basic biology report “knowing the ecosystem”...
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BASIC BIOLOGY REPORT
“Knowing The Ecosystem”
By :
Name : Hesti Apriwiyani
NIM : 140210101107
Group : 4
STUDY PROGRAM OF MATHEMATIC EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATIC AND SCIENCE
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF JEMBER
2015
I. TITLEKnowing The Ecosystem
II. PURPOSEKnowing the components of the ecosystem and its position in the
ecosystem.III. BASIC TEORY
The branch of biology that developed from natural history
is called ecology. Ecology is the study of inter actions that take
place between organisms and their environment (national
geographic, 2004: 36).
Mangrove ecosystem has ecological and economic function
is very useful. Ecologically, mangrove ecosystem serves as
spawning (spawning grounds) and the enlargement area (nursery
grounds) various marine organisms such as fish, shrimp, scallops
and others. In addition mangrove litter (in the form of leaves and
twigs) that fell in the waters after the decomposition process will
be a source of feed in the aquatic environment. Nontji (1993)
states that the mangrove ecosystem as well, a habitat for
berbaga species of birds, reptiles, mammals and type of organic
melainnya, so that mangrove forests provide biological diversity
(biodiversity) and germplasm of high and serves as a life support
system( Wantasen, Adnan S, 2013 : 205).
An ecosystem is a system in nature that it occur in the
interrelationship between organisms with other organism, as well
as environmental conditions (biology lecturer team, 2014: 26).
The word ecosystem proposed by A.G. Tansley in 1935, and consists of
two words and the eco system. The word eco show environment, and said the
system shows a complex system of coordination units. A system consists of a
number of sub-systems that the interconnections between one part and another, as
well as limited by the boundaries clear. A system is composed of various
components that interact and depend to one another to construct a unity. An
ecosystem is made up of components biotic and abiotic components somewhere
and interact to form a unity regular (Sudarmadji, 2004 : 13).
An ecosystem is essentially energy processing system and each component
involved together for a long time. The limits are determined by an environment.
Therefore, in the form of how a life can be sustainable for regional environmental
conditions. Populations of plants and animals in a system is to represent various
objects through the system functions. Simply put all either aquatic or terrestrial
ecosystem is composed of three basic components, namely producers (autotrop),
consumers (heterotrophic), and abiotic components.
1. Producers (autotrophs)
Consists of all green plants and some bacteria, which can make the process
of photosynthesis. Green plants use sunlight to perform photosynthesis and
bacteria by chemosynthesis process using chemical energy to transform simple
inorganic molecules such as carbon dioxide and water taken from the environment
to form complex organic molecules, such as glucose and other nutrients molecule
indispensable living organisms.
2. Consumers (heterotrophic)
A group of organisms that can not make up their own food, but is very
dependent on the manufacturer. Organisms that feed manufacturers such as
herbivorous animals, it is called primary consumers. Other animals that are
carnivores or primary consumer eaters called secondary consumers.
3. Abiotic components
Composed of a wide variety of non-living matter, such as: sunlight,
moisture, soil, water, wind, various nutrients contained in the soil as a result of
demolition material derived from plants and animals.
Ecosystems have an information network communication flow physical
and chemical connecting all parts and to control and regulate the overall
system(Sudarmadji, 2004 : 16).
There are important functional processes in the energy intake and nutrients
into the ecosystem, ie photosynthesis and decomposition.
1. Photosynthesis
Ecosystem functioning is based on energy fixation and production of
organic compounds through photosynthesis activity autotrop. Energy enters
ecosystems as visible light and stored in plants during photosynthesis. From this
process of biochemical changes that include a series of heat released into the
environment.
2. Decomposition
Decomposition is the process of renovation and a reverse process of
photosynthesis. Reduction decomposition process as the organic material into
inorganic compounds. The decomposition process is a complex of a number of
processes, including fragmentation, mixing, changes in physical structure,
decomposition, concentration and enzyme activity undertaken by various
organisms(Sudarmadji, 2004 : 17-18).
In general there are two kinds of ecosystems, ie natural ecosystem and
artificial ecosystem. Natural ecosystems can be divided further into aquatic
ecosystems (aquatic) and terrestrial ecosystems (terrestrial).
1. Aquatic Ecosystems
Swimming is one example of aquatic ecosystems. This ecosystem there
that are moving and are quiet. The components that make up an ecosystem can be
differentiated as follows:
a. Manufacturers are composed of a variety of organisms that can make up
their own food through photosynthesis.
b. Consumer consists of a variety of organisms ranging from the microscopic
to the macroscopic.
c. Decomposers creature composed of various bacteria and fungi aquatic
scattered across the bottom of the pool and some other zone phytoplankton and
macrophyte plants.
d. Abiotic components are composed of water, soil, air, sunlight and various
organic and inorganic compounds.
2. Terrestrial Ecosystems
Tropical forests is one example of a terrestrial ecosystem. This forest can
be distinguished on the difference steeper toward the sea level, ie there are plain
forest, hill forest, montane forest, sub-alpine forest and alpine forest. Konponen
components that make up the forest ecosystem:
a. Manufacturers consists of all organisms autotrof and is usually represented
by a variety of plant species.
b. Consumers can be divided into mikrokonsumen and makrokonsumen.
Makrokonsumen usually dominated by herbivores while mikrokonsumen usually
as being decomposers.
c. Decomposers creature composed of various types of microorganisms
contained in soil.
d. Abiotic components consisting of soil, water, air, sunlight and various
organic and inorganic compounds in the form of humus.
3. Agro Ecosystems (ecosystem of Agriculture)
Agro ecosystems or agricultural ecosystems are artificial ecosystems and
have dependence on energy and surrounding circumstances. Agro ecosystem also
has a component manufacturer which is an integral part of the ecosystem.
When compared with natural ecosystems, then this artificial ecosystem has
three key differences, such as paddy, tegal, columns, ponds. The third difference is
as follows:
a. Additional energy is supporting the solar energy input is controlled by
humans, which consists of labor and animals, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation
water, vehicle / engine air motors.
b. Diversity of organisms is very minimized to maximize foodstuffs or other
products.
c. Plants or animals that pursued as a result of artificial selection, not natural
selection. So ekosistemagro is planned and managed by humans, and aims to
convert as much as possible solar energy and other energy into edible
products((Sudarmadji, 2004 : 19-22).
The nonliving environment:Abiotic factors
Examples ofabiotic factors include air currents,
temperature, moisture, light, and soil.Ecology includes the study
of featuresof the environment that are not livingbecause these
features are part of anorganism’s life. For example, a complete
study of the ecology of moleswould include an examination of
thetypes of soil in which these animalsdig their tunnels. Similarly,
a thorough investigation of the life cycle oftrout would need to
include whetherthey need to lay their eggs on rocky orsandy
stream bottoms. Abiotic factors have obvious effectson living
things and often determinewhich species survive in a
particularenvironment. For example, extendedlack of rainfall can
cause drought (national geographic, 2004 : 37).
Biotic Factors
It consists of the living parts of the environment, including
the association of a lot of interrelated populations that belong to
different species
inhabiting a common
environment. The
populations are those
ABIOTICCOMPONENTS
BIOTICCOMPONENTS
SunlightPrimaryproducers
Temperature HerbivoresPrecipitation CarnivoresWater or moisture OmnivoresSoil or water chemistry(e.g., P, NH4+)
Detritivores
etc. etc.
of the animal community, the plant community and the microbial
community. The biotic community is divided into autotrophs,
saprotrophs and heterotrophs.
(Regents of the University of Michigan, 2008 :online)
Ecologists assign species to trophiclevels based on their
main source of nutrition and energy. Thetrophic level that
ultimately supports all others consists of autotrophs, also called
the primary producers of the ecosystem. Most autotrophs are
photosynthetic organisms that uselight energy to synthesize
sugars and other organic compounds,which they then use as fuel
for cellular respiration and as building material for growth. Plants,
algae, and photosynthetic prokaryotes are the biosphere’s main
autotrophs, although chemosynthetic prokaryotes are the
primary producers in ecosystems such as deep sea hydrothermal
vents and places deep under the ground or ice Organisms in
trophic levels above the primary producers are heterotrophs,
which depend directly or indirectly on the outputs of primary
producers for their source of energy. Herbivores, which eat plants
and other primary producers, areprimary consumers. Carnivores
that eat herbivores aresecondary consumers, and carnivores that
eat other carnivores are tertiary consumers. Another group of
heterotrophs is the detritivores, or decomposers, terms we use
synonymously in this text to refer to consumers that get their
energy from detritus. Detritusis nonliving organic material, such
as the remains of dead organisms, feces, fallen leaves, and
wood. Many detritivores are in turn eaten by secondary and
tertiary consumers. Two important groups of detritivores are
prokaryotes and fung (campbell, 2011 : 1220). All of these
categories occur in any ecosystem. They represent different
trophic levels, from the Greek wordtrophos, which means
“feeder.” Organisms from each trophic level, feeding on one
another, make up a series called a food chain
(figure 28.8). The length and complexity of food
chains vary greatly. In real life, it is rather rare
for a given kind of organism to feed only on one
other type of organism. Usually, each organism
feeds on two or more kinds and in turn is eaten
by several other kinds of organisms. When
diagrammed, the relationship appears as a
series of branching lines, rather than a straight
line; it is called a food web (figure 28.9) (raven &
jhonson, 2001 :578-579).
IV. METHODSIV.1 Tools and Materials
1. Tool Rope Peg Plastic bag Stationary
2. Materials Terrestrial ecosystem
(the area around the
campus)IV.2 Procedure
Determining the terrestrial ecosystem that will be observed
Finding the observation area by making quadrant 2x2 m2
Inventorying the biotic and abiotic components in thequadrant
V. RESULT OF OBSERVATION
Type of ecosystem
Biotic component ( 814
x100% =57,14%)
Abiotic component (614
x100%= 42,85%)Name of
componen
t
Amoun
t of
compo
nent
Percent
age
Name of
compon
ent
Amount
of
compon
ent
Percenta
ge
Grasshoppe
r
2 219 x10
0%=
10,52%
Dry Leave ∞ -
Ant ∞ - Branches ∞ -
Grass A 6 619 x10
0%=
31,57%
Gravel ∞ -
Grass B 2 219 x10
0%=
10,52%
Soil ∞ -
Grass C 2 219 x10
0%=
10,52%
Brick 3 33 x100
% =
100%Spiny
Amaranth
(Piper
1 119 x10
0%=
Fruit Fall ∞ -
Drawing a diagram that depict the relation among componentsof ecosystem and energy cycle in it
Aduncum) 5,26%
Clover Leaf
(Semanggi)
∞ -
Trivoluatus 6 619 x10
0%=
1,67%Total 19 100% Total 3 100%
VI. DISCUSSION
An ecosystem is a natural system in which in it a mutual relationship
between the components of biotic, abiotic components biotic components such as
temperature, wind speed, humidity, soil, water (environmental conditions).
Ecosystem consists of biotic and abiotic components.
The food chain is an event eat and be eaten between living things in a
certain order. In the food chain there are living beings who act as producers,
consumers, and decomposers.
Food nets is a collection of interconnected food chains. Survival of the
organism requires energy from organic materials that are eaten. Energy containing
organic material and chemical elements transfer from one organism to another
takes place through the interaction of eating and being eaten. Events eat and be
eaten between organisms in an ecosystem trophic structure forming stratified.
1. Components Biotic
Biotic is a living creature. Biotic environment of a living thing is all living
things, both of their own species or from different species that live in the same
place. Thus, in one place, every living thing is the environment for other living
beings. Biotic components consist of various types of microorganisms, fungi,
algae, mosses, ferns, higher plants, invertebrates and vertebrates and humans.
2. Abiotic components
Abiotic is not living or non-living components. Abiotic components of the
physical and chemical components of a living creatures. Contoj abiotic
components include temperature, light, water, humidity, air, mineral salts, and
soil.
a) Temperature
Temperature or temperature is the degree of heat energy. The main source
of heat energy is solar radiation. the temperature in the abiotic components of air,
soil, water. Temperature is required by every living creature, with regard to the
chemical reactions that occur in living bodies.
b) Light
Light is one of the energy that comes from solar radiation. sunlight is
composed of several kinds of wavelengths. Type the wavelength, light intensity,
and duration of irradiation of sunlight with certain wavelengths for
photosynthesis.
c) Water
Water is composed of H2O molecules. Water can be solid, liquid and gas.
In nature, the water can be gaseous form of water vapor. In life, water is needed
by living things because most of their body contains water.
d) Humidity
Humidity is one of the abiotic components in the air and soil. Humidity in
the air means the moisture content in the air, while moisture in the soil means the
water content in the soil. Moisture is needed by mkhluk life so that his body does
not dry quickly due to evaporation. Moisture is needed every living creature is
different.
e) Air
Air consists of various gases are nitrogen (78.09%), oxygen (20.93%),
carbon dioxide (0.03%) and other gases. Nitrogen is use to living beings to form
proteins. Oxygen used for breathing creatures. Carbon dioxide used separately
plant photosynthesis.
f) The salts
The salts include nitrogen ions. Phosphates, sulfur, calcium and sodium.
The composition of certain mineral salts determining the nature of soil and water.
g) Land
Soil is the result of weathering caused by climate or moss, and the decay of
organic material. Have the nature of the soil, the texture and content of certain
mineral salts.
From the data, biotic component that we had found are
Grasshopper, ants, grasses A, grasses B, grasses C, Spiny
Amaranth, Clover Leaf (Semanggi), Trivoluatus. And abiotic
component that we had found in plot are dry leaves, branches,
gravel, brick, fruit fall, and soil. Amount of biotic and abiotic
component can see on the result of observation. And the
percentage of biotic component is bigger than percentage of
abiotic component. The percentage of biotic component is 57,14
% and the percentage of abiotic component is 42,85 %.
The detail of biotic percentage are Grasshopper is 10,52%,
grasses A is 31,57%, grasses B is 10,52%, grasses C is 10,52%,
Spiny Amaranth is 5,26% , Trivoluatus 1,67%. And the detail of
abiotic component are Brick 100%.
Biotic and abiotic component has important role in
ecosystem. Each component has important role and interrelated
in ecosystem. Biotic component depend on abiotic component,
and biotic component depend on other biotic component. For
example, plant can grow well because there is water and enough
nutrient. Plant can produce food because there is sunlight and
carbon dioxide. Insect depend their life in flower. They take
nectar from flower. Animal that take food from plant called
herbivore, and animal that get their food from other animal
(prey) is called carnivore. Grass A, grass B, grass C, Spiny
Amaranth, Clover Leaf (Semanggi) and Trivoluatus in ecosystem
has role as a producer for other organism and placing trophic
level I. Producers take energy from sun. Sun is the ultimate
source of the energy for life. Producers, in this case Grass A,
grass B, grass C, Spiny Amaranth, Clover Leaf (Semanggi) and
Trivoluatus use the sun’s energy to manufacture food in a
process called photosynthesis. An organism that uses light
energy or energy stored in chemical compounds to make energy
rich compounds is called autotroph. If there is producer, so it
must be consumers too. The component that has role as
consumer are grasshopper and ants. Consumers are incapable of
producing their own food. They obtain nutrients by eating other
organisms. An organism that cannot make its own food and feeds
on other organisms is called heterotroph. Heterotrophs include
organisms that feed only on producers, organisms that feed only
on other heterotrophs, and organisms that feed on both
autotrophs and heterotrophs.
Heterotrophs display a variety of feeding relationships. A
heterotroph that feeds only on plants is an herbivore. In this
case, herbivores include grasshopper and ants that placing
trophic level II. Some heterotrophs eat other heterotrophs.
Animals that kill and eat only other animals are carnivores. And
heterotroph that feed on both autotrophs and heterotrophs is
called omnivores. Some heterotrophs, called scavengers, do not
kill for food. Instead, scavengers eat animals that have already
died. Scavengers, such as black vultures, feed on dead animals
and garbage. In ecosystem there is decomposer too, it has role to
break down the complex compounds of dead and decaying plants
and animals into simpler molecules that can be more easily
absorbed. The organism that has function as decomposer are
many bacteria, and most fungi carry out this essential process of
nutrient recycling. But we can’t find this organism in our
observation.
The relationship between grasses with ants is mutualism.
Where ant ants will protect homes that are underneath. On the
other hand the ants will outline the dried leaves and twigs that
will become compost for plants. But the ants will suck glucose on
dry leaves and twigs. Less inequality such an outbreak can be
caused by agents of the spread, both biotic and abiotic factors
are less involved. Moreover, it also depends on the breeding of
each species itself. If specias has flowers, it will spread rapidly
because it has a greater opportunity to produce a new individual.
It is seen from the percentage of each of the components of
abiotic or biotic.
Abiotic component that we found are branches, gravel,
brick, fruit fall, and soil. Soil is place for organism life. Type of soil
cause organism that live on there are different. Soil is made from
erosion or weathering of rock. Rain, wind, temperature, etc. are several factors
that has role in soil making. For plants, soil has important role for :
1) Media for plant stick.2) Water storage place for plants3) Place for oxygen storage
And for other organism as place for doing activities, as resident for living
organism, gardening, construct a building, and many others.In this observation, we found branches, fruit fall, gravel, brick and dry
leaves too. It is included on abiotic component and will decomposed by
decomposer, and its element will back to soil, so the soil will be prosperous. Branches and dried leaves belong to the abiotic components as an inanimate
object. Although basically derived from living organisms, but they have been
separated from the title. This is in addition because they've been separated from
the parent plant, they are just a collection of cells that can not be grown again.
Eventually they will be destroyed by itself. In this case, the dependence between
biotic and abiotic components visible. Time remaining plants will decompose and
break down into simpler matter. Later this simple matter will return to the soil and
improve soil fertility. Automatically, if the fertility of the soil increases the plants
around them will thrive. This plant thrives invite other animals that help pollinate
plants in the end.
Brick Soil Gravel Dry Leaf Branch Fruit Fall
3
2020202020
The Number Of Members Of Abiotic
Brick Soil Gravel Dry Leaf Branch Fruit Fall
The most dominating abiotic members namely, soil, gravel, fallen leaves,
branches, and fruit fall. This happens because these organs will be broken down
into the ground again by some bacteria that exist, but in practical activity of
bacteria is not found.
The Number Of Members Of Biotic
Grass A
Grass B
Grass C
Spiny Amaranth
Clover Leaf (Semanggi)
Trivoluatus
Ant
Grasshopper
Biotic members that dominates the ecosystem leaf clover (clover) and ant,
this happens because the clover leaf is very beneficial to all kinds of organisms,
especially consumers as a source of food for consumers. While ants because ants
are dominated ecosystems consumer organism that requires energy from the life
of the ecosystem.
p ro du c en (
c o n su m er I (h e rb iv o res)
c on sum er II (carn iv o res)
con sum er III (carn iv o re s)
de com pose r
In biotic component there are some component that has been explained
before. Each component will make a relation and interaction, because each
component is dependence each other. One component will need others
component. In this case, a component will absorb the energy from others
component. This interaction will make a chain that called a food chain. Each
organism in a food chain represents
a feeding step, or trophic level, in
the passage of energy and materials.
The first trophic level is all plant
that can produce consumers is an
organism that feed son plants, such
as a grasshopper. A second order
consumers is an organism that feeds
on a first order heterotroph. A food
chain represents only one possible
route for the transfer of matter and
energy through an ecosystem. Food chain that occur in this observation can be
drawn as in this scheme:
If some of the trophic level is decrease, or lose it will influence the others
trophic. Because it is related each other. If we losing the consumer I, the producer
will increase because there is no organism that will eat it, and consumer II will
decrease because there is no food for eating. The ecosystem will disturb because
of this. And ecosystem equilibrium will be disturbed too. If ecosystem is
disturbed, it will cause some problems. Like caterpillar phenomenon in
probolinggo. It is happen because the predator of caterpillar like bird is decrease,
so it makes the growth of caterpillar become increase. This phenomenon is one of
existence of inequilibrium ecosystem.
VII. CLOSINGVII.1 Conclusion
Ecosystem is a system in nature that it occur in the
interrelationship between organisms with other organism, as well
as environmental conditions. The component of ecosystem is
divided into 2 that are abiotic and biotic component. Biotic and
abiotic component has important role in ecosystem. Each biotic
component will make a relation and interaction. One component will need others
component. In this case, a component will absorb the energy from others
component. This interaction will make a chain that called a food chain. Each
organism in a food chain represents a feeding step, or trophic level, in the passage
of energy and materials. If some of the trophic level is decrease, or lose it will
influence the others trophic. The ecosystem will disturb because of this. And
ecosystem equilibrium will be disturbed too. If ecosystem is disturbed, it will
cause some problems. In the ecosystem, plants as producers (trophic I) and
animals as consumers (trophic II, III, IV and so on).
VII.2 Suggestion
When, observe the plot in ecosystem observation,
observe each component (abiotic and biotic) carefully, in order to
get best and accurate result, and always pay attention the
explanation of the practical assistant when doing a practical
work.
References
Biology lecturer team. 2014. Basic of Biology Student Lab
Manual. Jember : University of Jember.
Campbell, NeilA., Reece, Jane B. 2011. Biology Ninth Edition.
USA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
National Geographic. 2004. Biology The Dynamics Of Life. United
States of America : The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Raven, Jonhson. 2001. Biology Sixth Edition. United States of
America: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Sudarmadji. 2004. Ecosystem Ecology. Jember : University of Jember.
Wantasen, Adnan S. 2013. Water Quality And Conditions As The
Basis Substrates Mangrove Growth Factor In Support Activities
Coastal Village Beach Basaan I, Minahasa Southest District.
Scientific Journals Platax. Volume 1 : 204 – 209.
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