basic electronics

mbg;gil ,yj;jpudpay;

kpd;idf; flj;Jk; mbg; gilapy; gjhh;j;jq;fis gpd;tUkhW gphpf;fyhk;.1. flj;jpfs;.2. fhtypfs;.3. Fiwflj;jpfs;.

flj;jpfs; kpd;idj; jk; %lhfr; nry;y

tpLgit flj;jpfs; vdg;gLk;. cjhuzk;:- nrg;G> nts;sp>

mYkpdpak;.

fhtypfs; kpd;idj; jk;%lhff; nry;y

tplhjit fhtypfs; vd;gLk;. cjhuzk;:- gpsh];hpf;>

JhaePh;> nghypj;jPd; Fiw flj;jpfs;

flj;jpfSf;Fk; fhtyp fSf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l epiyapy;kpd;idf; flj;Jgit Fiw flj;jpfshFk;.

cjhuzk;:- rpypf;fd; > N[khdpak;

TOVC Science & Technology 1

Fiwflj;jpg; gjhh;j;jq;fshy; Mf;fg;gLk; rhjdq;fs; ,yj;jp udpay; rhjdq;fs; vdg;gLk;.

cjhuzk; - fzdp> NwbNa> TV Nghd;wd.

flj;jpfshy; Mf;fg;gLgit kpd;dpay; rhjdq;fs; vdg;gLk;.

NkYk; kpd;dpay; rhjdq;fs; MlNyhl;;l kpd;dpYk; njhopw;gLk;.

Mdhy; ,yj;jpudpay; rhjdq;fs; NeNuhl;;l kpd;dpy; khj;jpuk; njhopw;gLk.;

Fiw flj;jpfs; NtW %yfq;fSld; Nrh;j;J n-tifahfTk; p- tifahfTk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

n – tiff; Fiwflj;jpfs; rpypf;fd; Fiwflj;jpAld;

ngh];gui] khrhff; fyg;gjd; %yk; n – tiff; Fiw flj;jpfs; Mf;fg;gL fpd;wd.

rpypf;fdpd; <w;Nwhl;by; 4 ,uj;jpud;fs; cz;L > ngh];gurpd; <w;Nwhl;by; 5 ,yj;jpud;fs; cz;L.


AREBasic Electronics

vdNt xU ,yj;jpud; kpif Vw;gLk;.

,jdhy; ,it n – tiff; Fiw flj;jpfs; vdg;gLk;.

p – tiff; Fiwflj;jpfs; rpypf;fd; Fiwflj;jpAld;

Nghuid khrhff; fyg;gjd; %yk; p – tiff; Fiw flj;jpfs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

rpypf;fdpd; <w;Nwhl;by; 4 ,uj;jpud;fs; cz;L > Nghudpd; <w;Nwhl;by; 3 ,yj;jpud;fs; cz;L.

vdNt xU ,yj;jpud; gw;whf; Fiw Vw;gLk;.

,jdhy; ,it p – tiff; Fiw flj;jpfs; vdg;gLk;.

,t;tpU Fiwflj;jpfshYNk ,yj;jpudpay; Jizr; rhjdq;fs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Diode ( ,Uthap ) p-tiff; Fiwflj;jpAk;

n-tiff; Fiwflj;jpAk; re;jpg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Mf;fg;gLk; Jizr; rhjdk; ,UthapahFk;.

,jdhy; mit re;jp ,Uthap vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.



pn re;jp :- p tiff; Fiwflj;jpAk; n tiff;

Fiwflj;jpAk; re;jpg;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; ,Uthap cUthFk;.

NkNy fhl;lg;gLtJ pn re;jpahFk;.

,t;thwhd mikg;Ng re;jp ,UthapahFk;.

,q;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; + ,y; ,Ue;J – I Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; fhuzk; ,yj;jpud; mjw;F vjpuhfg; gha;tjhyhFk;.

re;jp ,Uthapfs; :- p – tiff; Fiw flj;jpfshYk; n –

tiff; Fiw flj;jpfshYk; Mf;fg;gLk; rhjdk; re;jp ,Uthapfs; MFk;.

re;jp ,Uthapfspy; gpd;tUk; tiffs; cs;sd :-1. rPuhf;Fk; ,Uthapfs;.2. xspfhYk; ,Uthapfs;.3. nrdh; ,Uthapfs;.

re;jp ,Uthapia xj;j mikg;Ng R+hpa fyj;jpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.



kpd;dpd; jpir

A K

rPuhf;Fk; ,Uthap Gwj;Njhw;wk; A

K

A mNdhl; (kpd;fyj;jpd; + Kid)K fNjhl; (kpd;fyj;jpd; - Kid)khw;wp ,izj;jhy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; nry;yhJ. FwpaPL :-

Rw;wpy; ,izj;jy; :-

,q;F kpd;fyj;jpy; ,Ue;J Muk;gpf;Fk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; A

apd; Clhf K ia mile;J Rw;iwg; G+h;j;jpahf;Fk;.

mg;NghJ kpd;Fkpo; xspUk;.

vdpDk; ,Uthapd; Kidfis khw;wp ,izj;jhy; kpd;Fkpo; xspuhJ.



kpd;Ndl;lj;jpd; jpir

A K

A K

kpd;Ndl;lj;jpd; jpir

epw tisak;

,Uthapapd; rPuhf;Fk; njhopw;ghL :-

,Uthapfs; Clhf kpd;Ndhl;lk; xNu jpirapy; nry;tjhy; mJ MlNyhl;l kpd;idr; rPuhf;fg; gad;gLk;.

MlNyhl;lj;jpd; CRO tiuG :-

CRO vd;gJ fNjhl;Lf; fjph; miyTfhl;bahFk;.

,jDhlhf kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijr; nrYj;Jk; NghJ mjw;Fhpa tiuig CRO jUk;.

NkNy fhl;lg;gl;l MlNyhl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij jdp xU ,UthapA+lhf mDg;gpdhy; CRO tiuG gpd;tUkhW mikAk;.

,q;F Diode %yk; MlNyhl;l tiugpd; xU jpirapyhd kpd;Ndhl;lNk Jz;bf;fg;glfpwJ.

,q;F MlNyhl;lk; Kw;whfr; rPuhf;fg;gltpy;iy. vdNt ,J miuaiyr;rPuhf;fk; vdg;gLk;.



kpd;Ndhl;lk;

Neuk;

kpd;Ndhl;lk;

Neuk;

,Uthapapd; KOaiyr; rPuhf;fk; :-

MlNyhl;l kpd;id KOikahfr; rPuhf;Ftjw;F 4 ,Uthapfshy; Md rPuhf;fpg;ghyk; gad;gLk;.

rPuhf;fpg; ghyj;jpd; mikg;G :-

CRO %yk; ,q;F Rikapy; fpilf;Fk; kpd;dpd; tiuigg; ngw;why; mJ gpd;tUkhW mikAk;.

,q;F MlNyhl;lk; Kw;whf rPuhf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhy; ,J KOmiyr; rPuhf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

,t;thW rPuhf;fg;gl;l kpd;id nfhs;stpA+lhf mDg;gpdhy; mJ xg;gkhf;fg;gl;l kpd;dhfg; ngwg;gLk;.

NwbNah> fzdp vd;gdKjypik toq;fy; %yk; njhopw;gLk; NghJ mk;kpd;Ndhl;lk; rPuhf;fg; ghyk; %yk; rPuhf;fg;gLk;.

NkYk; ,Uthapfs; xU jpirapy; kpd;idr; nry;y tpLtjhy; ,Uthapfis kpd; thy;GfshAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.



kpd;Ndhl;lk;

Neuk;

CRO

xspfhYk; ,Uthap (LED) :- ,it jk;%lhf kpd;nry;Yk; NghJ

fl;GydhFk; xspia ntsp tplf;$bait.Gwj;Njhw;wk; :-

LED nghJthf fhypak; Mridl;Lld; nghRNgw;iwf; fyg;gjd; %yk; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Gwj; Njhw;wj;jpy; ,U Kbtplq;fs; fhzg;gLk;.

xU Kbtplk; kw;iwaij tpl rw;W ePz;lJ.

ePz;l Kbtplk; mNdhl;lhFk; kw;iwa Kbtplk; fNjhl;lhFk;.

nghJtpy; LED fs; 3 epwq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd> mitahtd kQ;rs;> gr;ir> rptg;G epwkhFk;.

jw;NghJ ePy epw LED fSk; cs;sd.

LED ia jdpnahU kpd;fyj;jpd; %yk; xspuitf;f KbahJ.

rptg;G- 1.8VkQ;fs; - 2.0Vgr;ir - 2.1V

Mfpa Nthy;l; ngWkjpapy; xspuf;$bait.



A K

FwpaPL :-

A

K

kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpir

LED fs; ,yj;jpudpay; rhjdq;fspd; fhl;b tpsf;fhfg; gad;gLk;.

LED ,d; mD$yq;fshtd :-

1. rpwpaJ ek;gfj; jd;ikahdJ.2. tpiyktpthdJ.3. Fiwe;j Nthy;l; ngWkjpapy;

njhopw;gLk;.4. mOj;jtpj;jpahrg; ngW

kjpfis ,dk; fhzyhk;.

Transistor (jpuhd;rp];uh;)

,U ,Uthapfis my;yJ ,U pn re;jp nfhz;l mikg;G ,JthFk;.

jpuhd;rp];uh; ,U tifg;gLk;.1. pnp tif2. npn tif

pnp tif npn tif



p n p n p n

cl;j;; Njhw;wk;

FwpaPL

fhyp fhyp

mb mb

Nrfhpg;ghd;

Nrfhpg;ghd;

(Neh;)

(kiw)

jpud;rp];uhpd; Kbtplq;fs; ngahplg;gl;Ls;sd. mitahtd:-1. mb – Base.2. fhyp – Emitter.3. Nrfhpg;ghd; – Collector.

,it 1947 ,y; N[hd;> Nthy;lh;> tpy;ypak; mfpNahuhy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.

,U pn re;jpfs; Transistor ,y; cz;L vd Kd;dh; Fwpg;gplg; gl;lJ.

,t;tpU re;jpfisf; nfhz;L 3 Kbtplq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

jpud;rp];uhpd; Kbtplq;fis ,dk; fhz ,yf;fkply; > FwpaPL > gy;khdp Mfpad gad;gLk;.

Transistor I Rw;wpy; ,izj;jy;.

jpuhd;rp];uhpy; 3 Kbtplq;fs; fhzg;gLtjhy; mij Rw;wpy; ,izf;Fk; NghJ xd;W nghJ Kbtplkhff; ,izf;fg;gLk;.

nghJtpy; fhyp nghJthf ,izf;g;gLk; Rw;wpf;fs; mjpfk; gad;gLfpd;wd.

pnp tifj; jpud;rp];uh; xd;W gpd;tUkhW Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg; gLk;.



fhyp

mb

Nrfhpg;ghd;

p

n

p

Neh; Kbtplk;

,q;f pnp Transistor Rwpwpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,jpy; fhyp nghJ Kbtplkhf cs;sJ. fhypAld; kpd;fyj;jpd; Neh;

Kbtplk; ,izf;fg;gLk;. npn Transistor

[ Rw;wpy; ,izf;Fk; Kiw :-

,q;F fhyp nghJKbtplkhf cs;sJ. fhypAld; kpd;fyj;jpd; kiw

Kbtplk; ,izf;fg;gLk;.

Transistor ,d; njhopw;ghLfs; :-

jpuhd;rp];uh; nghJtpy; gpd;tUk; NjitfSf;fhfg; gad;gLfpd;wd.1. Mopahfg; njhopw;gly;.2. tphpayhf;fpahfj; njhopw;gLk;.3. xU jpirapy; kpd;idf;

flj;jy;.Mopahfg; njhopw;gly;.

jpuhd;rp];uh; Mopahfr; nraw;gLtijf; fhl;Lk; Rw;W :-



fhypmb

Nrfhpg;ghd;

fhypmb

Nrfhpg;ghd;

A

BC

D

EP

Q

S2S1PQDE – Rw;W In Put ngah;g;Gr; Rw;WABCDE – Rw;W Out put gah;g;Gr; Rw;W

,q;F nra;iffSk; mtjhdq;fSk; :- 1. S2 it %Ljy; -

kpd;Fkpo; xsputpy;iy.2. S2 %bapUf;ifapy; S1 [ %Ljy;

- kpd;Fkpo; xspUjy;.

NkNy ngwg;gl;lmtjhdq;fspy; ,Ue;J gpd;tUk; KbTfs; ngwg;gLk; :-1. Transistor ,y; gah;g;Gr; Rw;Wg; G+h;j;jpahf ,Ug;gpDk; ngah;g;Gr; Rw;W G+uzg; gLj;jhtpl;lhy; kpd;Fkpo; xspuhJ.2. mjhtJ Transistor ,y; ngah;g;Gr; Rw;W gah;g;Gr; Rw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; .3. mjhtJ Transistor xU Mopahfr; nraw;gLfpwJ.

vdpDk; transistor xU nghwpKiw MopNghyr; nraw;gLtjpy;iy.

Transistor xU cah; fjp MopahFk;.

kpd;Fkpo; xspe;j nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ kpd;fyq;fspd; Kbtplq; fis khw;wp ,izj;jhy; kpd;Fopo; xspuhJ.

,J Transistor kpd;id xNu jpirapy; kpd;idf; flj;Jk; vdf; fhl;l KbAk;.

xU Transistor ,U Diode Nghd;wJ npn Transistor pnp

Transistor



n

n

pp

pn

Transistor tphpayhf;fpahfr;

nraw;gLtijf; fhl;ly; :- tphpayhf;fk; vd;gJ nghJthf

kpd;rkpf;if tphpayhf;fkhfNt fUjg;gL;k;.

vdpDk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; > Voltage vd;gdtk; rpwpjsT tphpayhf;fg;gLk;.

,q;F fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Rw;wpy; khWk; jilia cr;rg; ngWkjpapy; ,Ue;J Fiwj;Jf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; NghJ

,q;F kpy;ypak;gpah; khdpapy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; rpwpjstpy; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ mk;gpah; khdpapy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; kpy;ypak;gpah; khdpiatpl ngUkstpy; mjpfhpg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

,q;F Transistor kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij tphpayhf;fpAs;sijf; fhz KbAk;.

,Nj Nghy mA khdp A khdp Mfpa ,izj;j ,lj;jpy; KiwNa Mic, xypngUf;fp vd;gd ,izj;J Mic ,d; Kd;epd;W fijj;jhy; xypngUf;fpapy; xyp cUthFk;.

,q;F Transistor rkpf;iQ tphpayhf;fpahfr; nraw;gl;Ls;sJ.



fhypmb

Nrfhpg;ghd;

A

mA

jilapfs; :- kpd;Rw;wpy; ghAk;

kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; msitf; fl;Lg;gLj;j gad;gLk; Jizr;rhjdk; jilapfshFk;.

,it Fiwflj;jpfshYk; flj;jfshYk; Mf;fg;glyhk;.

jilapfisj; njhluhf ,izg;gjd; %yk; Rw;wpd; nkhj;jj; jilia mjpfhpf;fyhk;.

jilia rkhe;jpukhf ,izg;gjd; %yk; Rw;wpy; epyTk; nkhj;jj; jiliaf; Fiwf;fyhk;.

gpd;tUk; jilapfs; nghJtpy; ghtidapy; cs;sd :-

1. khwhj; jilapfs;.2. khWk; jilapfs;.3. Kw;Wzpe;j jilapfs;.4. xsp czhpj; jilapfs;.5. ntg;gj; jil rir.

khwhj; jilapfs;. ,j; jilfspd; ngWkhdk; Fwpj;j

ngWkhdk; cilajhf ,Uf;fFk;. ,j;jilfspd; ngWkhdk; vkJ

tpUg;gg;gb khw;w KbahJ. epiyahd kpd;Rw;Wf;fspy; ,j;

jilfs; ,izf;fg;gLk;. ,j;jilfspd; ngWkhdk;

FwpaPLfs; %yk; my;yJ epwtisaq;fs; %yk; Fwpf;fg;gLk;.



FwpaPLfs; %yk; gpd;tUkhW jilfs; Fwpf;fg;gLk; :-3R4 - 3.4 ΩR34 - 0.34Ω5k6 - 5.6Ω

Gwj;Njhw;wk; :-

FwpaPL :-

Gwj;Njhw;wj;jpy; nghJtpy; 4 epw tisak; fhzg;gLk;.

3 epw tisaq;fs; jilapd; ngWkhdj;ijAk; 4 tJ epwtisak; nghWik tPr;R my;yJ rfpg;Gj; jd;ikiaAk; Fwpf;Fk;.

3 ,y; 2 epwKk; me;j epwj;jpw;Fhpa vz;izAk; kw;iwJ vz;zpf;iff; Nfw;g G+r;rpaj;ijAk; Fwpf;Fk;.

jilapd; epwq;fSk; mtw;wpd; ngWkhdq;fSk; :-

fWg;G - 0 fgpyk; - 1rptg;G - 2 nrk;kQ;fs; - 3kQ;rs; - 4 gr;ir - 5ePyk; - 6 Cjh - 7rhk;gy; - 8 nts;is - 9

ehd;fhtJ epwk; nts;sp epwj;jpy; ,Ue;jhy; 10% ck; nghd; epwj;jpy; ,Ue;jhy; 5% ck; nghWik tPr;rhf mikAk;. gpd;tUk; jilapapd; ngWkhdk; ahJ?



AgBrownGreen

Red

khWj; jilapfs; ,tw;wpd; jilapd; ngWkhdk;

khw;wg;glf;$bait. FwpaPL :- jilg;ngl;b ,hpa epWj;jp vd;gd

khWk; jilfshFk;. thndypg; ngl;bfspy; cs;s xyp

fl;Lg;gLj;jp xU khWk; jilapfshFk;.

Kw;Wzpe;j jil tifAk; xu khwk; jiltifahFk;.

Kw;Wzpe;j jiliar; nrg;gQ; nra;a jpUf nrYj;jp gad;gLk;.

FwpaPL :-

xsp czh; jilap ,q;F xspgLk; NghJ jil FiwAk;

xspglhj NghJ jil mjpfhpf;Fk;. FwpaPL :-

nfhs;sstpfs; kpd;rf;jpia Nrkpj;J itf;ff; $ba

rhjdk; nfhs;sstpf shFk;. ,q;F kpd;rf;jp Vw;wq;fshfr;

Nrkpf;Fk;. (kpd;rf;jpahf) nfhs;sstp kpd;Nrkpf;Fk; jpwd;

nfhs;sstk; vdg;gLk;. nfhs;sstk; gul; (F) vDk;

myfpy; msf;fg;gLk;. ,U cNyhfq;fSf;fpilapy; fhtyp

xd;iw itg;gjd; %yk; nfhs;sstfs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.



nfhs;sstk;:- nfhs;sstpapd; kpd;Nrkpf;Fk;

jpwd; nfhs;stk; vdg;gLk;. nfhs;stk; nghJtpy; gul; vdk;

myfpy; msf;fg;gLk;. gul; F vDk; FwpaPl;lhy;

Fwpf;fg;gLk;. 1 gul; = 106µF = 1012pF fhjhuzkhf ghtidapy; cs;s

nfhs;sstpfs; KidTf; nfhs;sstpfs; > Kidtw;w nfhs;sstpfs; vd 2 tifg;gLk;.

Kidtf; nfhs;sstpfs; Neh; kiw vDk; Kbtplq;fisf; nfhz;litahFk;.

KidTf; nfhs;stpapd; Gwj;Njhw;wk; :-

FwpaPL:-

Kidtw;w nfhs;sstpfs; :- ,itNa nghJthd

nfhs;sstpfshFk;. ,tw;iwr; Rw;wpy; ,idf;Fk; NghJ

Kbtplq;fs; gtdj;jpy; vLf;fg;glj; Njitapy;iy.

,tw;wpy; khWk; nfhs;sstpfs; khwhf; nfhs;sstpfs; Kw;wzpe;j nfhs;sstpfs; vDk; tiffs; cz;L.



-+

-+

-+

FwpaPLfs; :-khwhf; nfhs;sstp :-

khWk; nfhs;sstpfs; :-

Kw;Wzpe;j nfhs;sstpfs; :-

nfhs;sstpA+lhf xU jpirapy; kpd; Vw;wg;gl;lhy;

vjph;j;jpirapy; kpd;dpwf;fg;gLk;.

,q;F kpd;Rw;iw ,izj;J mtjhdpf;fk; NghJ A vDk; LED xU Kiw xsph;e;J mizAk;. kpd;fyq;fis vLj;J tpl;L flj;jp %yk; mt;tplj;ij ,izj;jhy; B LED xspUk;. ,J nfhs;sstp xU jpirapy; kpd;idf; flj;JfpwJ vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ.



nfhs;stpfsSlhf NeNuhl;l kpd; xU jlit nry;Yk;. kPz;Lk; nry;y Ntz;Lkhapd; nfhs;sstp kpd;dpwf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

vdpDk; MlNyhl;l kpd; njhlh;e;J ghAk;.

A

B

njhifapLk; Rw;W (IC) gy ,yj;jpudpay; Jidr; rhjdq;fis

xUq;Nf nfhz;l rhjdk; ,JthFk;. rpwpa xU rJu

tbthd ,lg;gug;gpDs; gy jilapfs;> jpuhd;rp];uh;fs; nfhs;sstpfs; ,Uthapfs; Nghd;wd fhzg;gLk;.

Jidr;rhjdq;fs; mike;Js;s ,lk; JZf;F vdg;gLk;.

JZf;fpy; ,Ue;J gy fhy;fs; ntspePl;lg;gl;Lf; fhzg;gLk;.

,f;fhy;fs; Rw;Wld; ,izf;fg;gLk;. fhy;fs; ,yf;fkplg;gl;L ,izf;fg;gLk;. IC 1960 Mz;L [f;fpy;gp

vd;gtuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

IC f;fis ,yj;jpudpay; Rw;wpy; jdpxU rhjdkhfTk; Jidr;rhjdkhfTk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

Ic f;fs; mjpy; cs;s Jizr;rhjdq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiag; nghWj;J gpd;tUk; gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gLk; :- 1.SSI – 100 tiuapyhd Jizr;rhjdk;.2.MSI – 100 – 1000.3.LSI – 1000 – 10000.4.VLSI - 10000 – 100000.



basic electronics

Education