BASICC PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE TUTORIAL

infobizzs.com

WHAT IS C LANGUAGE:-

C is mother language of all programming language.

It is system programming language.

It is procedure-oriented programming language.

It is also called mid level programming language.

infobizzs.com

HISTORY OF C LANGUAGE:-

C programming language was developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at bell

laboratories of AT&T(American Telephone & Telegraph), located in U.S.A.

Dennis Ritchie is known as founder of c language.

It was developed to be used in UNIX Operating system.

It inherits many features of previous languages such as B and BPCL.

infobizzs.com

Language year Developed By

ALGOL 1960 International Group

BPCL 1967 Martin Richards

B 1970 Ken Thompson

Traditional C 1972 Dennis Ritchie

K & R C 1978 Kernighan & Dennis

Ritchie

ANSI C 1989 ANSI Committee

ANSI/ISO C 1990 ISO Committee

C99 1999 Standardization Committee

infobizzs.com

FEATURES OF C LANGUAGE:-There are many features of c language are given below.

1) Simple

2) Machine Independent or Portable

3) Mid-level programming language

4) structured programming language

5) Rich Library

6) Memory Management

7) Fast Speed

8) Pointers

9) Recursion

10) Extensible

infobizzs.com

FIRST PROGRAM OF C LANGUAGE:-

#include

#include

void main(){

printf("Hello C Language");

getch();

}

infobizzs.com

PREPROCESSOR DIRECTIVES

#include

#include

#include

#include

#include

The #include directives paste the contents of the files like stdio.hand conio.h into your source code, at the very place where the directives appear.

infobizzs.com

These files contain information about some library functions used in the program:

stdio stands for standard I/O,

conio stands for console I/O

stdlib stands for standard library,

string.h includes useful string manipulation functions.

Want to see the files? Look in /TC/include

infobizzs.com

GLOBAL DECLARATION#define MAX_COLS 20

#define MAX_INPUT 1000

The #define directives perform global replacements:

every instance of MAX_COLS is replaced with 20, andevery instance of MAX_INPUT is replaced with 1000

infobizzs.com

commonly used stdio.h functions:

printf() Output function

Syntax:

printf(.) ;

scanf() Input function

Syntax:

scanf(format specifier, &var,&var2);

infobizzs.com

commonly used conio.h functions:

clrscr()

Used to clear the screen

getch()

Used to get a character from ouputscreen to come into the edit screen.

infobizzs.com

Comments

Text surrounded by /* and */ is ignored by computer

Used to describe program

int main()

Programs execution starts from the main function

Parenthesis used to indicate a function

int means that main "returns" an integer value

Braces ({ and }) indicate a block

The bodies of all functions must be contained in braces

infobizzs.com

CHARACTER SET

256 characters are allowed in C.

A Z : 65 to 90 26

a z : 97 to 122 26

0 9 : 48 to 57 10

Special symbols[ #, &, `] 32

Control characters[\n, \t . ..] 34

Graphic characters 128

Total 256

infobizzs.com

DATA TYPES

1] Primary

Integer

Float

Double

Character

2] Derived

Arrays

Pointers

Structure

infobizzs.com

o C support several different types of data, which may be

represented differently within the computers memory.

o Types

3] User Defined

typedef

enum

PRIMARY DATA TYPES

Data Types Byte Format Specifier

1] char 1 %c

signed char 1 %c

unsigned char 1 %c

2] short 2 %d

short signed int 2 %d

short unsigned int 2 %u

3] int 2 %d

signed int 2 %d

unsigned int 2 %u

infobizzs.com

Data Types Byte Format

Specifier

4] long 4 %l

long signed int 4 %ld

long unsigned int 4 %lu

5] float 4 %f

signed float 4 %f

unsigned float 4 %uf

6] double 8 %lf

7] Long Double 10 %Lf

infobizzs.com

TYPE CASTING

It is used to convert on data at a time.

We can have two types of type casting. Implicit Explicit

o Implicit : This converts narrow type to wider type sothat use can avoid the information to the system.

Explicit : Explicit type casting is done by theprogrammer manually. When the programmerwants a result of an expression to be in particulartype, then we use explicit type casting. This typecasting is done by casting operators ( ) and datatype.

infobizzs.com

TYPE CASTING EXAMPLE#include

void main ( )

{

int base, height, area;

base = 5;

height =3;

area = (base * height)/2;

printf ( Area = %d \n, area);

}

Output : Area = 7 But Incorrect .

infobizzs.com

#include

void main ( )

{

int base, height, area;

base = 5;

height = 3;

area = ((float) (base * height)/2); //explicite type casting

printf ( Area = %d \n, area);

}

Output : Area = 7.5 .Correct

infobizzs.com

USER DEFINED DATA TYPE

[A] Type Definition

Allows user to define an identifier that would represent an existing data type

Syntax: typedef type identifier

Eg: typedef int units;

units batch1, batch2;

infobizzs.com

[B] Enumerated data type

Syntax: enum identifier { value1, value2... valuen}

Eg: enum day{ Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday}

infobizzs.com