basic chemistry
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Basic Chemistry. Matter. Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass Physical change – doesn’t change chemically (like chopping veggies) Chemical change – alters the composition (fermentation). Energy. Energy – the ability to do work Chemical – when bonds are broken - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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ELAINE N. MARIEB
EIGHTH EDITION
2
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALSOF HUMANANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
PART A
Basic Chemistry
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Matter
Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass
Physical change – doesn’t change chemically (like chopping veggies)
Chemical change – alters the composition (fermentation)
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Energy
Energy – the ability to do work
Chemical – when bonds are broken
Electrical – movement of charged particles
Mechanical – from moving matter
Radiant – waves
The body uses energy released from breaking the bonds in ATP molecules (photosynthesis)
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Composition of Matter Elements
Fundamental units of matter that cannot be broken down into similar substances.
96% of the body is made from four elements
Carbon (C)
Oxygen (O)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Atomic Structure
Atoms
Building blocks of elements
Nucleus
Protons (p+)
Neutrons (n0)
Outside of nucleus
Electrons (e-)Figure 2.1
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Identifying Elements
Atomic number - # of protons (or electrons)
Atomic mass number - protons + neutrons
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Isotopes and Atomic Weight
Isotopes - Have the same # of protons and vary in # of neutrons
Figure 2.3
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Isotopes and Atomic Weight Atomic weight - Is basically the mass # (p+n)
but takes into account the different isotope mass.
*Hydrogen isotopes have atomic masses of 1, 2 & 3 causing the atomic mass to be 1.0079 instead of 1.
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Radioactivity
Radioisotope – Isotope that is heavy & unstable. Needs to decompose to become stable
Radioactivity - Process of spontaneous atomic decay
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Molecules and Compounds Molecule – two or more like atoms combined
chemically
Compound – two or more different atoms combined chemically. 2H + O = H2O
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Energy Shells & Bonding
- Atoms want their valence shell (outermost) filled with electrons. (inert)- When it isn’t filled, they lose, share or steal electrons forming bonds. (reactive)
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Energy Shells & Bonding
Inert - FullReactive – lose, steal or share
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Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bonds - Form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another (lost or stolen)
This forms Ions (Charged particles)
Anions are negative
Cations are positive
IONIC BONDS ANIMATIONPRESS
TO PLAY
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Chemical Bonds
Covalent Bonds – share electrons (single or double)
Figure 2.6c
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COVALENT BONDS ANIMATION
Examples of Covalent Bonds
Figure 2.6a–b
PRESS TO PLAY
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 2.7
Polarity
Some atoms are better at attracting electrons than the other atoms in the molecule, causing polarity or charged poles.
Non-polar - neutral
Polar - Have a positiveand negative side
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Chemical Bonds Hydrogen bonds - Weak chemical bonds that
provides attraction between molecules. This helps keep structure.
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Patterns of Chemical Reactions
Synthesis reaction (A+BAB)
Energy is absorbed
Decomposition reaction (ABA+B)
Chemical energy is released
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Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions
Figure 2.9a–b
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 2.9c
Patterns of Chemical Reactions Exchange reaction (ABAC+B) - both
synthesis and decomposition reactions
Switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made