basic computer concepts final

7/31/2019 Basic Computer Concepts Final

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MADE BY:

SIR NASEEM AHMED KHANDOW VOCATIONAL & TECHNICAL TRAINING CENTRE


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What is a computer?

An electronic device, operating under the

control of instructions stored in its ownmemory unit, that can accept data

(input), manipulate the data according to

specified rules (process), produceinformation (output) from the

processing, and store the results for

future use.


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Speed

Storage

High AccuracyVersatility

Diligence

Automatic OperationObedience

Decision Making Capability


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At the early age people used pebbles, stones,

sticks, scratches, symbols and finger tips to count,

which were later replaced by numbers.The history of computing is divided into three ages

during which man invented and improved different

types of calculating machines. These ages are,

Dark age - 300 BC to 1890

Middle age - 1890 AD to 1944

Modern age - since 1944 AD


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General Purpose Computers:

General purpose computers aredesigned to solve a large variety of

problems. The different programs can

be used to solve many problems. Most

digital computers are general purpose

computers and used in business and

commercial data processing.


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. 2 Special Purpose Computers

The special purpose computers are designedto solve specific problems. The computer

program for solving a specific problem is built

right into the computer. Most analog

computers are special purpose computers.These special purpose computers are widely

used in industrial robotics.


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. 1 Analog Computers

A computer that uses moving parts

to show changing information. The word

Analog means continuously varying in

quantity.

The voltage, current, sound, speed,

temperature, pressure etc. values areexamples of analog data.

The thermometer is an example of


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. 2 Digital ComputersThe word Digital means separate. It

refers to binary system, which consists ofonly two digits, i.e. 0 and 1. Digital data

consists of binary data represented byOFF (low) and ON (high) electrical pulses.These pulses are increased and decreasedin discontinuous form rather than incontinuous form.

In digital computers, quantities arecounted rather than measured. A digitalcomputer operates by counting numbers

or digits and gives output in digital form.


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3. Hybrid Computers

The hybrid computers have

best features of both analog and digitalcomputers. These computers contain

both the digital and analog components.

In hybrid computers, the users canprocess both the continuous (analog)

and discrete (digital) data.


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1. Super Computers:

Supercomputer a state-of-the-art,

extremely powerful computercapable ofmanipulating massive amounts of data in arelatively short time. Supercomputers are veryexpensive and are employed for specializedscientific and engineering applications that musthandle very large databases or do a great amountof computation, among them meteorology,animated graphics, nuclear energy research andweapon simulation, and petroleum exploration.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-computer.htmlhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-computer.html


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. 2Main Frame Computers:

The most expensive, largest and the most

quickest or speedy computer are calledmainframe computers. These computers areused in large companies, factories,organizations etc. the mainframe computersare the most expensive computers, they costmore than 20 million rupees. In thiscomputers 150 users are able to work on oneC.P.U


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. 3 Mini Computers

A minicomputeris a class of multi-usercomputers that lies in the middle range of the

computing spectrum, in between the largestmulti-user systems (mainframe computers) andthe smallest single-user systems (microcomputers orpersonal computers).

Mini computers are smaller than mainframes,both in size and other facilities such as speed,storage capacity and other services. They areversatile that they can be fitted where ever theyare needed.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcomputerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcomputerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer


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. 4 Micro Computers

A microcomputeris a computerwith a

microprocessoras its central processing unit.They are also called computer of a chipbecause its entire circuitry is contained in onetiny chip. They are physically small comparedto mainframe and minicomputers.

Micro computers of todays are equivalentto the mini computers of yesterday in terms ofperforming and processing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer


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What does a computer

do?

Input

Process

Output

Storage

Processor

Control Unit/Arithmetic Logic Unit

Memory

Storage Devices

Input

Devices

Output

Devices


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Components of a Computer System

Hardware

All the physical parts

which makes up a

computer system called

hardware i.e. all the

devices or peripherals

which performs the data

processing operations.e.g. 1. Input devices

2. Output devices

SOFTWARE

Software consists of

programs and routines

whose purpose is to make

the computer useable for

the user. These software

normally supplied by

computer manufacturers orsoftware manufacturers


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Input Devices

Any hardware component that allows youto enter data, programs, commands, and

user responses into a computer

Input DeviceExamplesKeyboard

Mouse

Mic

Scanner

Joystick


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Output DevicesOutput devices make the informationresulting from processing available for use

Output Device Examples

Printers ImpactNonimpactPhoto

Display DevicesCRTLCD

Speakers


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Backing storage devices are where

you can store data permanently.

This means that data is held whenthe computer is switched off and

can be loaded onto a computer

system when required.

These devices are also known assecondary storage devices or

auxiliary devices.


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Secondary Storage Devices

RemovableFloppy disk, or disketteCompact Disc CD-R, CD-RW,

CD-ROMDVDs DVD-ROM, DVD-R,

DVD-RW, DVD-RAMZip diskFlash disk/USB drive

TapeNon-RemovableHard disk


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Primary Storage Devices

It is divided into two parts:

. 1 Read Only Memory (ROM):

This part of memory contains permanently stored

information. When the power is switched off. ROMdoes not wash away.

. 2 Random Access Memory (RAM):This part of memoryconsists of blank chips and hence the computer can

use it to store and retrieve (write and read) informationduring its processing. The information stored in RAMis volatile, that is, when the computer is shut down thestored information is lost.


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System Unit

The central processing unit (CPU), also called themicroprocessor, the processor or central processor is thebrain of the computer.

The CPU is housed on a tiny silicon chip. This chip

contains millions of switches and pathways that help yourcomputer make important decisions.

The switches control the flow of the electricity as it travelsacross the miles of pathways. The CPU knows whichswitches to turn on and which to turn off because itreceives its instructions from computer programs.

The CPU has two primary sections:

1. Control Unit

2. Arithmetic/Logic Unit


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Types of Computer Softwares

SOFTWARE: -

The software is the planned, step-by-stepset of electronic instructions required to turn

data into information that makes a computer

useful.As stated software, or program, consists

of the instructions that tell the computer how

to perform a task.It is fall into two categories: -

1. System software.

2.Application software.


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1.System Software: -

System software enables the application software

to interact with the computer and helps the computer

manage its internal and external resources. Systemsoftware is required to run application software.

Buyers of new computers will find the system software

has already been installed by the manufacture.

There are two basic types of system software such as:-

Operating system. (e.g. Windows, DOS, etc)

Utility programs: (e.g. Antivirus, file compression,etc)


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2. Application Software:

Application software, also

known as an application, iscomputer software designed to help

the userto perform singular or multiple

related specific tasks. Examplesinclude accounting software,

office suites, graphics software, and

media players.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_%28computing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_player_%28application_software%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_player_%28application_software%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_%28computing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_software


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Application Software

Word Processing

Spreadsheet

Presentation GraphicsDatabase

Contact Management


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The basic unit used in computer data

storage is called a bit (binary digit).

Computers use these little bits, whichare composed of ones and zeros, to do

things and talk to other computers. All

your files, for instance, are kept in thecomputer as binary files and translated

into words and pictures by the software

(which is also ones and zeros).
http://gateway2internet.wordpress.com/2008/07/16/computers-file-size-units-of-measurement-and-storage-devices/


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8Bit = 1Byte

1024 Byte = 1 KiloByte

1024 KiloByte = 1 Mega Byte

1024 MegaByte = 1 GigaByte

1024 Giga Byte = 1 Tera Byte1024 Tera Byte = 1 Pica Byte

1024 Pica Byte = 1 Nano Byte


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Electronic CommerceWhen you conduct business activitiesonline, you are participating in electronic

commerce, also known as e-commerce

Business to consumer (B2C) involvesthe sale of goods to the general public

Consumer to consumer (C2C) involves

one consumer selling directly to anotherBusiness to business (B2B) provides

goods and services to other businesses


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VirusA program or piece ofcode that is loaded onto

your computer without your knowledge and runsagainst your wishes. Viruses can also replicate

themselves. All computerviruses are manmade. A

simple virus that can make a copy of itself over and

over again is relatively easy to produce.

Some viruses are programmed specifically to

damage the data on your computer by corrupting

programs, deleting files, or even erasing your entire

hard drive.

Even such a simple virus is dangerous because itwill quickly use all available memory and bring the

system to a halt. An even more dangerous type of

virus is one capable of transmitting itself across

networks and bypassing security systems.
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Antivirus

Antivirus (or "anti-virus") software is a

class of program that searches your hard

drive and floppy disks for any known orpotential viruses.

In order to be an effective defense, your

antivirus software needs to run in the

background at all times, and should be keptupdated so it recognizes new versions of

hateful software.
http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci213306,00.htmlhttp://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci213306,00.html


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