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Basic Cartography
Florence A. GaleonAssistant Professor
U.P. College of Engineering
Outline
II. IntroductionIII. Definition and Value of MapsIV.Characteristics of MapsV. Classification of MapsVI.Basic Map ElementsVII.Transfer Certificate of Title
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Cartography Cartography or mapmaking is the study and practice of
making maps or globes. word "cartography" is derived from the Greek words chartes (sheet of papyrus) and graphy (writing).
Maps have traditionally been made using pen and paper, but the advent and spread of computers has revolutionized cartography.
Most commercial quality maps arenow made with map making software that falls into one of three main types; CAD, GIS, and specialized map illustration software. 3
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Map It is an abstraction of reality
used for analyzing, storing, and communicating information about the locations, attributes, and interrelationship of physical and social phenomena that are distributed over the earth’s surface.
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Maps
Man, perhaps even since pre-historic times, have used maps of one form or another.
These maps were engraved in wood, stone, baked clay and animal skin.
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The Value of Maps
1. As a way of recording and storing information
2. As a means of analyzing locational distributions and spatial patterns
3. As a method of presenting information and communicating findings
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Characteristics of Maps
1. Maps are drawn in a predetermined scale
• scale is a defined dimensional relationship between reality and map
• scale sets a limit on the information that can be included and the manner that the information can be delineated or presented
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Characteristics of Maps
2. Maps are selective
• show only the features important for the purpose of the map
• retain as many helpful features as can be shown without crowding
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Characteristics of Maps
3.Maps emphasize certain selected features
Methods of Emphasis:
• large symbols• heavy lines• prominent colors (black, red)• inscriptions• pointing arrows
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4.Maps are symbolized
Topographic Map Symbols
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Characteristics of Maps
5. Maps are generalized• Generalization consists of
achieving a level of detail appropriate for the purpose of the map.
• Map should be useful and recognizable representation of the real world, yet does not overwhelm the viewer with excessive details.
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Characteristics of Maps
6. Maps are lettered, titled, and labeled
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Characteristics of Maps
7. Maps involve transformationsof various kinds
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Classification of Maps
I. According to Scale
II. According to Function
III. According to Subject Matter
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Classification of MapsI. According to Scale
1. Small-scale (1:500, 000 or more)
2. Medium-scale (between 1:50,000 and 1:500,000)
3. Large-scale (1:50,000 or less)
Note: There is no general consensus on the quantitativelimits of the terms small, medium, and large.Terms are relative.
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Classification of Maps
II. According to Function
1. General maps (reference maps)
Objective:
To portray the spatial association of a selection of diverse geographical phenomena shown (roads, coastlines, bodies of water, elevation, etc)
Examples: topographic maps, maps of countries, continents in atlases
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Sample Topographic and Google Maps
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Classification of Maps
2. Thematic maps
Objective: To illustrate a
special theme usually of a scientific or lay-oriented character.
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Classification of Maps3. Charts They are designed to serve the purpose of the
navigators, nautical and aeronautical.
Ancient chart made of sticks Sample Modern Charts
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Classification of Maps
1. Cadastral map
It shows the geographic relationship among the various parcels of land and records property boundaries.
III. According to Subject Matter
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Classification of Maps
2. Plan
It is a detailed map showing buildings, roadways, boundary lines and administrative boundaries.
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Sample Plan
Tunnel Engineering Plan
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Classification of Maps
3. Soil Maps
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Sample Soil Map
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Classification of Maps
4. Geological Maps
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Classification of Maps
5. Climatic Maps
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Thermal ZonesMap
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6. Economic Maps
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Classification of Maps7. Transportation Maps
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Classification of Maps
8. Population Distribution Maps
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Other Types
Road Maps
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Rainfall Map
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Tourist Map
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Ethnic LanguageMap
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Political BoundaryMap
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Elevation & Slope Maps
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Mineral Map
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Map Features
Points: Usually represented by a special symbol or label.
Lines: Represent linear features such as roads, streams, pipelines, cable lines, etc.
Polygon: Represent features such as lakes, parks and reserves, forestry, county boundaries, etc.
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Basic Map ElementsNeat line
It is at which the various map elements terminate.
not always necessary to use possible to a fine line that provides a definite
frame or edge have the map run completely off the page
Map Elements
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Basic Map Elements
Border
It is an additional line or set of lines drawn outside the neatline and parallel to it.
tendency is to use simple borders one common type is alternate black and white
bands
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Basic Map Elements
Title
To a minimum, title usually identifies the mapped region.
on a thematic map, information about the topic and date of data
location varies considerably in relation to the border and other map elements
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Basic Map Elements
Legend It lists the symbols used on a map and what
they depict. It should fully and clearly identify symbols that
require information.
Three Keys to Successful Arrangement of Legend• Grouping• Hierarchy • Symmetry
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Sample Legend
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Basic Map Elements
Sources of Information and How Processed
Identify sources so that the user could, if needed, track them down to check the information and interpretation.
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Basic Map Elements
Graphic Scale
Standard: Select less ornate, make scale as functional as possible.
Two Types:
1. First major division is subdivided into smaller unit
2. A set of subdivided units is added at the end of the scale
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Possible Locations: •centered below map title•within the legend box•in blank area of map
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Graticules and Grids It is a network of parallels and meridians.
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Types of Graticules
1. Full grid or graticule
Use: To locate features by use of coordinate location of selected features
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Types of Graticules
2. Short lines (ticks )
3. Water- only grid or graticule
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Basic Map Elements
Projection
• a mathematical model used to transform the curved earth’s surface into a map
• influences the representation of area, distance, direction, and shape
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Inset
It is a smaller secondary map shown with the primary map.
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Types of Insets
• Enlargement
• Location Map
• Related Area
• Special Subject
Basic Map Elements
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North Arrow
• True north or magnetic north?
• Many maps display both.
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Transfer Certificate of Title
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Detailsfrom
the TCT
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