B I O L O G Y

Basic Information Teacher: Mary Ann Meinecke Zbranek E-mail: mmeinecke@yahoo.com

UNIT 1 EXPLORING LIFE SCIENCES

Exploring Life Science

Bios = life Logos = study

The goal of science is to understand the world around us.

Biologists study living things, their parts, actions and environment.

The Scientific Method

1. Observing.2. Stating the problem.3. Gathering information.4. Forming a hypothesis.5. Experimenting.6. Analyzing data.7. Stating a conclusion.

The Metric SystemThe basic units in the metric system are:

The kilogram

The liter

The meter

The Celsius degree

Tools of a Biologist

Compound Light Microscope

Electron Microscope

Safety in the Laboratory When working in the

laboratory, it is important to follow all necessary safety precautions.

UNIT 2 :ORIGIN OF LIFE

The Origin of Life

Substances that make up living things could have formed on Earth about 4 billion years ago.

The first living things to evolve on Earth were single-celled organisms.

Video; Origin of Life = 6 minutes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3H0RXDrfyZc

VIDEO History of the Earth: 9 minutes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4gMQ189NGM&feature=PlayList&p=100500E4C9404405&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=3

Early cells were consumers, feeding off the chemicals in which they floated.

Later, cells that could perform photosynthesis evolved.

Over time, cells developed the ability to use oxygen in their metabolic pathway.

Theories of the Origin of Life

Evolution life began in the water in the presence of molecules needed for the basic structure of a cell.

Panspermia a meteorite full of life came to earth and from that event life evolved.

Directed Panspermia extraterrestrials came and sowed life on earth.

Characteristics of Living Things

1. Made up of cells living things are made up of 1 or more cells.

2. Need nutrients and energy Metabolism is the sum of chemical reactions essential for life.

3. Response to the environment changes in the environment causes reactions or responses.

4. Reproduction process by which organisms produce offspring.

Characteristics of Living Things

Needs of Living Things The primary source of energy is the sun. Energy is required for metabolism. Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions inside

an organism.

Oxygen in the air or dissolved in the water is used by organisms during respiration.

Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to keep a stable environment inside its body.

Chemistry of Living Things

Organic compounds contain carbon. Inorganic compounds don’t.

Organic compounds needed for life:

1. Carbohydrates (sugars)2. Lipids (fats, oils, waxes)

3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids

1. Carbohydrates (sugars)Main source of energy.

2. Lipids (fats, oils, waxes)Used to store energy.

3. ProteinsMade up of aminoacids.

4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)Store and transmit genetic information.

UNIT 3 CELLS

The Cell Theory

1. All living things are made up of cells.

2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.

3. Cells come from other cells.

Prokaryote without nuclei Bacteria cells.

Eukaryote with nuclei Plant and animal cells.

Types of Cells

PROKARYOTE (bacteria)

EUKARYOTE (animal)

EUKARYOTE (plant)

Structure and Function of Cells

Cell wall protection and support to the plant cell.

Chloroplasts capture energy from the sun and use it to make food during photosynthesis.

Vacuoles store food, water and wastes.

Cell membrane regulates the movement of material into and out of the cell.

Nucleus controls the functions of the cell.

Chromosomes DNA inside the nucleus; control the production of proteins and functions of the cell.

Mitochondria provides the energy that the cell need to function.

Endoplasmic reticulum manufacture and transport of proteins.

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes. Cell Biology Video = 17 minutes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zufaN_aetZI

Types of Reproduction Asexual

Asexual reproduction is the formation of new individuals from the cell(s) of a single parent.

1 cell or organism reproduces itself It is very common in plants; less so in

animals.

1. Binary Fission (prokaryotes)2. Mitosis (eukaryotes)

Binary Fission (prokaryotes)

1 & 2.DNA replication. 3. Cell grows larger and DNA is

pulled apart. DNA attaches to the cell membrane.

4. The cell elongates, causing the two DNA to separate.

Mitosis (Asexual Reproduction) The process of mitosis is divided into 6

stages. 1. Interphase (start with one cell)2. Prophase3. Metaphase4. Anaphase5. Telophase6. Cytokinasis (Now there are 2 identical

cells)

Mitosis (Asexual Reproduction)

1. Interphase DNA has replicated, but has not formed the condensed structure of chromosome. They remain as loosely coiled chromatin. The nuclear membrane is still intact to protect the DNA molecules from undergoing mutation.

Mitosis2. Prophase The DNA molecules

progressively shorten and condense by coiling, to form chromosomes. The nuclear membrane and nucleolus are no longer visible. The spindle apparatus has migrate to opposite poles of the cell..

Mitosis3. Metaphase The spindle fibres attach

themselves to the centromeres of the chromosomes and align the the chromosomes at the equatorial plate.

Mitosis4. Anaphase The spindle fibres shorten and

the centromere splits, separated sister chromatids are pulled along behind the centromeres.

Mitosis5. Telophase The chromosomes reach the

poles of their respective spindles. Nuclear envelope reform before the chromosomes uncoil. The spindle fibres disintegrate.

Mitosis6. Cytokinasis: This is the last stage of

mitosis. It is the process of splitting the identical daughter cells apart.

Types of Reproduction

Sexual2 cells from different parents unite to

produce 1 new single cell Fertilization (sperm and egg). The cell reproduction for sexual reproduction is called

Meiosis (eukaryotes)

Meiosis It involves two divisions to produce four

non-identical daughter cells each containing half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. 

Genetic Variation. Meiosis provides opportunities for new combinations of genes to occur.

Mitosis Meiosis (eukaryotes)

Cell Reproduction Video Activity = 1.5 minutes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qq1Oo1a-Bv4

Mitosis = 1.5 minutes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0

Meiosis = 1.5 minutes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1_-mQS_FZ0&NR

=1

Cell Specialization

The levels of organization (from smallest to largest) are:

1. Atom 2. Molecule 3. Cell4. Tissue5. Organ6. System of organs

7. Organism

UNIT 4 CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

Classification Taxonomy discipline of classifying organisms and

assigning each one an universally accepted name.

Carolus Linnaeus invented the Binomial Nomenclature.

Each organism is given an unique 2 part name: the genus and the specie.

This is known as the scientific name.

Examples Human = Homo sapiensDog = Canis familiarisCat = Felis domesticusBlack bear = Ursus horribilis

White shark = Carcharodon carcharias

The scientific name is used and understood all over the world.

It avoids confusions caused by regional names.

The taxonomic categories (from largest to smallest) are:

1. Kingdom2. Phylum3. Class4. Order5. Family6. Genus7. Specie

Animalia

Chordata

Mammalia

Carnivora

Felidae

Panthera

leo

EXAMPLE

Scientific name:

Panthera leo

LINNAEAN  CLASSIFICATION  OF  HUMANS Kingdom:   Animalia

Phylum:   ChordataClass:   MammaliaOrder:   PrimatesFamily:   HominidaeGenus:   HomoSpecies:   sapiens

Autotrophs can make their own food from the energy of the sun.-Plants, some bacteria and protists.

Heterotrophs cannot make their own food, they need to consume other organisms.-Fungi and animals.

Types of Organisms

UNIT 5 KINGDOM MONERA

Viruses, monerans (bacteria)

Viruses

Viruses are noncellular particles that infect living cells. What diseases do viruses cause?

A typical virus is composed of a core of genetic material

(DNA or RNA) surrounded by a

protein coat.Genetic material

Protein coat

Different Virus Shapes

The development of the electron microscope made it possible to see viruses.

Virus

Host cell

DNA

1. The virus gets its genetic material into

the host cell.

2. Inside the host cell are made more copies of

the virus.

3. The host cell breaks and the virus infect

other cells.

Virus Replication – 8 STAGES1. Attachment 2. Penetration 3. Uncoating 4. DNA expression 5. DNA Replication 6. Assembly 7. Maturation 8. ReleaseVideo on virus replication http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MEdcXQvwxk4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CYaSht_sccc&feature=related

Monerans

Monerans are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus (Prokaryotes).

Monerans = Bacteria

Bacteria are the oldest forms of life on Earth.

Bacteria has 3 basic shapes:

Bacilli Cocci Spirillum

Most bacteria live in colonies.

Some bacteria are autotrophs and produce oxygen.

Some are heterotophs and consume other bacteria.

Bacteria live almost everywhere. Some live in extreme environments, such as acidic water and human intestines.

Bacteria Discussion Activity1. Where do beneficial bacteria live in our

bodies? 2. What role(s) do they play in our bodies? 3. What impact do antibiotics have on the

beneficial bacteria that live in our bodies? 4. What are some examples of how we use

bacteria for commercial purposes? 5. Antimicrobial agents are added to a wide

variety of commercial products (soaps, plastics, etc.). When might that be especially useful?

Common Bacteria Uses Yoghurt is a dairy product produced by

bacterial fermentation of milk.

UNIT 6 PROTISTA

2 minute video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oddMUHIj0wI

Protists

Protists are microscopic unicellular organisms that have a nucleus (Eukaryotes).

Protists are grouped in 3 categories: Animallike, Plantlike and Funguslike protists.

Animallike Protists

Heterotrophs. Have movility. Don’t have cell wall.

Are divided into 4 main groups: Sarcodines, Ciliates, Zooflagellates and Sporozoans.

1. Sarcodines with pseudopods (Amoebas)

2. Ciliates with cillia (Paramecium)

3. Zooflagellates with flagella (Giardia)

4. Sporozoans are parasites(Plasmodium)

Plantlike Protists

Autotrophs. Have cell wall. Have chlorophyll.

There are 2 main groups:1. Unicellular algae2. Red, brown and green algae

About 70% of the Earth’s supply of

oxygen is produced by plantlike protists

(algae).

Funguslike Protists

Heterotrophs. Have centrioles (true fungi don’t). Lack the chitin cell walls of true fungi.

There are 2 main groups:1. Slime molds.2. Water molds.

1. Slime molds.

2. Water molds.

UNIT 7 KINGDOM FUNGI

Fungi

Release chemicals that digest the substance on which they are growing and then absorb the digested food Heterotrophs.

Some are unicellular, but most of them are multicellular.

The cell walls of fungi are made up of chitin, a complex carbohydrate.

Fungi are composed by tiny filaments called hyphae. Many hyphae are tangled together into a mass called mycelium.

The reproductive structure that develops from a mycelium is the fruiting body.

The fruiting body produces spores. The spores are the reproductive cells of fungi.

1. Mushrooms

2. Yeasts

3. Molds

Fungi cause a number of diseases in plants, animals and humans.

Wheat rust Corn smut Athlete’s foot

Making Bread Yeast is used in making bread.

Yeast is a fungus. yeast

Making wine Wine is fermented grape juice. The

microorganism that converts the sugars in the juice to alcohol, and at the same time produces the desired flavors, is yeast.

Some fungi form associations with plants.

Lichens are produced by a symbiosis between a fungus and an algae.