The aquatic hobby has grown steadilyas everyone is looking to bring thebeauty of nature into their homes. Vastchoices of aquariums, cabinets andsupport equipment exist and provideaquarists with many options. Abeautifully presented display aquariumaffords a glimpse into the fascinatingunderwater world, providing acaptivating centerpiece for any home,office or professional environment. A variety of options exist whendeveloping, setting up and maintaining aliving biosphere. Many choicessometimes result in a difficult decisionmaking process. This guide provideshelpful guidelines and information thatwill contribute to an easy, enjoyableexperience. Aquariums have many positive attributesthat extend well beyond beingdecorative. Research has indicated alink between watching an aquarium andthe reduction of stress. Finding thechance to relax in today’s fast pacedworld has become difficult, at best. Theaquarium provides a living display,which allows observers in a variety ofenvironments, such as dental, legal, andmedical offices, as well as restaurants,hotel lobbies and homes to relax andcompose their thoughts.

Fishkeeping can provide experiencesand events that stimulate the learningprocess. Having fish that spawn and theresulting rituals and activities that aredemonstrated provide hours ofentertainment and fascination. Childrenand adults can gain a sense ofresponsibility and accomplishment fromestablishing and maintaining anaquarium. The dynamic underwaterworld will present changing situationswhere fish, plants, corals andinvertebrates grow, mature andreproduce, providing a livingdemonstration of various life processes. Many excellent sources of informationconcerning all aspects of the aquatichobby exist and continue to bedeveloped. It is recommended to consultvarious books and seek advice fromreputable professional pet dealers whendeciding on and setting up an aquarium.Purchasing an atlas, as well as acomplete manual, will ensureawareness of specific requirements andcharacteristics amongst different groupsof fish and an optimal set-up to house them.

2

Aquarium Choices & Considerations . . .3

Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Mechanical Filtration, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Chemical Filtration, Biological Filtration

Superior Biological Filtration . . . . . . . . .7 through Bacterial Supplementation

Oxygenation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Filter Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Powerheads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Air Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Underwater Filters, External Filters . . . .11

Hang-on Power Filters, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 AquaClear Power Filters

Canister Filters, Fluval Power Filters . . .14

Filter Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Temperature Control, Heaters . . . . . . . .17

Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Fluorescent Bulbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Lighting tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

Creating the Aquatic Environment . . . . .22

Aquarium Decorative Features and . . . .24 Characteristics

Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

Water Conditioning and Start-Up . . . .27

Live Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

CO2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Introducing Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Fish Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Aquarium Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

Basic Maintenance Guide . . . . . . . . . . .38

10 Basic Rules for a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40Successful Aquarium

INTRODUCTION

AQUARIUM QUICK STARTFor more detailed instructions, refer to the packaging of each item, or consult yourlocal pet retailer.

1. Unpack aquarium and other apparatus. Thoroughly rinseaquarium. NEVER use detergents or commercialcleansers.

2. Place aquarium on amanufacturer recommended stand. Position tank away from drafts, heating ducts anddirect sunlight.

3. Add gravel, plants, decorations, etc.

4. Set up and position filter and heater. DO NOT PLUG INTOPOWER.

5. Gently fill aquarium with water, using a saucer to breakthe force of water. Verify that it does not leak. Ensure water has been conditioned.

6. Position canopy. Plug in heater, filter and lights. Check that temperature has stabilized at 78˚ F (25°C) (most fish). Follow instructions on pg. 32 for adding fish.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Type of AquariumTwo basic materials are used foraquarium construction, glass andacrylic. Glass is preferable due toreasonable cost, and superior ability toresist scratches and discoloration.

Aquarium LocationPlace the aquarium away from sourceswhich will influence temperature(radiators, fireplaces, windows), createvibration (high traffic areas) and allowlight entry (windows, sky lights). A conveniently located, groundedelectrical receptacle is important forheater, canopy and filtrationcomponents. Select a position wherethe set-up can be easily viewed andappreciated. Under no circumstancesshould any household electricalappliances be placed under or in closeproximity to your aquarium.

Aquarium PreparationsGently wipe down the aquarium usingwet filter wool or a clean cloth andrinse with lukewarm water to cleanyour aquarium before filling. Never usea commercial glass cleaner, detergentor chemical cleanser to clean inner orouter aquarium glass. Never use abucket that has been exposed to soap,detergent or any chemical cleansers totransport water for your aquarium. Amild aquarium cleaner can be used toclean inner (empty aquarium) or outerglass surfaces.

DimensionsAquarium surface area is important. Thiswill contribute to providing superioroxygenation and facilitate the creationof an attractive aquatic theme. Heightneeds consideration. Marine and freshwater environments can benefit fromtaller aquariums, which can providesuperior conditions for certain speciesof fish and plants.

WeightA filled, complete aquarium set-up willweigh approximately 10 pounds pergallon. The use of a proper aquariumcabinet or stand, and verification of thefloor’s capacity to support the weight,are necessary. Large aquariums shouldbe positioned close to a supporting wall.Placing the aquarium on a bookshelf,dresser, or other household furniture isnot recommended.

3

AQUARIUM CHOICES & CONSIDERATIONS

The Right SizeThe size of aquarium is often limited to the space available. In general, select thelargest size of aquarium that space, location and budget will allow. This will providemany benefits, such as a more stable environment, greater choice of fish and plantsand an enhanced aesthetic value.

Canopies & HoodsA hood is required to prevent waterevaporation and provide lighting. Rapidwater evaporation results in a lowerwater level that may damage filters andheaters. It also causes a build-up ofcarbonates and minerals (waterhardness) as water evaporates andminerals remain in the aquarium. Anaquarium cover also preventscontaminants from getting into the tank.In addition, a hood will stop fish fromjumping out of the aquarium. Acompletely closed cover has also beenshown to be a major factor inmaintaining aquarium temperature andkeeping electricity costs down.

Aquarium Cabinets & StandsIt is strongly recommended to placeyour tank on a stand or cabinetdesigned for that purpose. Beforeplacing the aquarium, it is suggested tolevel the stand. Proper support for theaquarium is essential at all four cornersto prevent stress along the length of thesides.Remember: anaquarium weighsapproximately 10pounds per gallon,therefore thestand needs to besolid and level toprevent breakageof the aquarium.

4

Marina Fluorescent Canopy - has aglass seal to protect light bulbs, and aninstant-start feature.

Nitrosomonas, which convert ammonia tonitrite. This takes approximately ten days.The levels of ammonia during this stageare often toxic and fish populationsshould consist of a few very hardyspecies. Additional water changes arerecommended, always ensuring that pHlevels are not increased (to avoidincreasing the toxic ammoniacomponent, NH3). The use of Cycle ishighly recommended to introducesignificant quantities of ideal bacterialstrains, critical for rapid biologicalestablishment and purification.

The second group of nitrifying bacteria topopulate are those of Nitrobacter, whichconvert nitrite to nitrate. This periodtakes up to approximately twenty-onedays, after which nitrite should be almostgone. During this phase, it is highlybeneficial to perform additional partialwater changes. Nitrite is also a very toxiccompound. When present in high enoughconcentrations, it is lethal and can affectthe red blood cells of fish. Should nitritelevels persist for more than twenty-onedays, additional partial water changesshould be performed, along withsupplemental doses of Cycle.

6

Efficient filtration is a keycomponent for a clean, healthy,thriving aquarium. Typicalstocking densities (in relation towater volume) of fish, plants,corals and invertebrates farexceed levels one would ever findin nature. The biological wasteproducts emitted by aquariuminhabitants must be effectivelyremoved and metabolizedbefore they becometoxic. Aquarium filtersare available in variousconfigurations andshould providemechanical, biologicaland chemical filtration, aswell as oxygenation.

Mechanical FiltrationAn essential form of filtration,it involves the removal ofparticulate waste from the water. Mostfilter media serve to mechanically filterthe water to some degree. Mechanicalfilter media, which is very fine (likepolyester), will trap greater quantities ofdebris and plug more rapidly. To properly exploit the advantages ofmechanical filtration, regularly removeaccumulated debris. This will helpsupport superior oxygen levels, stablewater conditions and reduce nitrateaccumulations.

Chemical FiltrationThe active control and change of specificwater characteristics. Filter media andvarious products exist that removechlorine, eliminate medications afterdisease treatments, neutralize heavymetal ions and effect changes inhardness and pH levels. This form of filtration is particularly usefulwhen the characteristics of source waterare known (easily achieved through theuse of basic test kits). Specific chemical

filter media should be used tooptimize water conditions forvarious groups of fish and plants.

Biological FiltrationBiological purification of water isaccomplished by various beneficialstrains of bacteria.

There are severalimportant sources ofwaste produced in mostaquariums. Fish generatenitrogenous waste as they

breathe and excreteorganic matter. Plants shed

leaves as they grow.Invertebrates and corals alsoshed organic substances.

Beneficial bacteria known asNitrosomonas and Nitrobacter,

commonly referred to asnitrifying bacteria, prefer lodging

in the filter system. Superior oxygenlevels exist due to constant incomingwater, while biological filter mediaprovide an excellent habitat for thesedesirable bacteria. Nitrifying bacteriautilize two very toxic nitrogenouscompounds, ammonia and nitrite, as anenergy source, and produce nitrate, arelatively harmless by-product. Nitrate iseasily controlled through regular waterchanges and is used by plants as a foodsource.The Nitrogen Cycle (see chart) refers tothe conversion of toxic nitrogenouscompounds, ammonia and nitrite tonitrate. This phenomena is commonlyencountered when first starting anaquarium, or if certain events take placewhich eliminate or reduce beneficialnitrifying bacteria, such as diseasetreatments or prolonged power failures. Bacteria take time to establishthemselves. Nitrifying bacteria reproduceevery eight hours. The initial nitrifyingbacteria to populate tend to be

5

FILTRATION

THE NITROGEN CYCLE

0 10 20 30 40 50

1.0

0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

PLANTFERTILIZER

excessfood

Toxic gases

plantremnants

fishrespiration

fish excretaand urine

ANAEROBICBACTERIA

NITRATENITRITE

AMMONIA

NITRATEBUILDUP

days

Insufficient

Borderline

Safe

mg/

Litre

ETARTIN

ETI

RTI

N

AIN

OM

MA

BIOLOGICAL FILTRATION

Nitrosomonas bacteria remove ammonia

to produce NITRITE

Nitrobacter bacteriaremove nitrite

to produce NITRATE

8

It is important to understand that waterchemistry, temperature, pollutants andother factors can affect the performanceof nitrifying bacteria. Maintaining stabletemperature, pH and water quality isimportant for all tank inhabitants, evenfor those that are invisible to the humaneye, specifically, bacteria. Althoughammonia and nitrite readings may bezero, after approximately one month, theaquarium has not reached full biologicalstability. For new aquariums, ensure the following:• Avoid overfeeding (2 feedings daily,

amount consumed in 2 min.).• Regular testing of Ammonia,

Nitrite, & pH.• Stock the aquarium slowly (over a 3 to

4 month period).• Regular removal of organic debris

(dead plant leaves, etc.).• Use Aqua Plus

with all waterchanges(eliminates toxicelements and reduces stress).

• Regular dosage of Cycle (builds andmaintains superiorbiological filtration).

Superior Biological Filtrationthrough BacterialSupplementationThe aquarium is a closed system, unlikemany natural bodies of water whichreceive constant fresh water fromenvironmental processes. Aquaristsshould include regular filter maintenance,partial water changes and regularsupplementation of optimal bacteria toensure superior water quality.Cycle incorporates 12 strains of bacteriaat extremely high concentrations toprovide aquariums with uniqueadvantages. Inoculating the aquariumwith nature’s most efficient strains ofbeneficial bacteria on a weekly basis willnot only benefit water quality, but alsopromote the dominance of theseparticular strains. One of the additionaladvantages is a concept termedcompetitive exclusion, a situation wherethe most abundant bacteria prevent theestablishment of other strains, some ofwhich can be responsible for fishdisease. The 12 strains of bacteria havebeen carefully selected to function as ateam. Some are responsible for breakingdown organic waste from fish and plants,and some convert the resulting by-products to harmless compounds that arerecycled by plants and diluted throughregular partial water changes.

7

OxygenationThis process takes place at the watersurface, the interface between waterand air. The most efficient way toincrease oxygen levels in water is tomove and agitate the surface (withoutcausing stress to aquarium inhabitants).The greater the surface movement, thegreater the oxygenation rate. Symptomsof oxygen deficiency sometimes occur inheavily stocked aquariums and aredemonstrated by fish exhibitingexaggerated and rapid gill movement. Itis important to note that temperature isalso a factor. Higher temperatures resultin lower dissolved oxygen levels. Planted aquariums should employ gentlesurface movement. This will reducecarbon dioxide loss, a key element ofphotosynthesis for plants.Power filters and powerheads are muchmore efficient in oxygenation versus airpumps, because of greater watermovement over a much larger watersurface area.

0 10 20 30 40 50

1.0

0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

days

Insufficient

Borderline

Safe

With Cycle Use

mg/L

itre

ETARTIN

ETIRTIN

AIN

OM

MA

BIOLOGICAL FILTRATION

BIOLOGICAL FILTRATIONNormal vs Cycle Addition

AquaFizzzz Airstones - create airbubbles, water movement and maybe used for ornamental purposes.

02

C02

9

Air PumpsPumps are versatile devices which can beused for a variety of purposes inaquariums. They are used to power insidebox filters, sponge filters, undergravelfilters, airstones, aerating ornaments, andprovide oxygenation by moving water tothe surface. It is important to understandthat a pump introduces ambient air intothe aquarium. Consider any sources of air-borne pollutants to be potentially harmful.

PowerheadsThese highly versatile, submersible pumpsare energy efficient and can be used innumerous applications. AquaClearPowerheads are designed with numerousfeatures to provide optimal performance formost installations. Complete with ceramicshafts, venturi control valves, hose adapter,Duragrip suction mounts, and more, theseunits can be used to:

1) Drive protein skimmers and wet/dry filters.

2) Drive undergravel filters (provide superior flow rates through gravel bed).

3) Mix and prepare water for partial water changes (ideal for mixing salt water).

4) Provide current for reef tanks and other applications (easy to hide in rock structure).

5) Attach to Quick Filters for additional chemical and/or mechanical filtration (ideal for clearingcloudy water incombination with PClear).

6) Increase oxygen level(position output to movewater surface).

7) Back-flushing of gravel for maintenance with 402 and 802 (Reverse Flow Feature).

FILTER SYSTEMSPowerheads provide a superior method ofdriving undergravel filters, helping toimprove biological filtration efficiencythrough optimal flow rates and greateroxygen levels. AquaClear Powerheadsrequire littlemaintenanceother thanperiodiccleaning of theimpeller and itshousing, andprovide troublefree long-termperformance.

AquaClear Powerhead Undergravel Filter Pumps -increase flow rates for greater water movement

and higher oxygen levels.

Model For aquariums up to Outlets Item #liters U.S. gal.

Elite 799 20 5 1 A-799 Elite 800 40 10 1 A-800 Elite 801 55 15 1 A-801Elite 802 75 20 2 A-802 Elite 803 75 20 1 A-803 Maxima 115 30 2 A-805 Maxima R 115 30 2 A-806Optima >115 >30 1 A-807

10

To obtain maximum longevity andperformance from your air pump, avoidrestricting a pump’s output. Use a gangvalve which provides one more outlet thanthe objects to be driven. This will allowextra output to be vented, and backpressure will be avoided. When usingairstones, it is recommended to replacethem on a regular basis, which willprevent unnecessary back pressure.Always use a check valve to prevent anywater from back siphoning into the airpump. Periodically verify that it functionscorrectly and replace it if necessary.

Elite - Maxima - Optima Air PumpsA complete range of small to large air pumps to suit all sizes of aquariums.

Model For aquariums up to Pumps Up to Item #liters U.S.gal l/hr U.S. gal/hr

AquaClear 101 37.8 10 300 80 A-584AquaClear 201 75 20 450 126 A-585AquaClear 301 113 30 658 174 A-586AquaClear 402* 190 50 1022 270 A-565AquaClear 802* 283 75 1514 400 A-570AquaClear 901 >378 >100 3550 935 A-587*With reverse flow capabilities

AQUACLEAR Quick Filter

Underwater FiltersFluval Underwater Filters provide easy,convenient filtration, and have thecapacity to independently filteraquariums up to 57 U.S. gal. (215 L)capacity. The Fluval "Plus" underwaterfilters feature a clogging indicator,allowing visual indication of whenmaintenance is required, and a cartridgedesign which prolongs service intervals.Internal filter systems, such as the Fluval"Plus" underwater units, offer thefollowing application possibilities:

1) Vertical or horizontal filter placement.2) Can be used to create waterfalls in

turtle and reptile tanks.3) Additional filtration for many

different aquarium set-ups.4) Useful for creating extra currents in

reef tanks.5) Driving Ultra-Violet Sterilizers

(reduction of particulate matter, increasing U.V efficiency).

6) Providing filtration when external filters cannot be installed.

11

a design that maximizes contact timewith the filter media. This is easilyevaluated when observing how andwhere water flow is directed within the filter.Fresh water aquariums generallyrequire a minimum water turnover rateof approximately four times an hour.Marine aquariums usually do best withwater turnover rates of 7 to 10 times perhour. Exceptions do exist with respectto the livestock being kept. In general, itis best to select a system (s) whichprovides somewhat more than theminimum rate. This will helpcompensate for declining flow rates asthe filter system accumulates debris.

Hang-On Power FiltersCommon types of filter systems thatconveniently hang on the rear of anaquarium, efficiently filtering andoxygenating, while allowing easy

External Filter SystemsThese systems represent a commonchoice for most aquarium keepers. Thegeneral principle of operation involvesthe intake of aquarium water via asiphon that results in filtration throughone or more filter media. The returnflow is directed at the surface toprovide oxygenation. There are various configurations ofexternal filter systems. An importantfeature is that it should be able tomechanically, biologically andchemically filter water. In order toachieve maximum effect from the filtermedia installed, it is important to select

Model For aquariums up to Pumps up to Item #liters U.S.gal l/hr U.S. gal/hr

Fluval 1plus 45 12 200 50 A-160Fluval 2plus 90 24 400 105 A-165Fluval 3plus 130 34 700 185 A-170Fluval 4plus 215 57 1000 260 A-175

Can be placed vertically orhorizontally for multi-functionality.

Model For aquariums up to Max. Output Item # Medialitres U.S. gal. l/hr U.S. gal/hr Foam Carbon Amrid*

AquaClear MINI 75 20 378 100 A-595 A-598 A-597 A-596AquaClear 150 113 30 567 150 A-600 A-605 A-602 A-601AquaClear 200 189 50 757 200 A-610 A-613 A-612 A-611AquaClear 300 378 100 1135 300 A-615 A-618 A-617 A-616AquaClear 500 567 150 1892 500 A-620 A-623 A-622 A-621*optional - for freshwater use only

12

AquaClear Power Filters* -provide both mechanicaland biological filtration forany size aquarium.

access for maintenance. There are twobasic types of systems, one employing acartridge design, the other with a mediacompartment designed to acceptmultiple filter media. Systems whichallow greater filter media choicesgenerally offer more complete andversatile filtration.

AquaClear Power FiltersThe AquaClear Power Filter representsone of the most versatile hang-on filtersystems available. Five models providea complete selection of flow rates formost popular sizes of aquariums.Contact time with the AquaClear filtersystem is maximized due to theinnovative re-circulation grid and multi-filter media stacking. The re-circulationgrid allows water to be passed throughfilter media more than once whenslower flow rate adjustments areselected, allowing superior contact timeand significantly contributing to water quality.

Fluval 1/2/3/4 plus replacement media * Complete with foam & carbon

filter media

Fluval Underwater Filters* - arecompletely submersible and can beused as a primary or supplementaryquick filter.*Supplied with foam filter media

1413

AquaClear Filtersystemsincorporate theexclusiveCycleGuard InsertSystem whichensures that allfiltrationrequirements arefulfilled byproviding threedistinct filter media.This ensures continuous biologicalfiltration as one insert is replaced at atime, while the remaining filter mediasupports the re-establishment of essentialbacteria (along with a dose of Cycle).

Minimal contacttime and filter

volume

1. Greater volume of filter media.2. Greater variety of filter media.3. Superior contact time of aquarium

water with filter media.4. Flexibility for the filter placement.

5. Superior biological capacity, can support higher fish populations.

6. Longer periods between maintenance.

7. Easy connection to additional filtration and water treatment devices, such as the Fluval Surface Skimmer.

Typical filter media placement:BottomAquaClear Foam Insert*, fulfills thefollowing functions:

1) Particulate debris removal and optimal water distribution patterns, allowing subsequent filter media to perform at full efficiency.

2) Biological filtration, due to the porous structure of foam, providing surfaces for beneficial bacteria.

MiddleAquaClear Ultragrade Carbon Insert*,Fluval Peat, Phos-X, and other chemicalfilter media are used to adjust andpurify water.

TopAquaClear Ammo-Rid or Bio-Max,effective at controlling harmfulnitrogenous compounds such asammonia, which is produced by varioussources within the aquarium.

Note: Aqua-Clear Filter Media Bags are availablefor all models of AquaClear

Some of the features and benefits are:1) Aqua-Stop – quickly

disconnects water withthe flip of a lever to alloweasy access tofilter contents.

2) Multi-Media baskets - a variety of filter media areeasily installed orremoved, to provideoptimal conditions formost types of aquarium set-ups.

Fluval Power FiltersFluval MSF External Canister Filters provide complete filtration for most aquariums.These innovative filter systems incorporate features that are designed to facilitateaquarium maintenance and provide excellent water quality.

Superior contacttime and filter

volume

Canister FiltersThese filtration systems offer the following advantages:

Model For Aquariums up to Pumps Up to Item #liters U.S. gal l/h U.S.gal/h

Fluval 104 100 25 480 125 A-200Fluval 204 200 40 680 180 A-205Fluval 304 300 70 1000 260 A-210Fluval 404 400 100 1300 340 A-215

Fluval MSF External Canister Filters - are suitable for mechanical, biological andchemical filtration applications. These multi-stage filters provide extremely largefiltration volume relative to most popular filters.

AquaClear Unitwith CycleGuardfilters.

*Supplied with filter

AquaClear Filter vs.Cartridge Filter

3) Large pre-filtration sponges thatprovide a large surface area totrap enormous waste loads,helping maintain filter flow rates.

4) Opaque Ribbed Hosing - eliminate kinks, for easier set-upand no algae growth within thehose supporting better long-termflow rates.

5) Water flow design maximizes contact time. Incoming water is immediately directed through large pre-filtration sponges and is vertically forced through multiple media baskets.

Aquarium PeatHagen offers peat in bothgranulated and fibrousforms. A highly desirablefilter media which is verybeneficial for aquariumscontaining plants, SouthAmerican Cichlids, Tetras, Gouramis,Rasboras, Killifish, and many otherspecies of fish originating from acidicwaters. Peat will lightly stain the water anatural tan color, lower pH and KH values,and release natural substances,optimizing aquarium water conditions formany fresh water fish and aquatic plants.The results will be reflected in optimizedcoloration, improved behavior andreproduction. Peat is also a positive factorin algae control.

Phos-X (formerly Green-X)Highly effective for phosphate control inaquariums. Attractsphosphate, nitrate, andnitrite ions to its surfaceand effectivelyeliminates them. It is

useful in applications where tap watercontains nitrates and/or phosphates,highly populated tanks, or if the aquariumcontains items which leach phosphates. Itis recommended to install Phos-X ataquarium start-up. Phosphate removersare known to remove nutrients requiredfor the growth of plants and algae.

BioMaxThe perfect biological media for fresh orsalt water aquariums. BioMax porouscylinders are capable of supporting hugepopulations of water purifying bacteria.They are composed of 85% Micro-Tunnels,ideal for hosting the beneficial bacteriawhich consume toxic ammonia and nitrite.The remaining 15% aremicro-cavities, ideal forhosting denitrifyingbacteria, providingbiological activitywhich controls nitrate,a potential nutrient foralgae.

15

FILTER MEDIAFilter media is the content of a filtersystem which is in contact with the waterflow and is the substance that actuallyperforms the mechanical, biological, andchemical filtering. Hagen filter media aredesigned to provide long-termperformance in all aquarium installations.The following filter media will support ahealthy, thriving aquarium.

FoamFoam is an excellent mechanical filtermedia. The porous channel structurewithin the foam obliges the incomingwater to deviate from a straight path,maximizing contact time and giving thefoam a huge holding capacity for debris.This is easily observed when rinsing foam,as large quantities of waste are released.Maximum mechanical effect is achievedafter approximately 10 to 14 days. Foamalso supports essential bacteria and canbe a mechanical and biological filtermedia, as evidenced byinternal filter systems,as long as a regularwater changeschedule is respected.

CarbonHagen offers acomplete selection ofcarbons, all designedfor water filtration.These carbons providethe correct pore size andselection of optimal raw ingredients toprovide long lasting aquarium filtration.This is very important as there arecarbons that are manufactured using rawmaterials which are designed for filteringair, not water, and are sold for aquariumuse.

Ammonia RemoverHagen Ammonia Remover is a naturalmineral, which safely and effectivelyscavenges ammonium from aquariumwater. This is particularly useful whenchloramine is present intap water, and ininstances whereammonia can occur,such as newaquariums, fish loss,overfeeding, after diseasetreatment, and overpopulatedinstallations.

16

18

misconception is that of unplugging aheater during warmer weather - thisshould not be done. The heater providestemperature stability by not allowingaquarium temperatures to drop belowits setting and is thermostaticallycontrolled. Aquariums housing large fish shouldalways use a heater guard or place theheater where accidental breakage is unlikely.

HeatersThree basic types of heaters exist: clip-on, submersible, and electronic. Clip-onheaters represent an economical optionfor providing stable temperatures andare designed to be fastened to theaquarium frame. It is important torespect the indicated water line. Thiswill ensure proper functioning of thethermostat.Submersible heaters offer greaterflexibility in terms of application(aquariums with lower water levels) andare available in easy-to-hide smallerdiameters, such as the Hagen ThermalCompact and Pre-Set range.

17

The Hagen Tronic electronic heateremploys a technologically advancedmethod of temperature control andeliminates mechanical technologiesfound in conventional heaters. Heating Tips

- Always allow approximately 30 minutes before plugging in.

- Always allow approximately 30 minutes after unplugging before removal or partial water changes.

- Always set temperature with the use of an aquarium thermometer.

- Verify temperature on a daily basis.- Always unplug your heater if you

must place your hands in the aquarium.

- When setting temperatures with a clip-on heater such as a Hagen Radiant Heater, remove the safety cap situated on the temperature control knob toadjust temperature, thenreplace to prevent clockwise movement.

TEMPERATURE CONTROL

Fish are "cold-blooded" and maintain thesame body temperature as theirenvironment. It is extremely important tomaintain constant temperatures.Sudden changes can cause stress andlead to disease. Select a heater thatdelivers 3 to 5 watts per gallon. Ambienttemperature is an important factor inselecting wattage. Temperature willaffect metabolic rates of fish and theirdesire to feed. Digestive enzymes arealso affected by temperature, even ingoldfish aquariums.When adjusting the heater to thedesired temperature, verify the settingon a daily basis with an aquariumthermometer.Thermometers exist in a variety of stylesand attach to either the inside or outsideof the aquarium. Select a model that iseasy to read and suits your aquariuminstallation. It is strongly recommendedto verify temperature on a daily basis. Most tropical fish can be kept between75 to 80°F (24 to 27°C). It isrecommended to ensure that speciesare kept at their optimal range. Thisshould be considered when selectingfish for a community aquarium.Placing the heater in an area wherethere is good water movement will helpdistribute heat efficiently. A common

POWER CORD

TEMPERATURE SETTING DIALIncremental Temperature DialEasy to set / Easy to read

WATERTIGHT SEAL

SOLID STATE COMPONENTSSelf-ProtectedNo moving parts

PILOT LIGHTBrilliant Glow

THERMO-SENSORAs accurate as an external sensorPatented Precision

PROTECTIVE COMPONENT COVER

HEAVY DUTY CERAMIC HEAT SHIELDIsolates Heater Element from Electrical Components

HEATER TUBE

HEATER ELEMENT

CERAMIC HEATER COREEvenly dispenses heatMinimizes "Hot Spots"

Aquarium HeaterElectronic

Aquarium Thermometers A thermometer should always be usedto monitor temperature levels andmaintain a comfortable environmentfor aquarium inhabitants.

Radiant Clip-on Heaters and ThermalCompact & Thermal Compact Pre-SetSubmersible Heaters.

Tronic Electronic Aquarium Heaters-provide consistent, fast heat technology.

Tronic Heater Guardprotects fishfrom burns andlesions andguards againstheater breakage

Model Style Watts25 50 75 100 150 200 300

Radiant Compact Clip-on • •Radiant Clip-on • • • • •Thermal Compact Mini Subm. • •Thermal Compact Subm. • • • •Thermal Compact Pre-Set Subm. • • • • •Tronic Subm. • • • •Aquarium Capacity* Gallons 51/2 10 15 10-25 25-40 40-60 60-90

Liters 20 37 56 37-94 94-151 151-227 227-340

*Recommended capacity - Normal Room temperatureNote: Many external operating conditions such as (a) Room Temperature Variance, (b) Lack of AquariumCover, (c) Presence of Submersible Pumps and Filters, (d) Aquarium placement in cooler environments,may call for a more powerful heater. Multiple heaters are suggested for larger aquariums.

General purpose aquarium lighting

Promotes marine reef life

Promotes coral, invertebrate and plant growth

High-noon spectrum for aquariums, terrariums & vivariums

Intensifies fish colors and promotes plant growth

Promotes plant growth and intensifies fish colors

SUN-GLO

MARINE-GLO

POWER-GLO

LIFE-GLO

AQUA-GLO

FLORA-GLO

ICON KEY

IDEAL FOR

FRESH WATERAQUARIUMS

SALT WATERAQUARIUMS

PLANTEDAQUARIUMS

CORALS

INVERTEBRATES

TERRARIUMS

VIVARIUMS

2019

Factors that influence the type andquantity of light required are:

- size of aquarium- fish species and other aquatic

inhabitants- plant life- aesthetics

Fluorescent lighting is an efficient,effective choice for many aquariums. It evenly illuminates the full length of theaquarium and efficiently convertsenergy consumed into light. Thecomplete line of Hagen Glo FluorescentBulbs provides fresh water and marineaquariums with lighting which willstimulate photosynthesis, whilecontributing to a beautiful aquariumdisplay.Incandescent lighting is available butdoes not offer the same aesthetic orefficiency value of fluorescent lighting. When deciding on how much light toprovide, a range of 1 to 3 watts pergallon will provide most fresh wateraquariums with values that will provideoptimal plant growth and visualpresentation. Marine reef aquariums willsometimes require greater quantities oflight to support the growth of certaincoral species. When using the watts pergallon rule, a deduction of 10 to 15% of

volume should be included to accountfor water displacement due to aquariumcontents. Light-Glo canopies are available insingle and double bulb configurations.Both systems are equipped with highefficiency reflectors that maximize lightemission. Revolutionary features of thislighting system include an anti-capillarybarrier that prevents water seepage,and a sleek, modern look.

LIGHTING Fluorescent Aquarium Bulbs

1. Keep any glass between bulb and water surface free of algae and mineral deposits.

2. Clean the bulb surface weekly (with damp soft sponge) if directly exposed to water surface.

3. If bulbs or lenses accumulate mineral deposits, clean with a mild acid.

4. In situations requiring higher light intensities, it is recommended to linefluorescent fixtures with a reflector.

5. Replace fluorescent tubes annually, for maximum efficiency.

6. Make note of installation date of fluorescent bulbs.

7. Combine different tubes for certain specialty applications to maximize spectral representation.

8. Use electronic ballast(s) when possible, for the following reasons:- higher frequency operation,

resulting in superior bulb performance and visual presentation

- higher power factor, greater or equal to 0.96

- longer ballast life- increases bulb life- greater flexibility, triggers all

bulb diameters (T-8, T-10 & T-12) - greater energy efficiency- less heat production will not

affect aquarium temperature9. Avoid turning lights on and off

unnecessarily.

How to Maximize Efficiency of Fluorescent Lighting

GloMat Fluorescent Control Units -ideal for custom installations, opentanks and special situations thatrequire additional lighting.

Aquarium Type Watts / U.S. gal.

General Fresh Water Community • • 2Planted Aquarium • • • • • 2 to 3African Cichlid • • • 1 to 3South American Cichlid • • 1 to 3Goldfish • 1 to 2Natural Biotope • 1 to 3Marine Reef • • • 2 to 4Marine Fish • • 2

Bulb Type Approx. Quantity

Mar

ine-

Glo

Pow

er-G

loLif

e-Gl

oAq

ua-G

loSu

n-Gl

oFlo

ra-G

lo

Community AquariumsThis broad classification of aquariumgenerally refers to a mix of fish andplants originating from differentgeographical areas, with emphasisplaced on color and hardiness. This typeof aquarium can be very successful if itfollows basic rules for compatibility ofits inhabitants with respect totemperature, water chemistry, aquariumsize, and character.

For example, various species ofgouramis, tetras, and rasboras could becombined with a selection of hardyaquatic plants such as Hygrophiladifformis, Hygrophila polysperma, andVallisneria spiralis. A piece or two ofroot wood and some smooth pebbleswould complete the decor, along withgravel at a 2 to 3 inch depth and adiameter of 2 to 5 mm.

Goldfish Aquariums

The bright colors of goldfishmake for an attractive display and oftenare a first choice for many beginners. Acombination of Ryunkins and Lionheads,pearlscaper plastic plants, black graveland grey and white granite stonesrepresents a combination which wouldattractively contrast with the vividcolors of goldfish.

21

This is perhaps one of the most interesting and enjoyable aspects of setting up anaquarium. The decorations should be chosen in consideration of the species ofplants and fish that will be kept. Plants require room to grow and their locationsshould take into account their full size and light requirements. The value of liveplants in the aquarium goes well beyond that of decoration, as they are majorcontributors to water quality and benefit fish in many ways. For species of fish thatcannot be housed with live plants, the use of plastic plants represents an excellent solution. Conducting a little research into the different themes of aquariums will provide alogical first step in setting up a successful aquarium. Some of the possible aquariumtypes and suggested decorations are:

CREATING THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTLighting Tips

1. Most plants require approximately 12 hours per day of light from a fluorescent fixture.

2. Sudden changes in light may stress fish. When turning canopy lights on or off, it is beneficial to have roomlights on for at least 30 minutes.

3. Fish fed during the day should be allowed 30 minutes of light before and after feeding.

4. Use timers when possible. Plants and fish will respond better to consistent lighting periods.

5. Plants and fish will adapt to gradual light changes. When changing bulbs in a multiple bulb installation, stagger them 1 to 2 weeks apart.

6. A remote ballast should be mounted in an area where there is adequate ventilation to efficiently dissipate heat. This is especially important in ballast types that generate moreheat.

7. Electrical wiring leading to the ballast should always incorporate a drip loop.

8. Consider a GFI (Ground Fault Interrupter) power bar as an inexpensive insurance to avoid unpleasant circumstances surrounding any potential electrical mishaps.

9. Do not leave lights on 24 hours a day. As in nature, fish and plants require dark periods as well.

22

African Cichlid AquariumsThe most common African Cichlidaquariums consist of either LakeTanganyika or Lake Malawi cichlids. It issuggested not to mix these two groupstogether due to character and dietarydifferences. Both types of set-ups wouldgenerally consist of large quantities ofrockwork combined with a finesubstrate, gravel or sand. These fish dig,so careful attention should be paid tosetting up rocks, to avoid possiblecollapses. Plastic plants can be used orlive plants such as species of Vallisneriaor Anubias can be attempted.

Planted AquariumsThis type of aquarium features emphasison plants and limited fish populations.An example of a plant tank could featurea backdrop of large groupings of fastergrowing species, such as species ofHygrophila, Limnophila, Rotala,Vallisneria, with an Echinodorus speciesin the middle and groupings ofCryptocorynes in the foreground. Thegravel would consist of 2 to 5mmdiameter at an average depth of 3inches. Other decor is limited due to thespace requirement of the plants and isusually limited to a piece or two ofdriftwood. Typical choices for fish couldbe smaller tetras or rasboras and someangelfish. It would also be suggested inthis type of set-up to include some algaecontrolling species of fish, such asSiamese Flying Fox.Lighting, CO2 injection, fertilization, andattention to appropriate filtration mediaare important details.

Rocks Rocks and gravel sold for

aquarium use are generallysafe and non-reactive. Ifthere are any specialcharacteristics that

aquarium rocks andgravel may

impart, it is generallyindicated on thepackaging byreputable companies.When decorating with rocks, make sureany structures created are stable and willnot collapse. It is also recommended touse only one or two types of rock andcreate groupings. This will lend a naturallook to the set-up.

Smooth pebbles in avariety of colors areavailable and provide anatural accent which canhighlight various fish andplants.

GravelFor planted aquariums, a size range of 2to 5 mm is ideal for most plants. Ingeneral, it is suggested to avoid verylight colored substrates, as they canmake fish appear less colorful. If epoxycoated gravel is being used, make sureto avoid rinsing with hot water andexcessively agitating when cleaning, topreserve the epoxy coating.Use the gravel to aquascape and createa depth perspective. Slope from back tofront and employ some terracing toprovide deeper areas. This alsobenefiting plants which have heavierroot networks, such as the largerEchinodorusspecies.

DriftwoodCommonly used in many natural typeaquarium settings. Hard root woodfound in pet stores is probably the safesttype of wood to use. Wood is organicand can decompose. It is suggested toverify its condition if water qualityproblems arise. It is normal for wood todiscolor aquarium water at thebeginning. Pre-soaking can help reducethis phenomenon. The use of activatedcarbon is also effective at removing thisdiscoloration. An excellent method ofkeeping driftwood clean is to keepancistrus or plecostomus (clownplecostomus) species which scrape andingest it as part of their diet.Driftwood adds an interestingdimension to many aquariumsand providesan idealanchor forplants such asAnubias barteri,Bolbitis heudelotii,and Vesiculariadubyana (Java Moss).

OrnamentsHagen provides a wide variety of safe,non-toxic, natural and artificialdecorations to enhance the aquaticenvironment. Creating an attractive andinteresting aquascape is easy andbeneficial to fish,providing themwith structurethat supportsnaturalbehaviourpatterns.

23

AQUARIUM DECORATIVE FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS

24

2625

Water is the most important and basicelement in keeping a healthy,successful aquarium. There are manyfactors that affect the quality of waterfor aquarium use. Chlorine and Chloramine are added towater to eliminate harmful bacteria indrinking water for human consumption,but are very toxic to fish, beneficialbacteria and plants. When first settingup an aquarium and whenever partialwater changes are conducted, alwaysuse Aqua Plus to make the tap watersafe for fish. Aqua Plus also containsPure Herbal Extracts that reduce stress

in fish associated withhandling. In specific areasaround the country whereChloramine is present in thewater, always use a highlyconcentrated chlorineneutralizer such asChlorXChange as well asAmmonia Remover filtermedia to absorb ammonia.

ChlorXChange is also recommended forpreparing water for marine aquariums.Metallic Ions present in tap water arechelated by ChlorXChange and madeavailable for consumption by plants.Tap water that originates from wellscan be plagued withmany other potentialundesirable elements,such as phosphates,nitrates, extremelyhigh metal levels (ex.-iron) and many otherorganic and inorganiccompounds. The useof Aqua Plus ismandatory and it mayeven be necessary toconsider the use ofspecial filtration devices locatedat the tap.Plumbing replacement with new copperpipe can be potentially lethal, especiallywith soft water. It would be highlyrecommended to add double doses of

WATERAqua Plus and use generous quantitiesof carbon to help remove copper. Inmarine systems containinginvertebrates, this is a situation whichwould necessitate careful attention.Water hardness and pH are two basicparameters that are easily measuredwith test kits and are important inproviding an optimal aquariumenvironment. It is suggested totest tap water atleast on a seasonalbasis to make noteof any fluctuationsand adjustaccordingly witheffective productssuch as pH Adjust ,pH Adjust and pH Stabilizer.Source water maynecessitate the use of certainfilter media to help achieve favorableconditions for fish and plants. Peat isprobably one of the most useful mediafor tap water that is hard and alkalinewhen plants, and/or acidic, soft wateroriginating species of fish are being kept.

Polyresin Planting RocksThese rocks furnish a natural look whilebeing completely non-reactive inaquarium water. Planting rocks providean advantage in that natural plants canbe conveniently moved withoutsignificantly disturbing their rootsystems.

Artificial PlantsAquariums containing fish that uprootor consume plants (ex: Cichlids,Goldfish, Koi or Barb species) are idealfor artificial plants.Within this category there are also silkplants which feature natural lookingmovement. Installations including largeplastic and silk plants can even beattached to rock or wood when the fish, reptiles or amphibians being kept constantly uproot them.

Aquarium BackgroundsMarina aquarium backgrounds areavailable in a variety of sizes to fit mostaquarium applications. The scenery can contrast or complement most any aquarium set-up, while also hiding unsightly electrical cords orhoses. Aquarium backgrounds providethe finishing touch to any decoratedtank, ensuring that fish and plants look their best.

Black / Royal Blue Rocky Canyon / Riverbed

Green Plants / Solid Black Plants w/ Rock / Light Blue

Japanese Aquascape / Driftwood Marine Reef / Old Coral

3D Rock Scenery 3D Rock w/ Stump Scenery3D Greek Ruins

➔➔

The following groups of fish generally preferthese listed pH ranges.

Livebearers: 7.0 to 7.6

African Cichlids: 7.8 to 8.5

South American Cichlids: 6.2 to 6.8

Tetras: 6.2 to 6.8

Rasboras: 6.2 to 6.8

Rainbows: 7.0 to 7.4

South American Catfish (Corydoras, etc.): 6.2 to 6.8

Goldfish & Koi: 7.0 to 7.5

Most fresh water aquariums can be setup with live plants and wheneverpossible, it is recommended to do so.The vast selection of plants suitable foraquariums is constantly growing alongwith affordable, effective, supportequipment, providing the aquarist withchoices for almost any set-up. Some ofthe benefits of live plants are that they:

• Supplement filtration - they absorb ammonium, nitrates, and phosphates,and even assimilate other undesirable substances from aquarium water.

• Produce oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide when the aquarium is illuminated.

• Provide natural shelter for fish, thereby reducing stress and supporting natural behavior. Plants also provide hiding places for baby fish and for species that are being harassed by other inhabitants.

• Provide the main decoration feature of aquariums and supply a dynamic element to the aquarium as they grow.

28

Planting Tips1. Incorporate groups of plants in your

set-up. Select a few species with a quantity of each as opposed to many different species and minor quantities of each.

2. Position plants with respect to the species. Taller plants should be placed at the rear and shorter plants towards the front. Try to place plants according to their light requirements. For example, plants preferring lower light levels can be planted in the shade of higher light-preferring species.

3. Remove devices used to bunch plants together. Planting should allow for a little space between groups of stems of plants (bunch plants).

4. Consider the adult size of plants, as they grow and should be given the room and proper initial placement.

5. For plants with many stems emanating from a crown, do not get gravel between the stems and expose the top of the crown.

6. Select faster growing species of plants when first starting the aquarium. Plants provide one of the best algae prevention strategies. Under the right conditions they compete with algae for nutrients and light.

LIVE PLANTS

27

Hydroxyl ions [OH-]

Hydrogen ions [H+]

Leaf

Stem

Crown

Roots

Test kits allow easy analysis ofaquarium water and the resultingcorrective action to be undertaken.They provide the information necessaryfor tailoring characteristics such as pH,Carbonate Hardness (KH), Iron (Fe) andGeneral Hardness (GH) that areimportant for the particular type ofaquarium being maintained.

Water Conditioning & Start-UpWhen initially filling the aquarium, startby filling approximately one third.Carefully pour inaquarium gravel, thenplant and decorate.Once this iscomplete, place aplate or bowl at thebottom and carefullyfill the remainder.This will prevent theincoming water fromdisturbing the set-up(see page 1, #5).Install all support equipment, heaters,filters (inoculate bio-filter media withCycle), lighting. Condition the newwater with Aqua Plus and performbasic water testing, then adjust pH, KH,and GH to levels required for aquariuminhabitants.After this is complete, dose with Cycle

and allow the system a minimumof several days before addingfish. This period will allow plantsto initially root and allow for anyre-adjustments of pH. For areassubject to chloramine, this periodis highly recommended. It ispossible to add fish immediatelydue to products such as Cycleand Aqua Plus, however, it isrecommended to be patient.

WATER HARDNESSAcid water has more Hydrogen ions (blue) than Hydroxyl ions (green)

Neutral water has equal numbers of Hydrogen (blue)

and Hydroxyl ions (green)

Alkaline water has more Hydroxyl ions (green)

than Hydrogen ions (blue)

ACIDIncreasing proportion of Hydrogen ions [H+]

ACIDIncreasing proportion of Hydrogen ions [H+]

NEUTRALHydrogen and Hydroxyl

ions in balance

ALKALINEIncreasing proportion of

Hydroxyl ions [OH-]

3029

Carbon Dioxide(CO2) is a gas which ishighly soluble in water in relation to theother two important gases found in H2O,specifically oxygen and nitrogen.Dissolved carbon dioxide and oxygenlevels in water are very important sincethey directly affect water chemistry (pH,KH) and are involved in essentialbiological processes, such asphotosynthesis, in plants.

There is a gas exchange which takesplace at the surface of the waterbetween carbon dioxide (CO2) andoxygen. The exchange results in carbondioxide (CO2) leaving the water andoxygen entering due to the fact thatthere is more oxygen in air than waterand vice versa for carbon dioxide.Agitating the water surface acceleratesthis effect.

The significance for planted aquariumsis that surface agitation should allowjust enough oxygen for fish(demonstrated by comfortable behaviorand respiration) and not so much that itdrives out all available carbon dioxidefor plants.

Planted aquariums will often benefitfrom the addition of carbon dioxide.Concentrations of dissolved carbondioxide are linked to pH and KH values,with the ideal pH range being 6.8 to 7.0,and a carbonate hardness (KH) value of90mg/L (5dKH). When adding carbondioxide to an aquarium, it is advisable tomaintain a KH value of 90mg/L and allowthe addition of CO2 to slowly lower thepH value to the ideal range. Differentspecies of fish may react differently withrespect to dissolved carbon dioxidelevels, so it is advisable to monitor theirreactions and take appropriate actionwith respect to its administration. Benefits of CO2 Injection:

• Most aquariums do not contain sufficient CO2 levels for optimal plant growth and condition.

• Provides the most essential and available carbon source for plants.

• Excellent method of lowering pH in aquariums.

CO2 IN THE AQUARIUMThe following species should be readilyavailable at pet stores and are goodgroups to choose from with respect totheir durability, adaptability, and use intropical aquariums:

- Various species of Vallisneria: Tolerate a wide range of lighting and water conditions, rapid growing, excellent for background.

- Various species of Hygrophila: Prefer bright light, tolerate wide range of water conditions, rapid growing, suitable for mid to rear of aquarium.

- Microsorum (Java Fern): Tolerate wide range of lighting and water conditions, slow growth, can be anchored to driftwood or stones.

- Various species of Echinodorus:Tolerate wide varieties of light and water conditions. Certain species are excellent for feature or center plants (Echinodorus bleheri), many species feature broad attractive leaves. The dwarf Amazon sword (Echinodorus griesebachii) is an excellent foreground plant.

- Various species of Cryptocoryne: Sometimes will take some time for adaptation, great for foreground placement, generally will tolerate or prefer low light levels, tolerate a wide variety of water conditions.

For further information on feeding andgeneral care of aquatic plants pleaseconsult the Hagen Aquatic Plants, Care& Nutrition Leaflet.

SUGGESTED AQUATIC PLANTS: Respecting the basic information provided in this brochure will help provide hobbyists with a useful foundation for success with aquatic plants. The presence of plants in a properly maintained display will contribute to a full appreciation of the aquatic hobby. The following list of aquatic plants serves as a guide for species which flourish in tropical aquariums. These species are tolerant of a variety of temperature, light and water conditions:

Microsorium pteropus (Java Fern):

Attaches to driftwood or rocks, flourishes in low to

high light and at various pH and

hardness values.

Hygrophila Difformis (Wisteria):

Grows rapidly, recommended for new

aquariums, rapidly absorbs mico-nutrients, Plant Gro Iron Enriched strongly recommended.

Anubias barteri (nana):

Suggested for foreground and

attaching to driftwood (slow

growth).

Echinodorus bleheri (Amazon Sword): Excellent feature plant, needs room, responds well to regular pruning.

Cryptocoryne wendtii:

Plant in groups, mid-ground placement,

grows rapidly, provides

brownish leaves.

Cryptocoryne walkeri:

Plant in groups in the foreground,

grows rapidly once established.

Aponogeton ulvaceus: Suited for

tanks 30 U.S. gal. & up, rapid

growth.

Aponogeton crispus:

Attractive olive green color,

rapid growth.

Echinodorus osiris:

Excellent feature plant, provides red

colored leaves, suited to 30

U.S. gal. tanks & up.

Hydrocotyle leucocephala (Pennywort):

Can be used as a floating plant,

provides refuge for fry (babies), grows rapidly.

Hygrophila polysperma

(Hygro): Extremely hardy,

recommended for new aquariums.

Ceratophyllum demersum

(Hornwort): Rapid growing,

typically a floating plant,

good choice for bowls.

Vallisneria spiralis:

Suggested for background

placement, good choice for new installations &

hardwater

Recommended Aquatic Plants

3231

The following list represents generalcharacteristics of most healthy fish:

- Clear Eyes (not cloudy).- Erect, undamaged fins.- Scales should be intact, parallel

with body (not sticking outwards) and no red blotches.

- No holes, ulcerations, or lumps.- Species with translucent bodies, no

inner appearing whitish areas.- Active, lively, normal swimming

patterns (some species are naturally shy and reclusive).

- No white spots (salt grain size) or white cottony growths on the fins or body.

- Respiration rate should be regular and steady (in unstressed circumstances).

- Gills should be red inside, not fadedor discolored, and not distended or puffy.

- Actively feeding.- Avoid selecting fish from a system

that contains any sick specimens.Choosing fish that are healthy from thebeginning will help avoid problems. It isalways a good idea to maintain a smallquarantine tank for observation of newlypurchased specimens and possibletreatment. The quarantine aquarium willalso serve as a hospital or isolation tankshould compatibility problems arise, orother unavoidable circumstances whichcould result in disease.

Selecting Healthy Fish

Transport new fish after purchase as soon as possible and avoid temperature change. The following steps are recommended to provide a stress-free introduction:Close the aquarium lights during the acclimation period. Float the bag in the aquarium for approximately 20 minutes to equalize water temperatures.

Open the bag and gently pour in some aquarium water (approximately 1/3 the bag volume), wait 10 minutes. Repeat this water introduction twice more at the same interval.

NOTE: Add a full dose of Aqua Plus tothe aquarium. Its patented stress reducing ingredients will benefit the newly introduced specimens.

Carefully net the fish out of the bag and place them in the aquarium. Dispose of the water in the bag, do not release this water into the aquarium.

If the newly introduced specimens are the only ones in the aquarium, wait 24 hours before initial feeding.

Patience is necessary when firststocking an aquarium. It is very temptingto fully stock a beautifully set upaquarium, but it is not advisable.Purchasing a small group of fish everytwo weeks will serve to gradually loadthe system and allow essential bacteriathe time required to multiply andestablish (dose regularly with Cycle),biologically converting toxic nitrogenouscompounds produced by fish. In a newfresh water aquarium, a gradual buildup of fish to achieve 1 inch of fish pergallon is recommended. Remember, fish grow.

1"1"

1"3"

3"2"

== 10 Gallon

1 Gallon

INTRODUCING FISH Acclimation of New Fish

4

3

2

1

Species to Start WithSelect a hardy species and make sure toincorporate some algae controllingspecies, such as Pencil Fish,Livebearers, Ancistrus, Otocynclus orSailfin Plecostomus. The algaecontrolling species you select willdepend on whether the aquariumcontains plants and the other species offish purchased. Fish that naturallyconsume algae will especially benefitthe aquarium during the start up period,as plants will have just been introduced.It is recommended to select species thatare compatible in terms of waterchemistry, temperature, and behavior.Consult books and knowledgeable storestaff for suggestions in this regard.

4

3

2

1

3433

FISH CAREObservation and daily verification ofaquarium inhabitants is an importantpreventative measure. A quick dailycheck will reveal any problems beforethey become serious. Specimens thatare hiding and/or exhibiting torn ordamaged body parts could indicatefighting and territorial disputes. Earlyrecognition and diagnosis of anyabnormalities or problems will allowtimely treatment and much betterchances of success.

Regular use of products such as Cycleand Aqua Plus contribute significantlyto providing optimal water quality andreducing fish stress. Aqua Pluscontains a patented formula thatprovides fish with natural herbs knownto have calming effects. Along with thecapability of neutralizing chlorine andbreaking the chloramine bond whenfirst introducing water or doing partialchanges, Aqua Plus provides completeconditioning. Biological stability is keyto providing consistent water quality.Cycle provides a balanced communityof highly beneficial bacteria. Cycle,dosed on a weekly basis, will build astable population and, throughcompetitive exclusion, displaceundesirable strains of bacteria,reducing chances of disease whilesupporting a clean, healthy, aquariumenvironment.

Examples of SpeciesRequiringExtra Precautions

Disease PreventionMost living organisms can suffer illness atone time or another. The most effectiveway to deal with this reality is to prevent,rather than wait for a possible problem.The consequences of having to treat astocked aquarium with a medication canbe stressful and damaging in itself. Manyplants, fish and helpful bacteria can sufferas a result of using medication. The following list provides general pointsthat support disease prevention:1) Choose only healthy fish, avoid

purchases from aquariums containing sick fish.

2) Purchase fish in limited groups, slowly build fish populations.

3) Consider a quarantine aquarium. This will allow observation and preventative treatments before exposing new fish to established aquarium inhabitants.

4) Follow proper acclimation of new specimens (see pg. 32).

5) Always condition new water properly. Chlorine, chloramine, and metals are damaging to aquarium inhabitants. Use Aqua Plus.

6) If plumbing repairs or changes occur, that involve copper pipe,exercise caution (see pg. 26).

7) Perform basic water tests and maintenance on a regular basis.

8) After power failures, ensure that all equipment is working properly. Observe fish carefully, temperature variations will stress them.

9) Use timers for lighting. Regular illumination periods are important for fish and plants.

10) If a medication has been used, after the treatment is complete, perform additional water changes and use carbon to remove residual traces. Test water and dose with Cycle and Aqua Plus.

11) Supply regular feedings of various quality foods. Nutrafin Max provides complete nutrition.

DiscusDiscus are extremely sensitive to pHdifferences. During acclimation, it issuggested to adjust pH valuesaccordingly and take twice theregular time to introduce newspecimens.

Marine (Salt Water Aquarium)Marine fish should be introducedwith caution, slowly drippingwater into the bag for 30 to 40minutes until the bag volume hasdoubled. Marine tanks withlarger, territorial species such assurgeons and angels may requirethe use of a see-through divider(that does not impede water flow)to prevent serious attacks on newspecimens.

African CichlidsThese cichlids are often very territorial.Rearranging the rock structure canreduce aggression towards newlyintroduced specimens. Certain speciesof Lake Tanganyika cichlids (especiallyfry) are sensitive to changes in waterchemistry. Slowly dripping water into thebag for 30 to 40 minutes isrecommended.

36

How Much Do I Feed?A good rule of thumb is to use time as aguiding factor. Most aggressive feederscan easily consume their requirementswithin two to three minutes, two tothree times daily. Fish such as Discusand Bottom dwellers (Catfish, Loaches,Sharks, Plecostomus) requireapproximately 5 minutes to properlynourish themselves. It is suggested toconsult books and knowledgeable petstore staff to obtain specific detailsabout the species being kept.

Feeding Tips1) Identify feeding requirements of

species kept (herbivores, omnivores, etc.).

2) Try to avoid feeding large predatory species with live fish. Use appropriate dry or frozen foods. There is less chance of disease transmission and this will facilitate the feeding of your fish if you are away.

3) Allow a minimum of 30 minutes after the lights are turned on and 30 minutes before the lights are turned off before feeding.

4) Keep dry food away from moisture and try not to handle food (especially with wet hands).

5) Use a Nutrafin Max Feeding Ring for dry foods. It helps prevent food from entering the gravel and filter.

6) Use an automatic feeder (ex.- Nutramatic or Nutramatic 2x),if your schedule does not permit regular feeding.

7) Aquariums containing bottom feeders (botias, corydoras, etc.) should be fed regularly with bottom feeding tablets.

8) Use quality foods. Nutrafin Max provides complete, high quality nutrition.

9) Provide a varied diet, minimum of 2 dry foods (1 flake and 1 freeze-dried) and 1 frozen food.

10) Always try to incorporate some Spirulina in a fish’s diet, especially for herbivores.

35

A regular feeding schedule is importantto provide fish with essential nutrients,vitamins, and minerals. Diseaseresistance, coloration, activity level andreproduction are all major factorsdirectly linked to a quality nutritionsource.Nutrafin Max uses top qualityingredients combined with specialproduction methods to ensure maximumnutrition through high bio-availability.Certain Nutrafin Max products usenatural color enhancing ingredientssuch as Red Algae Pigment (R.A.P.), richin astaxanthin, a powerful carotenoid, aproven immune system booster, whileimproving growth rates. Spirulinaprovides fish with numerous healthbenefits and is a valuable source of anumber of pigments, allowing theenhancement of a variety of colors.Variety is important. Nutrafin Maxprovides a complete selection of flake,freeze-dried, granular, stick, and tabletfoods, designed to effectively feed mostspecies of aquarium fish.

Less WasteNutrafin Max creates less wastebecause the food is more digestible andcontains less ash. It minimizes ashlevels by using only the highest qualityingredients. High ash content cancontribute to water pollution.

FEEDING

Less AlgaeExcess phosphorus in food cancontribute to unsightly algae growthand pollution. Nutrafin Max is carefullyformulated to reduce the amount ofphosphorus yet ensures optimumamounts for skeletal growth andproper nutrition.

Nutrafin Max Feeding Ring -controls food dispersal and reduceswasted food.

Nutramatic & Nutramatic 2xAutomatic Fish Food Feeder -dispenses the desired volume offood up to twice daily. Ideal forevery day or vacation use.

3837

❑ Bucket used exclusively forpartial water changes

❑ Gravel Cleaner❑ Water Conditioner, Aqua Plus❑ Biological Supplement, Cycle❑ Algae Scrubber

✄

Aquarium maintenance is an essentialregular activity that provides a stable,healthy environment for fish and plants.The key to an effective program is tofulfill basic, simple tasks, which, whenperformed on a regular basis, take verylittle time and result in a clean, thrivingaquarium display. Ongoing biologicalprocesses can deplete water ofessential ingredients and cause nitrateaccumulation and other non-desirablesubstances. Most expert aquarists willagree that regular partial waterchanges represent a key element in fishhealth and condition. Always ensurethat the replacement water has beentreated with Aqua Plus and is of thesame temperature as the aquarium. The following lists of maintenanceactivities and equipment serve as ageneral guide to maintaining a stableaquatic environment. Variations inpercentage and frequency can exist dueto stocking density and types oflivestock kept.

AQUARIUMMAINTENANCE

For all product-related concerns, please use the consumer contact form on our website.You can learn more about aquariums by browsing our website at www.hagen.com

Maintenance Tips1) Never change more than 40% of

aquarium water at a time.2) Never empty the entire aquarium to

clean it. This causes undue stress onfish and will disturb the biologicalbalance of your aquarium.

3) Only change half of your filter mediaat a time, to retain the establishedbiological balance.

4) NEVER use soap or any detergent onyour aquarium or any products usedin or around your aquarium.

5) When cleaning the inside glass ofyour aquarium, avoid picking uppieces of gravel, as this will scratchthe glass.

6) Limit the amount of times you put yourhands in the water. Oils and filmsmay cause stress in fish. It ispreferable to use the Multi-Tool.

❑ Fish net❑ Algae Magnet❑ Test Kits❑ Multi-Tool, to trim plants,

move decor

❑ Observe all aquarium inhabitants.Perform a quick visual check to ensurethat there is no disease, injury, and/orabnormal behavior.

❑ Verify temperature and confirm that allsupport equipment is functioningcorrectly (filters, heaters, lighting, etc.).

❑ Remove any dead fish, plants, orobvious debris (such as plant leavesattached to intake strainer of filter).

Daily

❑ Perform a partial water change, 5 to 10 percent is recommended. Use agravel washer to extract trapped wastefrom the gravel. Partial water changeson a regular basis will provide stablewater quality and maintain idealconditions.

❑ Clean fluorescent tube(s) and fixture.This will maintain consistent light levels.

❑ Clean inner and outer glass surfaces.This will eliminate any algaeaccumulation and ensure full viewingpleasure.

❑ Test water. This is important particularlyfor reef and planted aquariums.

❑ Perform filter maintenance (preventativemaintenance of moving parts, such asthe impeller). Replace filter media (ex.:Carbon, Amrid, Phos-X, Peat, etc.) as permanufacturer’s recommendations and inaccordance with test kit results.

❑ Check supplies, food, water conditionersand all other regularly used items.

Algae Magnet, Multi-Vac Gravel Cleaner,Easy Clean Siphon Cleaner, Fish Net,Multi-Tool and Deep Reach Algae Scrub.

MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT CHECKLIST

BASIC MAINTENANCE GUIDE

Weekly

Monthly

Provide regular, varied, feeding for fish. Feed two tothree times per day, the amount consumed inapproximately two minutes (for most fish).

Keep fish populations within reasonable limits.

Follow the daily, weekly, and monthly checklist in thisguide.

Select fish that enjoy similar temperatures, waterchemistry, are compatible with respect to behavior,and occupy different levels of the aquarium.

When choosing filtration, consider contact time, filtermedia volume, and factors which affect filter output.

Incorporate live plants whenever possible.

Choose the largest aquarium possible. Volume equalsstability and greater flexibility in choices.

Stable conditions are important. Following theprovided checklist will help achieve this.

Try to plan your aquarium set-up. Select plants,rocks, wood, gravel, and other decor that arecomplementary.

Enjoy the hobby! Use it as an experience to learnabout a fascinating underwater world.

10 BASIC RULES FOR ASUCCESSFUL AQUARIUM

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Distributed by:Canada: Rolf C. Hagen Inc.,Montreal, QC H4R 1E8U.S.A.: Rolf C. Hagen (U.S.A.) Corp.,Mansfield, Ma 02048U.K.: Rolf C. Hagen (U.K.) Ltd.,Castleford, W. Yorkshire, WF10 5QH

Printed in Canada

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