basic cellular ed2
TRANSCRIPT
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Cellular principles & radio propagation
basics
ND Competence Centre
February 2009
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Agenda
1. Cellular Concept
2. Multiple Access Tecni!ues
". #adio$%ropagation
. Cell Co'erage Calculation
(. Cluster )i*e Calculation
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Cellular Concept
1
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Cellular Concept
ntroduction
Fundamental /eatures o/ a cellular system
Wireless connection'oice data to %)TN or %DN /or te subscribers in te ser'ice
area
%ro'ision o/ su//icient capacity/or o//ering ser'ice to a large number o/ users on a
large geographical area3it a limited spectrum
Call/session continuity3en users are mo'ing in te ser'ice area
Scalability/or capacity and introduction o/ new services
)econd 4eneration systems
4)M 900 and 1500 4%#) 6D46 in 6urope
D$AM%) )$9( %C)$1900 in 7)
Tird generation systems
7MT) FDDTDD
CDMA 18#TT- 6$D:- 6$D
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Cellular Concept
Fre!uency #euse
12 /re!uencies in te area
1285;9< circuits in te area
://ered load is 5 6rl in te area
2 500 subscribers in te area
" /re!uencies per cell
"85;2 circuits per cell
://ered load is 1= 6rl per cell
(=0 subscribers per cell
< 50 subscribers in te area
Serving areaconsists in
contiguous cells
5 users ma8 /re!uency
"0m6rl subscriber
4o) ; 2>
/1- /2- /"- /- /(- /
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Cellular Concept
Cellular Co'erage and Cell Dimensions
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Cellular Concept
#euse Factor
Reuse Factor of 7Reuse Factor of 1
f1 f2f5
f6 f7
f f!
f1 f2f5
f6 f7
f f!
f1 f2f5
f6 f7
f f!
f1 f2f5f6 f7
f f!f1 f2f5
f6 f7
f f!
f1 f2f5
f6 f7
f f!
f1 f2f5f6 f7
f f!
Set of available fre"uencies#f1 f2 f! f f5 f6 f7
f1 f2f5
f6 f7
f f!
$ll availablefre"uenciesare use% in
each cell
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Cellular Concept
Cell Cluster
Ad?acent cells use di//erent ortogonal sets o/ /re!uencies
For best spectrum e//iciency- a gi'en set o/ /re!uency is used repeatedly
A group o/ cells using all a'ailable spectrum is a cluster
Number o/ cells in a cluster and its sape 'ary
)maller te cell- greater te number o/ cells in a gi'en cluster
Ma8imum T8 po3er determines ma8imum cell si*e
Co$cannel inter/erence per/ormance determines te minimum cell si*e
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Cellular Concept
:mni$directional Macrocells
#euse Factor ; 12 i;?;2
:ne tier o/ inter/ering cells
< inter/ering cells
)er'ing cell)er'ing cell
nter/ering cellsnter/ering cells
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Cellular Concept
)ectori*ed Macrocells
#euse Factor ; 12 i;?;2
:ne tier o/ inter/ering cells
" inter/ering cells
nter/ering cellsnter/ering cells
&e'agonal area %ivi%e%into ! sectori(e% cells
)er'ing cell)er'ing cell
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Multiple Access Tecni!ues
2
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Multiple Access Tecni!ues
Duple8ing
Duplexing = techniques of achieving 2 ways simultaneous communications
)**@ Time Di'ision Multiple8ing
ot directions use te same /re!uency band during di//erent time inter'als
F**@ Fre!uency Di'ision Multiple8ing
)eparate /re!uency bands are permanently allocated to eac direction o/
transmission
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Multiple Access Tecni!ues
Duple8ing $ FDD
T
)
Subscribertrans+itonF2
,Strans+it
onF1
,S capable offull RF %uple'
operation
)*-$ subscribersoperate in RF half
%uple' +o%e
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Multiple Access Tecni!ues
Duple8ing $ TDD
,S trans+it to -S -S trans+it to ,S ,S trans+it to -S
T
)
T
)
T
)
Temporal guard band
)i+e
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Multiple Access Tecni!ues
Duple8ing 's. Co'erage
For cellular communications@
For3ard linB or do3nlinB@ /rom ) to M)
acB3ard linB or uplinB@ /rom M) to )
FDD is te most commonly used tecni!ue 3it FDMA- TDMA and CDMA /or largeco'erage systems
TDD is ad'antageously used /or sort range co'erage systems but is also recently
used in macro$cellular systems 7MT)$TDD- iMA
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Multiple Access Tecni!ues
Duple8ing $ Conclusion
)**
7, and D, transmission separated in
time
)ame /re!uency /or 7, and D,transmission
Mostly used 3it TDMA
Multicannel calls easy to implement
)uitable /or small cells apps
68. D6CT- 7MT)$TDD- iMA
F**
7, and D, transmissions on di//erent
/re!uencies
Mostly used 3it FDMA- TDMA and CDMA
systems
)uitable /or large cell systems
68. 4)M- )$1"
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Multiple Access Tecni!ues
Multiple8ing
Multiplexing: Technique for dividing the available resources
)*-@ Time Di'ision Multiple8ing
Allocated band3idt is sared by di//erent ser'ices or co'erage *ones during
time inter'als
F*-@ Fre!uency Di'ision Multiple8ing
%ortions o/ allocated band3idt are allocated to di//erent ser'ices or co'erage
*ones /or long durations
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Multiple Access Tecni!ues
Multiple Access )cemes 22
Multiple Access can be@
Con/lict /ree
A cannel is reser'ed /or a connection
Contention based
Data pacBets are sent on te cannel 3o reser'ation
Con/lict /ree
)tatic Fre!uency- time- time and /re!uency based
Dynamic temporary reser'ations and toBen passing
Contention based
)tatic or dynamic contention resolutions
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Multiple Access Tecni!ues
Con/lict Free Multiple Access )cemes
F*-$
Allocated band3idt is di'ided into smaller and eac
acti'e users get one cannel during period o/ acti'ity
)*-$
6ac FDM cannel is subdi'ided in units o/ time and eac
acti'e user gets a time unit and /re!uency during acti'ity
period
C*-$
)ignal spreading codes are used to separate signals o/
di//erent users
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Multiple Access Tecni!ues
FDMA
Caracteristics and constraints
Transmitter Beeps a /re!uency all along in te call
Fre!uency guard band re!uired bet3een cannels
6asy implementation no syncronisation re!uired
Applications 7sed in analog systems
,imited system capacity and limited 'ariety o/ ser'ice
%er/ormance
A'ailable number o/ cannels
BT: total available BW
BC: channel BW
a: factor depending on propagation
C/I: required carrier to interference ratio
IC
BB
N C
T
FDMAC
=)(
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Multiple Access Tecni!ues
TDMA 12
Caracteristics and constraints
Transmitter user o/ /re!uency /or a /raction o/ time
4uard time re!uired bet3een di//erent transmission
T8$#8 syncronisation needs transmission o/ system in/ormation
#e!uires po3er s3itcing during guard time
Applications
Digital systems /or speec and data transmission
7se/ul /or po3er sa'ing and inter/erence reduction
4ood o'erall per/ormance
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Multiple Access Tecni!ues
TDMA 22
%er/ormance
)ame /ormulation as FDMA.
NCis increased in proportion to te TDMA /actor i/ Cis maintained
Trade$o// and discussion
iger C G$H lo3er capacity
,o3er carrier G$H iger capacity
,o3er carrier G$H iger re!uired C /or good system operations
A Compromise bet3een Cand C is re!uired
68ample@
4)M@ C;200 B*- N;5- C;9 d
DAM%)@ C;"0 B*- N;"- C;15 d
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#adio Mobile %ropagation
!
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#adio Mobile %ropagation
A Di'ersity o/ Applications
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#adio Mobile %ropagation
A Di'ersity o/ 6n'ironments
6ac system operates in an application speci/ic en'ironment
Di//erent /re!uency band
)peci/ic cannel types
)peci/ic mecanisms to assess re!uired Io) o/ te application
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#adio Mobile %ropagation
Designing a #adio$Mobile )ystem
)ystem Constraints
Iuality o/ )er'ice a'ailability call !uality trougput
Fre!uency band
6n'ironment type J co'erage...
Design %arameters modem K pysical layer $
Modulation Demodulation spectral e//iciencyJ )ignal to Noise ratio J 6# J
nter/erence protection J comple8ity
6!uali*ation correction o/ cannel imper/ections
Cannel code F6C and interlea'ing trade$o// cannel ser'ice %rotocol re$transmissionE
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#adio Mobile %ropagation
Digital Transmission Cain
4ood Bno3ledge o/ te propagation is mandatory /or@
Appropriate modem design
Cell co'erage estimation
Cannel6ncoder
&
nterlea'er
Modulator
%ropagation
Cannel
Demodulator
De$interlea'er
&
Cannel
decoder
6!uali*ern/ormation
n/ormation
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#adio Mobile %ropagation
#adio )ignal
#adio signal at te recei'er comes /rom di//erent pats 3it di//erent@
#e/le8ion J Di//ractions J )cattering
B
T
S
1
4 3
2
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#adio Mobile %ropagation
#ecei'ed )ignal Caracteri*ation
6ac pat is a//ected by@
Attenuation
%ase rotation
Fre!uency si/t Doppler e//ect
ig 'ariation o/ recei'ed signal
)tatistical approac is needed
Function o/ te en'ironment urban J rural J indoorE
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#adio Mobile %ropagation
Model /or #adio %ropagation
)uperposition o/ tree attenuation types
%at loss
Llarge scale obser'ations se'eral 1
)ado3ing e//ectattenuation due to obstacles
Lmedium scale obser'ation 2 to 1
Attenuation due to multiple re/lections and scattering on local obstacles Lsort scale obser'ation or%er of
Distinct pysical penomena modeled 3it distinct la3s
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#adio Mobile %ropagation
L,arge )cale Attenuation 12
)tatistical models
Medianattenuation 'alues
)tandard de'iation around < d
%o3er Attenuation- A
2 G nG ( /or dG 20 Bm
n;".5 in urban en'ironment
nKdA
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#adio Mobile %ropagation
L,arge )cale Attenuation 22
Con'entional models
ATA
7rban- suburban- rural en'ironments
Fre!uency range@ 1(0 to 1 (00 M*
C:)T$2"1 ATA
7rban- suburban en'ironments
Fre!uency range@ 1 (00 to 2 000 M*
C:)T$2"1 A,F)$O64AM
Metropolitan and urban en'ironments
Fre!uency range@ 500 to 1 (00 M*
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L,arge )cale Attenuation $ ATA Model a
Application range@
Fre!uency@ 1(0 to 1 (00 M*
Aase@ "0 to 200 m
Mobile@ 1 to 10 m
Distance base $ mobile@ 1 to 20 Bm
4eneral e8pression@
/unction o/ Aase@
A depends on se'eral en'ironment parameters /- Aase- Mobile- en'ironment
type
kmp dBAL log
)(log..
mBasehB 556944
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#adio Mobile %ropagation
L,arge )cale Attenuation $ ATA Model b
7rban area
aMobile@ correction coe//icient null /or G 1.(m
)uburban area
Deserted area
#ural area
not included in te original document but 'alid 3it a 10 d margin
AD
MobileBaseMHz hahfA mlog82.13log16.2655.69
4.528
log2
2
MHzS
fAA
94.40log33.18log78.4 2MHzMHzD ffAA
]
94.30log33.18log78.4 2 MHzMHzR ffAA
d b l
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L,arge )cale Attenuation $ C:)T$2"1 ATA
Application range@
Fre!uency@ 1 (00 to 2 000 M*
:ter parameters similar to ATA model
@ similar to ATA model
A@
Cme!uals@
0 /or small cities and suburban areas
" /or metropolitan centers
mMobileBaseMHz ChahfA m log82.13log9.333.46
# di M bil % i
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#adio Mobile %ropagation
L,arge )cale Attenuation $ C:)T$2"1 A,F)$O64AM
Application range@
Fre!uency@ 500 to 2 000 M*
Aase@ to (0 m abo'e roo/$top
Mobile@ 1 to " m
Distance base $ mobile@ 20 m to ( Bm
ery accurate street dimensions and angle o/ arri'al o/ recei'ed signal are
accounted /or
# di M bil % ti
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#adio Mobile %ropagation
L,arge )cale Attenuation $ Micro$cellular Models an e8ample
alid 3en antennas are belo3 roo/$top
)'
0 2 %,
r
%%bpt %corner
n1 3246
n2 3
n!3
mhbh2bkptd =
68ample@ b;"m J m;1.(m J /;900M* dbBpt;5(m
b;
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#adio Mobile %ropagation
LMedium )cale Attenuation 12
en a'eraging te recei'ed po3er on 20 to 100 - along a circular pat
centered on te )- a 4aussian distribution o/ %#is obser'ed
d
# di M bil % ti
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#adio Mobile %ropagation
LMedium )cale Attenuation 22
Te recei'ed signal is a//ected by multiple random attenuation addition in
d. Central limit teorem gi'es te normal la3@ log$normal attenuationnormal la3 3it 'alues in d.
,arge scale models median attenuation- amoy
%robability tat actual attenuation is less tan A0@
7sed /or cell dimensioning
Typical 'alues /or @ 2 to 5 d
[ ]
daaa
AAPA
moy
0
2
2
02
exp2
1
# di M bil % g ti
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#adio Mobile %ropagation
L)ort )cale Attenuation 1(
Due to mobile mo'ements- /ast local signal le'el 'ariations are obser'ed
inter/erence /ringes
Function o/ radio 3a'elengt-
Function o/ mobile speed
:ne /ading e'ery 2
)ignal pase is uni/ormly distributed on P0 J 2Q
T3o models@
mobile and ) are not in line$o/$sigt
#ayleig distribution /or te signal en'elop
mobile and ) are in line$o/$sigt
#ice distribution /or te signal en'elop
#adio Mobile %ropagation
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L)ort )cale Attenuation 2(
#ayleig@
s2@ a'eraged recei'ed signal po3er
#ice@
A@ peaB signal po3er in line$o/$sigt
0@ modi/ied essel /unction
2
2
2 2exp
p
202
22
2 2exp
AI
Ap
a A0
b A1
c AR
#adio Mobile %ropagation
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n te /re!uency domain- a signal /re!uency band 3idening is obser'ed multiplication by A/ @
/d@ Doppler /re!uency
2
12
1
=
d
d
f
ff
fA
!fd
=
)pectral 3idening due to Doppler si/t
#adio Mobile %ropagation
L)ort )cale Attenuation "(
#adio Mobile %ropagation
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L)ort )cale Attenuation (
Time dispersion due to re/lectionsE
A'erage delay spread@
#.M.). delay spread@
Coerence band3idt band3idt /or 3ic cannel is /lat@
Time e'olution o/ te cannel Doppler spread
Coerence time@
=
22
k
kk
a
a
=
2
22222 ~~
k
kk
a
aa!e"
5.05
1;9.0
50
1==
pourBpourB cc
max
1
dC
fT
#adio Mobile %ropagation
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#adio Mobile %ropagation
L)ort )cale Attenuation ((
Short scale fa%ing
Flat fa%ing Fre"uency selective fa%ing
relati'e to delay spread
1. )ignalG Cannel
2. Delay spread G T)
1. )ignalH Cannel
2. Delay spread H T)
Short scale fa%ing
Fast fa%ing Slow fa%ing
relati'e to Doppler spread
1. ig Doppler si/t
2. TCG T)". Cannel 'ariations H base
band signal 'ariations
1. )mall Doppler si/t
2. TCH T)". Cannel 'ariations G base
band signal 'ariations
#adio Mobile %ropagation
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#adio Mobile %ropagation
L)ort )cale Attenuation $ 68ample o/ 4)M cannel
Typical 4)M cannels consists in se'eral taps di//erent delay and attenuations
68ample T7 pro/ile@
$10(.0 6bNo G 9d
A margin is re!uired
Cell Co'erage Calculation
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g
Co'erage Area@ Margin /or )ado3ing
)ado3ing e//ect log$normal distribution
For a better co'erage- a margin- M- is taBen@
mportant parameter is@
68ample@
=
>
02
2
00
00
0
2exp
2
1P
N
#d
N#
N#
N
#
N
# S
N
#
moy
SS
Min
SS
S
8.0P7.0m!"00
=
>
N
#
N
#M SS
M
MN
#
N
# S
moy
S
=
m!"00
Cell Co'erage Calculation
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Co'erage Area@ 6bNo's. Margin
M
>
m!"
P00 N
#N# SS
Cell Co'erage Calculation
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Co'erage Area@ 6bNoA'eraged on te Cell 12
Attenuation is a'erage on te cell area
etter !uality is acie'ed near te )
Io) criterion@ 90> o/ cell area H 9 d
margin o/ = d /or pat loss d$".5and ; 10 d
#emarB@ /or acie'ing 99 > co'erage- 2( to "0 d margin is re!uired
Cell Co'erage Calculation
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Co'erage Area@ 6bNoA'eraged on te Cell 22
Cell
SS
N#
N#
>
m!"
P00
M
# 10 %B
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Cluster )i*e Calculation
5
Cluster )i*e Calculation
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#euse Factor 12
Reuse Factor of 7Reuse Factor of 1
f1 f2f5
f6 f7
f f!
f1 f2f5
f6 f7
f f!
f1 f2f5
f6 f7
f f!
f1 f2f5
f6 f7
f f!f1 f2f5
f6 f7
f f!
f1 f2f5
f6 f7
f f!
f1 f2f5
f6 f7
f f!
Set of available fre"uencies#f1 f2 f! f f5 f6 f7
f1 f2f5
f6 f7
f f!
$ll availablefre"uenciesare use% ineach cell
Cluster )i*e Calculation
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#euse Factor 22
#euse Factor K=i!i"!"@number o/ cells using di//erent /re!uencies
#euse Distance D; "O r@
distance bet3een 2 co$cannel cells
)ome #euse Factors@
Cluster o/ = cellsFirst tier o/
inter/ering cells
Reuse Factor 7 3i2 / 1
i ?
ii
i
i i?
?
?
?
?
2*
2r
& ! ' (
1 1 0 1.7 d
3 1 1 3.0 d
4 2 0 3.5 d
7 2 1 4.6 d
9 3 0 5.2 d
12 2 2 6.0 d
13 3 1 6.2 d
16 4 0 6.9 d
19 3 2 7.5 d
21 4 1 7.9 d
25 5 0 8.7 d
27 3 3 9.0 d
Cluster )i*e Calculation
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:mni$directional Macrocells
#euse Factor ; 12 i;?;2
:ne tier o/ inter/ering cells
< inter/ering cells
)er'ing cell)er'ing cell
nter/ering cellsnter/ering cells
Cluster )i*e Calculation
-
7/26/2019 Basic Cellular Ed2
68/73
All #igts #eser'ed + Alcatel$,ucent 2009- ND CC
:mni$directional Macrocells $ #euse Distance
*
R
81
82
8!
8
85
86
I PeDC PeR
C
I
D
RK
=
=
6
1
6
1
63
/ C is /i8ed- O can be deri'ed
A.N. @ g; ".(
C ; 9 dO ; C ; 15 d O ; 12
en # and O are determined- D can be deri'ed
Cluster )i*e Calculation
-
7/26/2019 Basic Cellular Ed2
69/73
All #igts #eser'ed + Alcatel$,ucent 2009- ND CC
K=21
:mni$directional Macrocells $ C distribution
)ame T8 po3er
No %C
D, inter/erence analysis
%at loss model@ d$".(
s ; = d
9( > o/ cell area H 9 d
X dB
P(C/I