Basic ChemistryBasic Chemistry

Chapter 2Chapter 2

AtomsAtomsMatterMatter All matter is made of atomsAll matter is made of atoms

AtomsAtoms Atoms consist of electrons, protons, and neutronsAtoms consist of electrons, protons, and neutrons

ElementsElements Elements are pure substances made of only one kind of atomElements are pure substances made of only one kind of atom

Chemical Chemical BondingBonding

Covalent BondsCovalent Bonds Molecules are groups of Molecules are groups of

atoms linked by covalent atoms linked by covalent bondsbonds

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds Hydrogen bonding Hydrogen bonding

occurs between polar occurs between polar moleculesmolecules

Ionic BondsIonic Bonds An ion is a charged An ion is a charged

atom or molecule. Ions atom or molecule. Ions of opposite charge may of opposite charge may form an ionic bondform an ionic bond

Water in Living ThingsWater in Living Things

Storage of WaterStorage of Water Water, which is essential for life, stores heat Water, which is essential for life, stores heat

efficiently and binds to itself and other efficiently and binds to itself and other substancessubstances

Cohesion – sticks to itselfCohesion – sticks to itself

Adhesion – different substances stick Adhesion – different substances stick togethertogether

Aqueous SolutionsAqueous SolutionsPolarityPolarity Water dissolves polar Water dissolves polar

molecules and ionic molecules and ionic compoundscompounds

Acids and BasesAcids and Bases Acids increase the Acids increase the

hydrogen ion hydrogen ion concentration of a concentration of a solution. Bases solution. Bases decrease the hydrogen decrease the hydrogen ion concentration of a ion concentration of a solution. The pH scale solution. The pH scale measures the strength measures the strength of acids and basesof acids and bases

Carbon CompoundsCarbon CompoundsCarbohydratesCarbohydrates Carbohydrates, such as glucose, are a source of Carbohydrates, such as glucose, are a source of

energy and are used as structural materials in energy and are used as structural materials in organismsorganisms

LipidsLipids Lipids are nonpolar molecules that store energy and Lipids are nonpolar molecules that store energy and

are an important part of cell membranesare an important part of cell membranesProteinsProteins Proteins are chains of amino acids. The sequence of Proteins are chains of amino acids. The sequence of

amino acids determines a protein’s shape and amino acids determines a protein’s shape and specific functionspecific function

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary

informationinformationATPATP ATP is the main energy currency of cellsATP is the main energy currency of cells

Molecular ChainsMolecular Chains

Carbon chains can be 1 or 2 carbon atoms Carbon chains can be 1 or 2 carbon atoms or thousands of carbon atomsor thousands of carbon atomsSmaller molecules bond together and are Smaller molecules bond together and are known as a polymerknown as a polymerMany polymers are formed by Many polymers are formed by condensation = H removed from one, OH condensation = H removed from one, OH removed from another so Hremoved from another so H22O is pulled outO is pulled out

Opposite is called HydrolysisOpposite is called Hydrolysis

CondensationCondensation

HydrolysisHydrolysis

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen only in a ratio of 1:2:1only in a ratio of 1:2:1 CC66HH1212OO66, ,

Provide energyProvide energy

Monosaccharide = Monosaccharide = building blockbuilding block Called Simple Sugars Called Simple Sugars

(Glucose, Fructose)(Glucose, Fructose)

Disaccharide = 2 monosaccharidesDisaccharide = 2 monosaccharides Fructose + Glucose Fructose + Glucose → → SucroseSucrose

Polysaccharide = polymer of many Polysaccharide = polymer of many monosaccharidesmonosaccharides Starch, Glycogen, and CelluloseStarch, Glycogen, and Cellulose

LipidsLipids

Mostly Carbon and Hydrogen, small Mostly Carbon and Hydrogen, small amount of Oxygenamount of Oxygen

Nonpolar molecules so don’t dissolve in Nonpolar molecules so don’t dissolve in waterwater

Energy storage, protection, insulationEnergy storage, protection, insulation Major component of membranesMajor component of membranes

Fatty Acids Fatty Acids and Glycerol and Glycerol = building = building blockblock

If all Carbons have single bonds = If all Carbons have single bonds = saturatedsaturated Fats from animals; solids at room temp.Fats from animals; solids at room temp.

If there is a double bond = unsaturatedIf there is a double bond = unsaturated Oils from plants; Liquids are room temp. Oils from plants; Liquids are room temp.

(Healthier?)(Healthier?)

More than 1 double bond = More than 1 double bond = polyunsaturatedpolyunsaturated

ProteinsProteins

Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and sometimes SulfurNitrogen, and sometimes Sulfur

Amino Acids = building blockAmino Acids = building block 20; Combine using condensation and form a 20; Combine using condensation and form a

peptide bondpeptide bond Sequence determines proteinSequence determines protein

Tissue and organ structure and cell Tissue and organ structure and cell metabolismmetabolism

Protein ExamplesProtein ExamplesHemoglobinHemoglobin Carries oxygen in your bloodCarries oxygen in your blood Made in bone marrowMade in bone marrow Contains iron; too little iron = anemicContains iron; too little iron = anemic

Protein ExamplesProtein ExamplesInsulinInsulin Hormone that regulates the amount of sugar in your Hormone that regulates the amount of sugar in your

blood; treats diabetesblood; treats diabetes Secreted by pancreasSecreted by pancreas Tells other cells to absorb glucose (no insulin = no Tells other cells to absorb glucose (no insulin = no

energy absorbed)energy absorbed)These cells (liver, muscle, and fat) then store it as glycogen These cells (liver, muscle, and fat) then store it as glycogen and stop using fat as energyand stop using fat as energyNo or low Insulin, no glucose uptake, fat used as energyNo or low Insulin, no glucose uptake, fat used as energy

Type I Diabetes – Insulin deficiency; shotsType I Diabetes – Insulin deficiency; shotsType II – Insulin resistance; other methodsType II – Insulin resistance; other methods

Special Protein = EnzymesSpecial Protein = Enzymes

Protein that changes the rate of a chemical Protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction (may speed up)reaction (may speed up)

Many lower the Activation EnergyMany lower the Activation Energy

Activity depends on temperature, enzyme Activity depends on temperature, enzyme concentration, and pHconcentration, and pH

Specific to certain substratesSpecific to certain substrates

Works like a lock and keyWorks like a lock and key

Amino acids make proteins (enzyme) folded in a Amino acids make proteins (enzyme) folded in a certain way which determines jobcertain way which determines job

Energy for Life ProcessesEnergy for Life ProcessesEnergy in Chemical ReactionsEnergy in Chemical Reactions Chemical Reactions absorb or release energyChemical Reactions absorb or release energy

Activation EnergyActivation Energy Starting a chemical reaction requires activation energyStarting a chemical reaction requires activation energy

Enzyme-Substrate ComplexEnzyme-Substrate Complex

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Stores cellular information in the form of a Stores cellular information in the form of a codecode DNA and RNADNA and RNA

Nucleotides = building blocksNucleotides = building blocks Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and

Phosphorous in 3 partsPhosphorous in 3 partsNitrogenous BaseNitrogenous Base

Simple SugarSimple Sugar

Phosphate GroupPhosphate Group

How to IdentifyHow to IdentifyProteins turn a blue Biuret solution to pink-Proteins turn a blue Biuret solution to pink-purplepurple

Starches (carbohydrates) show up Starches (carbohydrates) show up bluish/black when drops of iodine are bluish/black when drops of iodine are addedadded

Sugars (carbohydrates) turn a blue Sugars (carbohydrates) turn a blue Benedict’s solution an orange-brownBenedict’s solution an orange-brown

Lipids leave a grease spot on brown paperLipids leave a grease spot on brown paper