UK Sport (or the home country Sport Councils), explaining who is qualified to be working within elite sport, professional sports clubs or in health-related organisations and/or with patients.

words:

Dr Sandy Wolfson FBASES

Sandy is the Treasurer of DSEP within the BPS, a partner of the HCPC, a Chartered Sport and Exercise Psychologist and Director of Postgraduate Programmes in Psychology at Northumbria University.

Prof Ian Maynard FBASES, F.AASP, Af.BPS

Ian is the Chair of DSEP within the BPS, is a Chartered Sport and Exercise Psychologist and is Director of the Centre for Sport and Exercise Science at Sheffield Hallam University.

BASES Conference 2013New Directions in Sport and Exercise Science: What are the next steps?

3rd – 5th September 2013 University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK

Keynote Speakers• Professor Peter Cavanagh (University of Washington)• Professor Stella Volpe (Drexel University)• Dr Henning Wackerhage (University of Aberdeen)• Dr Rob Corban (High Performance Sport New Zealand)• Dr Mikel Zabala (University of Granada)

Twelve parallel symposia including:Physical Activity and Health, Advances in Sports Nutrition, Psychological Interventions in High Performance Sport, Exercise and Musculoskeletal Disease, Advanced 3D Kinematic Analysis, Hypoxia and Performance, Athletic Profiling, The Future of Integrated Sports Science

• A symposium promoting the role of BASES in public engagement, followed by a unique STEM event on the afternoon of the 5th September 2013.

• Up to sixteen free communications sessions.

• An innovative digital poster presentation system.

• Registration will allow access to the BASES2013 App, available for iOS and Android.

Full details of conference programme, speakers and accommodation can be found at http://www.bases.org.uk/BASES-Annual-Conference

Follow our Twitter feed @BASES2013

Final Word with Prof Richard Tong FBASES

One reason I’m involved in sport and exercise sciencesAfter completing my A’levels (Double Mathematics and Physics, which seemed to be a good idea at the time) I enrolled on a Civil Engineering degree at Loughborough University. Whilst playing rugby for the University I realised that there were lots of ‘jocks’ doing sports degrees who appeared to be having a much better time at University than I was. After persuading my parents that I should change course I enrolled on a BA (Hons) in Human Movement Studies (the old name for Sport Science) at South Glamorgan Institute of HE (now Cardiff Metropolitan University) and the rest is history.

One piece of advice for up and coming sport and exercise scientistsDon’t be afraid to admit you were wrong or change your mind. If I hadn’t I might have been an Engineer rather than a Sport and Exercise Scientist! You should also look for a career that interests you as if you are successful you will spend the majority of your time ‘at work’. I was lucky enough to be able to combine my interest in sport with my interest in science, ultimately becoming a sport and exercise scientist.

One great thing that sport and exercise science has achievedAcademic credibility. Thirty years ago justifying my decision to change from studying Engineering to studying Sport was difficult. However, nowadays sport is one of the top 10 most popular degree subjects studied at university. It has achieved academic credibility and it is now even accepted that you can have a career in sport and exercise science. Mum and dad, remember I told you so.

One memorable publication and whyIn the early 1990s (before many of you were born) BASES commissioned a review of research in sports physiology. The review identified the physiological limitations to exercise performance and the adaptations of the physiological systems to training. In particular it focused on physiological measurement and the validity and reliability of test protocols. However, what really caught my eye was the fact that issues surrounding the determinants and limitations of multiple sprint activities still needed to be resolved. Phil, Ed and Jo, thanks for the initial idea that I developed into my area of study for my PhD. This review article is a great read that shows how far sport physiology has come in the last 20 years.

Jakeman, P.M., Winter, E.M. & Doust, J. (1994). A review of research in sport physiology. Journal of Sports Sciences, 12 (1), 33-60.

One thing I would change about sport and exercise scientistsSport and exercise scientists should occasionally swap their white lab coats for track suits. Where possible all sport and exercise scientists should always test their protocols on themselves (see the photo of a young Richard Tong undergoing a muscle biopsy following high intensity exercise). This allows you to empathise with your participants when you are testing them and to appreciate the demands of the sport or exercise bout.

One person who inspired meDr Paul Grimshaw from the University of Adelaide. Paul mentored me in my first lecturing job at West London Institute of HE and taught me the meaning of ‘working hard’. However early I arrived at work he was already there and whenI left he was still there. His PhD was so thick that I use it to stand on when I need to get things off my top shelf!

One bit of advice that really influenced meTreat everyone (even students) as you would like to be treated. For example, before I completed my PhD I didn’t rush to turnaround draft submissions of dissertation chapters for my dissertation tutees. However, when I was on the receiving end of waiting for feedback on my thesis chapters I realised that I needed to provide students with feedback as soonas possible.

One piece of advice for up and coming sport and exercise scientistsGet experience. If there is an opportunity to volunteer for something then do so. Act as a participant in as many experiments as you can and become a reliable and enthusiastic volunteer around the laboratory.

One proud momentWatching my children play sport. There’s nothing like reliving your dreams through your children.

One person I would really like to have dinner withMy family. Nothing beats a family meal with Emily, Molly, Joe and Rosie.


About to change your home address?

Update your details in the Member Area at www.bases.org.uk,e-mail [email protected] or call 0113 812 6162

words:

Prof Richard Tong FBASES

Richard is the Director of Learning & Teaching and Deputy Dean in the Cardiff School of Sport at Cardiff Metropolitan University. He is the Chair of the BASES Division of Education and Professional Development. The photo shows a young Richard Tong having a muscle biopsy taken following a high intensity bout of exercise.

Compiled by:

Len Parker Simpson

Sports Physiology Research Scholar, University of Exeter

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