basic biomechanic
TRANSCRIPT
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Basics of Musculoskeletal
Biomechanic
Ahmad Fauzi
Divisi Orthopaedi & Traumatologi
Ilmu Bedah FK !I"A
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• Biomechanic of Trauma
• Biomechanic of The Hip
• Biomechanic of The Knee• Biomechanic of The Ankle
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BIOM#$%A!I$ OF TAMA
'Fracture(
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BIOM#$%A!I$)
• The study of forces acting on & generated within
the body
• The study of forces & their effects on living
biologic systems
• Interdisciplinary approach anatomy! physiology!
mechanics! medicine! engineering! psychology"
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• Basis of biomechanical principle # $ewton%s
aws
' *st "a+ , Body will remain at rest ( move witha constant velocity if the resultant force acting
on it is e)ual to *ero+
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!e+ton-s "a+s
• .nd "a+ , If the resultant force acting is not e)ual
to *ero the body will have an acceleration thatis directly proportional to the magnitude of the
force & inversely proportional to the mass
•/rd
"a+ , ,or every action
reaction e)ual inmagnitude & opposite in direction
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Basic Biomechanics
,orce! -isplacement & .tiffness
AppliedForce
-isplacement
.lope / .tiffness /
,orce(-isplacement
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• oads # ,orces that act an a body
0ompression! tension! shear! torsion "
• -eformations # Temporary elastic" orpermanent 1lastic " change in the shape of the
body+ 0hange in load produce changes in
deformation
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Basic Biomechanics
• 2lastic -eformation
• 1lastic -eformation• 2nergy
#nerg0
A1sor1ed
,orce
-isplacement
1lastic2lastic
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• .trength of bone composite structure
' collagen providing the tensile strength &
' hydro3yapatite providing the compressive
strength
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• $ormal cortical bone lamellar bone" highly
organi*ed and relatively hypocellular
• $ortical 1one 456 of the skeleton!
' 0omposed tightly packed Haversian system!
' 0haracteri*ed # slow bone turnover rate
Bone Biomechanics
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• $ancellous 1one less dense!
' Higher turnover rate! and
' 7ndergoes greater remodelling according
to the lines of stress 8olff%s law"
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)chematic Diagram of a "ong Bone
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Bone Biomechanics
• 1roperties of the bone that important in resisting
a fracture #
' 2nergy absorbing capacity!
' 9oung%s modulus of elasticity E " represents the material stiffness & ability to
resist deformation when a force is applied
$/:;" or 1ascals 1a"+ ' ,atigue strength! and
' -ensity
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Fracture Biomechanics
• ,actors for production of fractures ' :agnitude!
' -uration!
'-irection of the forces acting on the bone! and
' The rate at which the bone is loaded
• 1rincipal stress planes
Bending
A3ial loading # tension! compression
Torsion
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Fracture Biomechanics
• 0haracteristics of the force causing fractures
' single force of significant magnitude! or
' repetitive low magnitude forces
• 0lassified by :echanism of In
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• 0ombination of the bone%s material strength &
e3cessive anisometric e3t load stress properties
FA$T# & 2attern of fracture
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Fracture Biomechanics
• Bending
• A3ial oading
' Tension ' 0ompression
• Torsion
Bending 0ompression Torsion
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Fracture Biomechanics
,igure from# Browner et al# .keletal Trauma ;nd 2d! .aunders! =>>4+
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The Fracture 2attern of "ong Bones
$orresponding to the T0pe of #3ternal "oad
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Fracture Biomechanics
• Bending load,
' 0ompression strength ?
tensile strength
' ,ails in tension
,igure from# Tencer+ Biomechanics in @rthopaedic
Trauma! ippincott! =>>+
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Fracture Biomechanics
• 0ombined bending & a3ial load ' @bli)ue fracture
' Butterfly fragment
,igure from# Tencer+ Biomechanics in @rthopaedic
Trauma! ippincott! =>>+
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Fracture Biomechanics
Torsion
• The diagonal in the direction of the applied force
is in tension cracks perpendicular to this
tension diagonal
• .piral fracture C to the long a3is
,igures from# Tencer+ Biomechanics in @rthopaedic
Trauma! ippincott! =>>+
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esultant Tension $rack 10 a Torsional "oad
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,ractures
• A single trauma incident
• Depetitive stress
• Abnormal weakening of the bone
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• :ost ,ractures are caused sudden and
e3cessive force
' -irect force
' Indirect force
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A direct force
• The bone breaks at the point of impact
' .oft tissues also must be damaged
' a direct blow usually causes a transverse
fracture and damage to the overlying skin
' 0rushing E comminuted fracture with
e3tensive softFtissue damage
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A direct force
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A direct force
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A direct force
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A direct force
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An indirect force
• The bone breaks at a distance from where force
is applied
• .oftFtissue damage at the fracture site is not
inevitable• Almost fractures are due to a combination of
forces
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• Bending
• Tensile
• 0ompression• Twisting
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An indirect force
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)pine
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.ummary• Biomechanics # The study of forces acting on &
generated within the body
• Basis of biomechanical principle # $ewton%s
aws
• 0ombination of the bone%s material strength &e3cessive anisometric properties cause fracture
• :echanism of in
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Biomechanic of The %ip
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• Anatomical considerations
The Acetabulum
The ,emoral Head
The ,emoral $eck
• Kinematics
Dange of :otion .urface
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• @ne of the largest and most stable
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Anatomy
• 0omposed of #
Head of femur
Acetabulum of pelvis
• =4 = >
• 8ide range of motion
• 8alking! sitting! s)uatting
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Anatomy
• .urrounding large! strong muscles
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Acetabulum
• 0oncave component of ball
and socket joint
• 0over with articularcartilage
• 1rovide with static stability
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The femoral head
• ,emoral head # conve3 component
• TwoFthird of a sphere
• 0over with cartilage
• Dydell =>" suggested # most load
superior )uadrant
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The femoral neck
• ,rontal plane the neckFtoFshaft angle"
• Transverse plane the angle of anteversion"
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• $eckFtoFshaft angle #
=;C! vary from >5C to =JC
• 2ffect # lever arms
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$eckFtoFshaft angle & Abductor muscle
force
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• Angle of anteversion # =;C
• 2ffect # during gait
?=;C # internal rotation
=;C # e3ternal rotation
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medial trabecular systemmedial trabecular system
Joint reaction forceJoint reaction force
Frankel4 *567
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Kinematics
• Hip motion takes place in all three planes #
sagittal fle3ionFe3tension"
frontal abductionFadduction"
transverse internalFe3ternal rotation"
• :uscle! ligament and configurationL
asymmetric
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Kinematics
• Dange of motion # sagittal! frontal! transverse
0~1400~140 0~300~300~150~15 0~250~250~900~90 0~700~70
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Kinematics
@ld man # shorterstrides
• -ecrease#
Dang of hip fle3ion!
e3tension
1lantar fle3ion of ankle
HeelFfloor angle
Old man Young man
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Biomechanic of The Knee
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• Ti1iofemoral 8oint
J plane# sagital! frontal! transversal
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Instant center T,
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0ontact point
• Tangensial / gliding
2 t i fl i di t ti i
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23tension ' fle3ion distraction ' compression
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Meniscus
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Biomechanic of The Ankle
Ankle Goint Biomechanics
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Ankle Goint Biomechanics
• Ankle -orsifle3ion
' Anterior Talar -ome
8ider
' :ore .tability ' :ore Tibiotalar 0ontact
' ,ibula :oves aterally
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Ankle Goint Biomechanics
• Tibial 1lafond Jo Malgus
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Arch .upport
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Arch .upport
• Beam and Truss
• $o :uscle Activity with
Dela3ed .tanding
• 1lantar ,ascia
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!ormal 9ait
• Bipedal :ode of ocomotion
• Noals
' :obility ' :inimal 2nergy 23penditure
' :inimal .tress on
• Bones
• Goints
• :uscles
!ormal 9ait
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!ormal 9ait
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!ormal 9ait
Heel .trike,latfootHeel DiseToe @ff
)TA!$# 2%A)#):I!9 2%A)#
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• 8eightFBearing 1rogresses fromateral Heel to Nreat Toe
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