basic and clinical pharmacology dr. j.m.nguta, bvm, msc, phd, pharmacol & toxicol (uon). notes...
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Basic and Clinical PharmacologyDr. J.M.Nguta, BVM, MSc, PhD,
Pharmacol & Toxicol (UON).Notes available at:
DescriptionBroad spectrum antibioticProduced by Streptomyces genus of
ActinobacteriaBacteriostatic (binds to 30S ribosomal
subunit)Could also bind to 50S subunitCauses cytoplasmic membrane alterations
withIncr. efflux of intracellular bacterial
components
IndicationsBroad spectrum antibiotics: active against
gram +ve and gram –ve bacteria.Drugs of choice in: Chlamydophilosis;
Ehrlichiosis; Coxiellosis; Rickettsiosis and for some Mycobacterial and Mycoplasmal infections
PharmacodynamicsReversible binding to 30S subunit Also binds to some extent to 50S subunitAlterations of cytoplasmic membrane
inducing leakage of nucleotides from the bacterial cell
Mechanism of ActionDiffusion through porin bacterial channelsReversible bindingInhibition of binding of tRNA to the mRNA
ribosome complexInterference with protein synthesis
PharmacokineticsBioavailability: less than 40% I.M; 100% I.V;
60-80% Oral.Food and /milk reduces GI absorption by 50%
or moreUpto 67% plasma protein boundNot metabolisedConcentrated by the liver in bile &Eliminated
in urine and feaces in biologically active form.
Pharmacokinetics (Cont.)LD50=808mg/kg (orally in mice)Doxycycline is excreted in feaces
Bacterial resistanceEnergy dependent effluxRibosomal protectionChemical modification and enzymatic
catalysis
Drug interactionsAbsorption is decr. By antacids; iron
containing prep.Synergism with tylosin in pasteurella RxComb. With polymixins incr. their efficacy.Doxycycline is synergistic with rifampicin or
streptomycin in brucellosis RxDoxy. Is synergistic with.pyrimethamine in
toxoplasmosis Rx.
Toxicity and adverse effectsRelatively safe drugsToxicity is attributed to their irritant nature;Disturbances of intestinal floraAbility to bind calcium (cardiovascular
effects, deposition in teeth and bone); Their toxic effects on liver and kidney cells.
Antineoplastic drugsDrugs used in cancer chemotherapyGoal (remission/palliation)Challenges: Increased toxicity
(myelosuppression and git injury).Mostly affected: rapidly dividing cells e.g.
bone marrow; intestines; testis; skinAlso apoptosis; peripheral neuropathy
Cancerous cells: the target site!Biological similarity with normal ellsNeoplastic cells are dividing more rapidly:
Quantitative differences
Cell cycle kineticsImportant aspect since many antineoplastics
target rapidly dividing cells: cell cycle specificity-:G1; S; G2; M; G0 Phase.
The question of incr. vulnerability to bone marrow and git cells due to their rapid division arises.
Cells in G0: resistant to chemotherapy!
Drug resistance, a chemotherapeutic challenge!Incr. effluxEnzymatic catalysisRapid DNA repairDecr. Binding to target sites in the tumor
cells.
Alkylating agentsCCNS agentsSubstituting an alkyl group for a reactive
hydrogen atom in the DNA leading to cross linking of the DNA molecule
Include nitrogen mustards and nitrosoureasDose limiting toxicity: bone marrow
suppressionAre carcinogenic and mutagenic
Nitrogen mustardsCyclophosphamide: well distributed following
oral & I.V adm.MetabolismToxicity (diarrhoea; vomiting; cysitis);
myelosuppressionCystitis minimized by diuresis and
Mesna((sodium-2-mercapto-ethane sulfonate),
Nitrogen mustardsOthers are: Ifosfamide; chlorambucil and
melphalan
NitrosoureasCarmustine and lomustineHighly lipophilicIndicated in brain tumorsToxic to the CNS, liver and kidneys
B). Antimetabolites
Folic acid analogues (methotrexate) and pyrimidine analoques (5-fluoro uracil & Cytosine arabinoside )
Methotrxate is a CCS, active against the S phase
Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase enzymes for purine and pyrimidine synthesis
MethotrexateHence interferes with folic acid synthesis in
cancerous and normal cellsCalls for leucovorin (folate co enzyme) adm.Well distributed to all tissues except CNS
Pyrimidine Analoques
5-fluorouracil, a, CCS, targeting the S phaseInhibits thymidylate synthase activity,
thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis. Variable git absorption-adm.i.vShows enhanced CNS toxicity in cats: hence
contraind.Dose limiting toxicity: Bone marrow and git
toxicity
C). Mitotic Inhibitors
Vinca alkaloids (vincristine and vinblastine,) CCS at the M phase.
Well distributed except in the CNS. Adm I.V.Metabolism and excretionVinblastine is less tolerated in small animalsIndicated in transmissible venereal tumors
(TVT)
D). Antibiotics
CCNS agents, inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis
Include the anthracyclines (doxorubicin, mitoxantrone), dactinomycin and bleomycin.
Adm. I.V.Dose limiting toxicity is myelosuppression
E). Enzymes
Asparaginase (L-asparagine amidohydrolase) : inhibits protein synthesis
G1 phase specificToxicity includes induction of an anaphylactic
reaction, pancreatitis and hepatotoxicity
F). Platinum Co-ordination Complexes
Cis-platinum: inhibits DNA synthesisDse limiting toxicity: nephrotoxicityUse of diureticsContraindications: in cats due fatal
pulmonary vasculitisCarboplatin is better tolerated than Cis-
platinum
G). Corticosteroids
Incorporated in cancer chemotherapy protocols: are cytotoxic
CCNSMetabolized in the liver and excreted in urineDose limiting toxicity: immunosuppression &
git toxicity.
H). Miscellaneous Agents
i).HydroxyureaS phase specificExcreted unchanged in urineDose limiting toxicity: bone marrow
depression
ii). Procarbazine
CCNS (a potent carcinogen and teratogen)Well absorbed following oral adm.Leads to DNA damage via incr. generation of
reactive free radicalsA MAOI: hence containdicated in patients
taking tricyclics; sympathomometic amines and tyramine cont. foods
Dose limiting toxicity: myelosuppression
Brainy quoteThomas Carlyle Quote: Permanence, perseverance and persistence in
spite of all obstacles, discouragement, and impossibilities: It is this, that in all things distinguishes the strong soul from the weak” (Thomas carlyle-1795-1881, Scottish Historian and essayist, Leading figure in the Victorian Era)