Basic Brain Function and Basic Brain Function and InjuryInjury

By: Jonathan ElliottBy: Jonathan Elliott

The BrainThe BrainParts of the Brain and their FunctionsParts of the Brain and their Functions– LobesLobes– GlandsGlands– PartsParts

PartsParts

Gray MatterGray Matter– Area containing the neurons of the Area containing the neurons of the

brainbrain

– White MatterWhite MatterContained within the brain and spinal cordContained within the brain and spinal cord

Parts and FunctionParts and FunctionCerebrumCerebrum– Is made up of four lobesIs made up of four lobes

FrontalFrontalParietalParietalTemporalTemporalOccipitalOccipital

Each house different aspects of the brainEach house different aspects of the brain

LobesLobesFrontal Lobe- responsible for thought, Frontal Lobe- responsible for thought, emotion, speech, and skilled emotion, speech, and skilled movementsmovementsParietal Lobe- sensations such as Parietal Lobe- sensations such as touch and paintouch and painOccipital Lobe- detects and interprets Occipital Lobe- detects and interprets visual inputvisual inputTemporal Lobe- helps with sound and Temporal Lobe- helps with sound and memory storagememory storage

Brain StemBrain StemPartsParts– Medualla OblongataMedualla Oblongata– Pons Pons – MidbrainMidbrain

– The brain stem connects to your spinal The brain stem connects to your spinal cordcord

Medualla OblongataMedualla Oblongata

Forms the lower aspect of the brain Forms the lower aspect of the brain stemstem– Controls cardiovascular centerControls cardiovascular center– Breathing centerBreathing center– SensorySensory– ReflexesReflexes

Swallowing, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, Swallowing, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, vomitingvomiting

MO cont…MO cont…Cranial NervesCranial Nerves– Vestibulochlear (VIII)- hearing and balanceVestibulochlear (VIII)- hearing and balance– GLossopharyngeal (IX)- swallowing and tasteGLossopharyngeal (IX)- swallowing and taste– Vagus (X)-touch, pain, temperature, Vagus (X)-touch, pain, temperature,

swallowing, coughing, voice productionswallowing, coughing, voice production– Accessory Nerve (XI)- throat muscles, Accessory Nerve (XI)- throat muscles,

movement of head and shouldersmovement of head and shoulders– Hypoglossal Nerve- tongue muscles, speechHypoglossal Nerve- tongue muscles, speech

PonsPons

Rests above the MORests above the MO– Connects MO to midbrain, similar to a Connects MO to midbrain, similar to a

bridgebridge– Contains an area that helps control Contains an area that helps control

breathingbreathing

Pons Cranial NervesPons Cranial NervesTrigeminal (V)-touch, pain, Trigeminal (V)-touch, pain, temperature, chewing, forehead, temperature, chewing, forehead, nose, teethnose, teethAbducens (VI)- Eye musculature and Abducens (VI)- Eye musculature and movementmovementFacial Nerve (VII)-tongue, face Facial Nerve (VII)-tongue, face movements, expressionmovements, expressionVestibulochlear Nerve (VII)Vestibulochlear Nerve (VII)

MidbrainMidbrainConnects pons to Diencephalon (next Connects pons to Diencephalon (next topic!)topic!)Loss of neurons in this are Loss of neurons in this are associated with Parkinson Disease associated with Parkinson Disease (Michael J. Fox, Muhammad Ali)(Michael J. Fox, Muhammad Ali)

DiencephalonDiencephalonThalamusThalamusHypothalmusHypothalmusPineal GlandPineal GlandPituitary GlandPituitary Gland

ThalamusThalamusRelays sensory nerve impulses to the Relays sensory nerve impulses to the cerebral cortexcerebral cortex– It’s a relay point for imformationIt’s a relay point for imformation

HypothalamusHypothalamusControls your endocrine system Controls your endocrine system (chemical messengers) and regulates (chemical messengers) and regulates body activities including sleepbody activities including sleep

Pineal GlandPineal GlandIs connected to the nerves from the Is connected to the nerves from the eyes (optic nerve) and controls body eyes (optic nerve) and controls body rhythms such as sleep and wakingrhythms such as sleep and waking

Pituitary GlandPituitary GlandProduces various hormones and also Produces various hormones and also helps with control of the endocrine helps with control of the endocrine systemsystemFunctionsFunctions– Growth (HGH0Growth (HGH0– Blood PressureBlood Pressure– Child BirthChild Birth– Temperature regulationTemperature regulation– Energy productionEnergy production

TBI’s and ConcussionsTBI’s and ConcussionsBoth are a traumatic injury to the brainBoth are a traumatic injury to the brain

TBIs are more traumatic as they are TBIs are more traumatic as they are more associated with vehicular more associated with vehicular accidents or fallsaccidents or falls

Concussions can also occur in Concussions can also occur in vehicular accidents or falls but are vehicular accidents or falls but are becoming more evident in Sportsbecoming more evident in Sports

ConcussionsConcussionsScale Scale – MildMild– ModerateModerate– SevereSevere

Post Concussion Syndrome aka Second Post Concussion Syndrome aka Second Impact SyndromeImpact Syndrome

Ted Johnson –Linebacker NE Ted Johnson –Linebacker NE Patriots-Patriots-

Jim McMahon- QBJim McMahon- QB

Chris Nowinski- former WWE Chris Nowinski- former WWE wrestler, now Advocate for proper wrestler, now Advocate for proper

handling of Concussionshandling of Concussions

VideosVideoshttp://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play?n=21&ei=utf-http://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play?n=21&ei=utf-8&fr=sfp&tnr=20&c=2&p=Consussions&vid=f069cd6a5eb8&fr=sfp&tnr=20&c=2&p=Consussions&vid=f069cd6a5eb3881faac26cf149513bcb&dt=1327686532&l=346&turl=htt3881faac26cf149513bcb&dt=1327686532&l=346&turl=http%3A%2F%2Fts3.mm.bing.net%2Fvideosp%3A%2F%2Fts3.mm.bing.net%2Fvideos%2Fthumbnail.aspx%3Fq%3D4730460298281238%26id%2Fthumbnail.aspx%3Fq%3D4730460298281238%26id%3Db91b4b0d80c29f8531c59ef65eade1dd%26bid%3Db91b4b0d80c29f8531c59ef65eade1dd%26bid%3DyWHByehd1gmS6g%26bn%3DThumb%26url%3Dhttp%3DyWHByehd1gmS6g%26bn%3DThumb%26url%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fwww.cnn.com%252fvideo%252f%253f%253a%252f%252fwww.cnn.com%252fvideo%252f%253f%252fvideo%252fbestoftv%252fvideo%252fbestoftv%252f2012%252f01%252f27%252fac-gupta-sports-%252f2012%252f01%252f27%252fac-gupta-sports-concussions.cnn&rurl=concussions.cnn&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fvideo%2F%3F%2Fvideohttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fvideo%2F%3F%2Fvideo%2Fbestoftv%2F2012%2F01%2F27%2Fac-gupta-sports-con%2Fbestoftv%2F2012%2F01%2F27%2Fac-gupta-sports-concussions.cnn&tit=Dangerous+football-related+concussionscussions.cnn&tit=Dangerous+football-related+concussions&sigr=12kcio28j&newfp=1&sigr=12kcio28j&newfp=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFkWTGKNLT8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFkWTGKNLT8