basic beef agent update: nutrition of the growing calf
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Basic Beef Agent Update: Nutrition of the Growing Calf. Dr. Jeff Lehmkuhler & Dr. Roy Burris Summer 2013. Nutrients. Water Energy Protein Minerals Vitamins Same as we discussed for cows. Growth Rate of Suckling Calf. Synthetic = CharolaisXAngusXGalloway - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Basic Beef Agent Update: Nutrition of the Growing Calf
Dr. Jeff Lehmkuhler & Dr. Roy BurrisSummer 2013
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Nutrients
• Water• Energy• Protein• Minerals• Vitamins
• Same as we discussed for cows
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Growth Rate of Suckling Calf
Synthetic = CharolaisXAngusXGalloway
Crossbred = Synthetic X Hereford or Dairy
Forage impact on milkForage quality nutrient to calfSupports creep or early weaning Ahunu & Makarechian, 1987
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Growth of Nursing Calf: Layman
• 550 lb calf weaned at 200 days age
• 80 lb birth weight
• 550 – 80 = 470 lbs gain
• Gain / d on cow 470 lb/ 200 d = 2.4 lb / d
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Peak Occurs 7-8 Weeks Post-calving
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Intake of Milk & Forage of Calves
July Aug Sept Oct0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
MilkForage
Inta
ke, %
Bod
y w
eigh
t
Gelvin et al., 2004
Milk nutrient intake doesn’t increase with body weight
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Nursing Calves
• Performance dependent on nutrient supply
• Increased body weight to maintain
• Declining milk availability
• Increased need for non-milk nutrient supply
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General Factors Affecting Calf Growth
Calf ADGMilk
Forage Avail
Forage Quality
Genetics
Health
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Pre-weaning Nutrition Management
• Cow milk production function of genetic potential and nutrient supply– Increase quality of forage– Ensure ample availability– Select for more milk, BUT have to have forage base
• Creep feeding – increase nutrient digestibility
• Early-weaning – quality of diet increased
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Creep Feeding
• Typically offered last 90 days or so
• Efficiency impacted by rate of supplementation– Calves ADG = or > 1.3 lbs/d
• Lower rates = Greater Efficiency
• Watch feed costs– Some Conversions Can be 8-10:1
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Calves - Got Milk?
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
5 mo 6 mo 7 mo
Inta
ke, %
Bod
y W
tMilkForage OM
Loy et al., 2002
Expressed on % Body Wt basis, Forage OM greater amount of diet than milk later in the season
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Creep Feeding
• Research indicates– Milk supplies ~ 50% of nutrient needs at 3 mo.
– Response to creep vary with milk production potential of cow
– Response vary depending on quality of forage
– Controlled intakes 3-5 lbs = better efficiency
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Creep Considerations• Not likely going to help the cow much
• Not just about weight gain
• Ease transition during weaning
• Disease control/prevention– Cocci
• Costs – Cheap feed + High Feeder = Yes, else ?
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Post-weaning Nutrition
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Energy and Protein Needs
• Requirement is a function of performance
• Higher gain = more energy & protein
• CP in growing diets 12-16%
• Energy vary depending on intake and gain desired
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770 lb Steer Finished @ 1,400 lbNutrient for Target Gain Desired
0.8 lb/d 2.2 lb/d 3.4 lb/d
NEgain, Mcal/lb 0.20 0.35 0.48
Crude Protein, % 7.3 10.1 12.9
TDN, % 50 60 70
DMI, lb/d 19.6 20.7 20.2
1996 Beef NRC
DMI = 2.7% of BWFescue endophyte decrease intake 5-10%Concentrate the nutrients to compensate
Fescue at 50% TDNDDGS at 100% TDN
~ 6-8 lbs DDGS
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Mineral Requirements Growing Cattle% of DM or ppm Growing Cattle (McDowell,
2003)Calcium 0.1-0.5%Phosphorus 0.05-0.20%Potassium 0.6%Magnesium 0.10%Sodium 0.06-0.08%Sulfur 0.15%Copper 10Manganese 20Zinc 30Selenium 0.10Iodine 0.50Cobalt 0.10
Should be 0.6-1%
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Calcium Needed
• Silage is low in calcium
• Growing cattle need 0.50-0.70% Calcium
• Corn silage has 0.28%-0.32% Calcium
• Takes 0.10-0.20 lb feed grade limestone– Feeding Distillers grains or Gluten Feed as protein even
more critical to have Limestone in supplement
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Associative Effects of Feeds
• Positive = When one or more nutrients in a supplement increases forage intake & digestibility
• Negative = When one or more nutrients in a supplement reduces forage intake & digestibility
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Associative Effects
Unsupplemented No Response Negative Positive0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
Forage Supplement
Lbs /
hd
/ day
Adapted from OK Beef Cattle Manual: D. Lalman
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Neutral or Positive Effects
• Desire to maximize forage intake and digestibility
• Ideally avoid negative associative effects
• Often related to impacts on fermentation and subsequent rumen pH
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Microbial Shift• S. bovis & Lactobacillus produce lactic acid (lactate)– Lactate is a stronger acid– pka 3.1 vs. 4.1-4.5 (acetate, butyrate, propionate)
• S. bovis grows rapidly, doubling in 12 min.– Start w/ 1 bacteria, after 6 hours = 1,073,741,824 bacteria!
• Lactate utilizers grow at a rate ~ 5 times slower– Can’t keep up with production of lactate– Need time to increase their numbers
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Typical Founder / Laminitis
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Rates of Fermentation Differ• Dry rolled wheat• Steam rolled barley• Dry rolled barley• Temper rolled barley• Whole barley• High moisture corn (processed/bunker), flaked wheat• Steam flaked corn• Steam flaked sorghum• High Moisture corn (stored whole)• Dry Rolled Corn• Dry Whole Corn• Whole Oats• Dry Rolled Sorghum
Faster
Slower
Adapted from Stock & Britton, 1993
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Spread the Fermentation• Using knowledge of rates of fermentation can reduce
risk to acidosis– Whole shelled corn over cracked in a self-feeder– Oats provides fiber & slower starch fermentation– Wheat should processed & limited to 30% of diet
• Matching rate of protein degradation and carbohydrate fermentation = Synchrony and may improve efficiency– Urea + High moisture corn– Soybean meal + Corn Stalks
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Low Starch Coproduct Feeds
• Soybean hulls, wheat middlings, corn gluten feed, distillers grains, beet pulp, rice bran, and others
• Contain little starch, high digestible fiber
• Reduce risk of acidosis, neutral to positive associative effects
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Coproducts
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Most Grain Derived
• Corn: Corn gluten meal, Corn gluten feed, Distillers Grains, Corn Bran, Corn Germ meal, Condensed Solubles
• Soybeans: Soybean meal, Soyhulls
• Beets: Beet pulp, molasses
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Know What They Are
• Protein Source? Energy? BOTH??
• Obtain a book value or actual Feed Analysis
• Be Cautious of a “GOOD DEAL”
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Composition of Common Coproducts
• Suggest Searching BEEF magazine table
• Understand that “table value” does not always reflect the “feeding value”
• Recognize the nutritional risks w/ some
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Soyhulls Fescue-based Diet
0
0.330000000000001
0.670000000000002 11.33
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
Neu
tral
Det
erge
nt F
iber
Dig
, %
Vanzant, 2002 KY Beef Report
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BEST SUPPLEMENTS
• Balances nutrient needs of cattle at the cheapest cost on forage-base diet– Often energy not protein limiting
• Corn – Limit to ~ 0.3% of BW = 1.5 lb 500 lb
• Distillers offers greater energy than soyhulls & corn gluten feed = COST EFFECTIVE?? HANDLING??
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Comparison of Coproducts
http://www.noble.org/ag/research/Articles/ByproductSupplements/index.html
Expected due to higher Fat content
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Comparison of Coproducts
Corn/Cottonseed Distillers Corn Gluten Feed DDG/CGF0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
ADG,
lb
Waller, 2011 TN Highland Rim Field Day
Rye balage + 4 lbs of Supplement
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Distillers Grains Considerations
• Repeatedly shows greater gains when supplemented at same rate– Greater [energy] from fat content– Kentucky distillers plant is extracting fat
• Caution with sulfur content– Bourbon sources typically lower = safer
• Indications illustrate potential for increased stocking rate / carrying capacity
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High Sulfur / Sulfate Intake
(Feed + Water)
Sulfate Reduction in the Rumen
H2S and S2-
H2S InhalationEructation
Cell Damage
PEM
Poor Animal Performance
Lung Tissue Damage
Secondary Viral or Bacterial Infections
S2- Absorption
?
Adapted from Kung et al. 1998
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Mineral Adjustment
• Coproduct Balancer Mineral Product
• High Calcium, Low Phosphorus
• Look for Thiamine in ingredients
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Coproduct Balancer Cattle Mineral (EXAMPLE PRODUCT TAG ONLY) MEDICATEDFor Weaned CalvesFor improved feed efficiency in cattle fed in confinement for slaughter ACTIVE DRUG INGREDIENTSLasalocid……………………….…………………… 1200 g/ton Guaranteed Analysis:Calcium, minimum ……………………… 25.0%Calcium, maximum ……………………… 30.0 %Phosphorus, minimum……………………….. 1.0 %Salt, minimum ………………………. 18.0 %Salt, maximum ………………………. 21.0 %Magnesium, minimum……………………… 0.10 %Potassium, minimum…………………….. 0.05 %Cobalt, minimum ………………………………… 10 PPMCopper, minimum ………………………… 800 PPMIodine, minimum ………………………………... 20 PPMManganese, minimum ……………............ 1600 PPMSelenium, minimum………………………… 12 PPMZinc, minimum ………………………... 2400 PPMThiamine, mg/lb ………………………………… 150 mg/lbVitamin A, minimum…………………………….. 75,000 IU/LBVitamin D, minimum…………………………….. 10,000 IU/LBVitamin, E, minimum …………………………… 280 IU/LB
Feed
ing
rate
: 0.1
7 - 0
.60
lbs/
d
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How Do They Compare?
Item Cottonseed Hulls
Rice mill feed
Soybean Hulls
Beet pulp
DM Dig, % 41.1 30.9 75.0 81.4ADF Dig., % 34.9 3.2 73.4 76.4Wt Gain, lb 5.5 1.6 11.5 13.7
1983 Oklahoma Research Report Streeter & HornLamb Digestibility Trial
Rice mill feed = Rice bran (Good Stuff) & Rice Hulls (low digestibility)
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Rumen Digestibility DiffersFeedstuff 24 hr Rumen Digestibility, In
vivoRolled corn 75Rice bran 80Rice hulls 0Wheat mill run 72Beet pulp 92Citrus pulp 79Soybean meal 85Cottonseed hulls 14Recycled paper 41
Schultz & Collar, 1983 California Agriculture
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Why Use Low Digestibility Feeds?
• Roughage replacer = Limited hay
• Starch diluter = Lower acidosis risk– Self-feeder situations– Large amount of supplement offered
• Extender = Hard to deliver < 1 lb/hd
• Cheapen the diet
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Cattle Will Eat These Feeds!
Item Hay Soyhull CGF MiddsHay intake, lb 12.7 4.08 6.68 3.32Suppl Intake, lb 0.11 19.27 13.67 12.11ADG 1.39 3.31 2.93 2.23
• North Carolina Trial Cattle, Placed on Self-Feeder
• Support Noble work w/ Midds having lower performance•SH & CGF 1 lb suppl lowered hay intake ~ 0.4 lbs
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Substitution Effect
• When supplementing grazing feeders, forage intake often reduced
• Rate varies, but often for every 2 lbs of supplement fed, Forage DM intake is lowered 1 lb
• Use this to increase carrying capacity, stretch limited forages
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Distillers Increases Carrying Capacity
• Control 2.8 AUM; Fertilizer 4.0 AUM & 80 lb N; Supplement 4.0 AUM & 5 lbs DDGS
Control Fertilizer Supplement0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400Gain, acreGain, hd
Poun
ds
Greenquist et al., 2007 NE Research Report
ADG, lb/dCon 1.50Fert 1.47Supp 2.02
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Coproduct Cautions
• DDGS / CGF = Sulfur, Calcium:P– PEM what is it– Safe water levels– Thiamine– Ca:P correction– Tubs/Blocks Label “READ IT”
• Rice Products• Cottonseed hulls
If hand-feeding <1.25% BW to small group, don’t need
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Supplementation of Grazing Calves
• Substitution of forage intake
• Alternate day feeding strategies
• Dilution of endophyte
• Increase digestible nutrient intake
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Summary
• Pre-weaning growth dependent on forage management
• Post-weaning growth dependent health, forage quality and level of supplementation
• Familiarize yourself with coproduct feeds