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Review4-1 Past participle4-2 Forms of the present perfect4-3 Meanings of the present perfect4-4 Simple past vs. present perfect4-5 Using since and for4-6 Present perfect progressive4-7 Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect4-8 Using already, yet, still, and anymore4-9 Past perfect

CONTENTS

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4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE

She has forgotten his name.

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4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE

REGULARVERBS

IRREGULARVERBS

SIMPLEFORM

SIMPLEPAST

PASTPARTICIPLE

finishstopwait

seemakeput

finishedstoppedwaited

sawmadeput

finishedstoppedwaited

seenmadeput

past perfect tensepresent perfect tense

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4-1 LET’S PRACTICE

SIMPLEFORM

SIMPLEPAST

PASTPARTICIPLE

stopgotakewrite

stoppedwenttookwrote

stoppedgonetakenwritten

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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

He has finished all his work.

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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(a) I have worked very hard this year.

(b) The students have worked hard.

(c) Alex has worked very hard.

STATEMENT: have/has + past participle

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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(d) I’ve/You’ve/We’ve/They’ve gone home.

(e) She’s/He’s gone home.

(f) It’s been hot all week.

CONTRACTION : pronoun + have = ’ve pronoun + has =k’s

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NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle

4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(g) I have not gone home yet.

(h) Fatima has not gone home.

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NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle

NEGATIVE CONTRACTION: have + not = haven’t

has + not = hasn’t

4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(g) I haven’t gone home yet.

(h) Fatima hasn’t gone home.

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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(i) Have you read the report?

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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(j) Has Marcy gone home?

(k) How long have you worked there?

QUESTION :

have/has + subject + past participle

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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(l)

SHORT ANSWER: have/haven’t

Have you read all of this article?

No, I haven’t. I have only read a

few pages.

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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(m)

SHORT ANSWER: has/hasn’t

Yes, she has. She did it after school.

Has Kyung finished her homework?

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___________________ a snake?

4-2 LET’S PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT

Have you ever touched

youtouchever

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________________

4-2 LET’S PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT

I’ve never touched

touchnever

No,

a snake.

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_________________ a shark?

4-2 LET’S PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT

Has Justin ever seen

Justinseeever

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Yes, he ___. He saw one near Cape Town,

4-2 LET’S PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT

has

South Africa.

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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

Tyler has taken his first steps.

Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.

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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

MEANING #1: SOMETHING HAPPENED

BEFORE NOW AT AN UNSPECIFIED TIME

PRESENT PERFECT

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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(a) Tyler has already taken his first steps.

(b) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.

(c) Have you ever seen Zoe crawl?

occurred before now orsometime in the past

MEANING #1

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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(a) Tyler has already taken his first steps.(b) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.(c) Have you ever seen Zoe crawl?

now

time?

X

before now

X

MEANING #1

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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(d) Mary has painted portraits many times.

(e) Her students have painted portraits twice.

activity repeated

before now, unspecified past times

MEANING #1

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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(d) Mary has painted portraits many times.(e) Her students have painted portraits twice.

now

X

before now

XXX

MEANING #1

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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT

MEANING #2: A SITUATION BEGAN

IN THE PAST AND CONTINUES TO THE

PRESENT.

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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(f) We’ve been working since 8 o’clock.

(g) I have played the violin for six years. I learned to play six years ago, and I still play it.

present perfect + sincefor

past present

MEANING #2

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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

MEANING #2:

xx

x

8:00

now

(f) We’ve been working since 8 o’clock.

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4-3 LET’S PRACTICE

MEANING #1: Something happened before now at an unspecified time.

MEANING #2: A situation began in thepast and continues to the present.

Kyung has already taken the test.

OR ?

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4-3 LET’S PRACTICE

MEANING #1: Something happenedbefore now at an unspecified time

MEANING #2: A situation began in thepast and continues to the present

I’ve been studying since 8 AM.

OR ?

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4-3 LET’S PRACTICE

MEANING #1: Something happenedbefore now at an unspecified time

MEANING #2: A situation began in thepast and continues to the present

Rosa has been to Italy three times.

OR ?

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4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT

I had an angel fish when I was a child.

I have had many otherfish since then.

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4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT

SIMPLE PAST

(a) They completed the game at 4:00.

PRESENT PERFECT

(b) They have already completed the game.

specific time

unspecified time

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4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT

SIMPLE PAST

(c) I was in Nigeria when I was five years old.

PRESENT PERFECT

(d) I have been in Nigeria three times.

specific time

unspecified time

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4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT

SIMPLE PAST

(e) Jack camped in France for 9 days.

PRESENT PERFECT

(f) Eli has been camping for 9 days.(f) Eli has been camping since last Monday.

for activity began & ended in past

for / since activity began & continues

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4-4 LET’S PRACTICE

SPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED TIME ?We have been in Tokyo many times.

OR

UNSPECIFIEDPRESENTPERFECT

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4-4 LET’S PRACTICE

SPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED TIME ?Barry has never been to Tokyo.

OR

UNSPECIFIEDPRESENTPERFECT

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4-4 LET’S PRACTICE

SPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED TIME ?Gina went to Tokyo last month.

OR

SPECIFIED SIMPLE PAST

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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

I have been here since 6:00 AM.

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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

(a) I have worked here

since noon.since Wednesday.since April.since 2006.since May 9, 2007.since yesterday.since last week.

Since Specific point in time

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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.

CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.

(c) INCORRECT: I am studying English since 2007.

present perfect + since

present progressive NOT used

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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.

CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.

(d) INCORRECT: I study English since 2007.

present perfect + since

simple present NOT used

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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.

CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.

(e) INCORRECT: I studied English since 2007.

present perfect + since

simple past NOT used

INCORRECT: I was study English since 2007.

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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

(f) I have known her since I was fifteen.

MAIN CLAUSE(present perfect)

SINCE-CLAUSE(simple past)

(g) Jim has played many sports since he tried soccer.

Since time clause

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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

(h) I have worked here

for fifty minutes.for five hours.for ten days.for about six weeks.for almost two months.for many years.for a long time.

For length of time

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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

(i) I have worked here for twelve years. I got a job here twelve years ago, and I still have it.

(j) I played sports for fifteen years. I am too busy now.

present perfect + for + length of time

past present

simple past

past present

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4-5 LET’S PRACTICE

Mary has been playing the piano since ___________.

3 hours she was six

she was six

Mary has been playing the piano for ___________. three hours

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4-5 LET’S PRACTICE

Alejandro has studied English since ________________.

he started school15 years

he started school

Alejandro has studied English for __________________. fifteen years

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4-5 LET’S PRACTICE

I have driven a taxi _____ 2006.

forsince

since

My uncle has driven a taxi ____ thirty years.for

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