basic mining and metallurgy

Mutual accountability, integrity and professionalismGenuine customer service; andBest performance possible

Basic Mining and Metallurgy

JOHN MIKEL P. ANSAO, EMMines and Geoscience Bureau RXII

Outline

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII

I. Facts about Mining

II. The Mining Cycle

III. Different Mining and Processing Methods

Facts About Mining


Minerals are non-renewable

Life of mines is finite

Mining represents TEMPORARY USE OF LAND

Present Mining Economics Criteria:

• Technical Feasibility

• Environmental Sustainability

• Social Acceptability

• Financial Viability

The Mining Cycle


Progressive

Rehabilitation

EXPLORATION PHASE


OBJECTIVES OF EXPLORATION

• Determine location

• Determine Size, Shape, Position

• Determine Value of an ore body (or mineralization)

EXPLORATION METHODS


1. PROSPECTING

2. REMOTE SENSING

3. GEOLOGIC MAPPING & FIELD INVESTIGATIONS

4. DRILLING

PROSPECTING


Reference:• https://www.google.com/search?q=Mineral+prospecting&client=firefox-b-

ab&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia1_qZ4NHaAhViyVQKHe74BaAQ_AUoAXoECAAQAw&biw=1600&bih=786#imgdii=_BamBSQooL_fhM:&imgrc=SV0YXKxsNUrJJM:

• https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.911metallurgist.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F03%2FLode-Gold-Deposits.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.911metallurgist.com%2Flode-gold%2F&docid=dkHLcJKSmbG3EM&tbnid=k1xxOj1I54o5pM%3A&vet=1&w=640&h=384&client=firefox-b-ab&bih=786&biw=1600&ved=2ahUKEwjbj-Ow4NHaAhXIhlQKHSUTAcIQxiAoBHoECAAQGA&iact=c&ictx=1

• looking for signs of mineralization

(traversing, panning, sifting, looking

for signs of mineralization)

• a small scale method of mineral

exploration (outcrop investigation,

panning, staking)

https://www.google.com/search?q=Mineral+prospecting&client=firefox-b-ab&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia1_qZ4NHaAhViyVQKHe74BaAQ_AUoAXoECAAQAw&biw=1600&bih=786#imgdii=_BamBSQooL_fhM:&imgrc=SV0YXKxsNUrJJM

REMOTE SENSING


Reference:• https://worldwaterwatch.org/remote-sensing/

• https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/remotesensing.html

Remote sensing is the acquisition of

information about an object or

phenomenon without making physical

contact with the object and thus in

contrast to on-site observation

https://worldwaterwatch.org/remote-sensing/

GEOLOGIC MAPPING & FIELD INVESTIGATIONS


Reference:• http://brockerhoffllc.com/dynamic-field-investigation-studies/

• http://www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/www/geology/geolgeom.htm

Geologic mapping involves plotting

the location and attitude of the

various rock units, faults, and folds

on a base map. Geologic maps are

used to investigate geologic

hazards, mineral resources,

groundwater aquifers, and just plain

science.

http://brockerhoffllc.com/dynamic-field-investigation-studies/

DRILLING


Reference:• https://www.kan-armcontracting.com/drilling-blasting/

• http://www.miningeducation.com/search?updated-max=2016-03-19T21:52:00-07:00&max-results=6&reverse-paginate=true

https://www.kan-armcontracting.com/drilling-blasting/

http://www.miningeducation.com/search?updated-max=2016-03-19T21:52:00-07:00&

DEVELOPMENT PHASE


1. Orebody preparation

2. Mine Organization

3. Road Construction

4. Mine Planning & Design

5. Mine and Mill Development & Construction

6. Construction of ancillary facilities

7. Debugging and Commissioning

8. Environmental/ Social Programs


Development Phase – Community Consultations and

Agreement

OPERATION PHASE


OBJECTIVES:

REMOVAL/EXTRACTION OF MINERALS FROM THE

GROUND

• Surface Mining Method

• Underground Mining Method

CONCENTRATION (Processing to concentrate the metals)

PRODUCT SALES

CONTINUING COMMUNITY & ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMS –

Progressive preparations for alternative and sustainable

livelihood and environmental rehabilitation & protection

PROGRESSIVE

REHABILITATION DURING

OPERATION PHASE


1999Region IX

PHILEX GOLD PHILIPPINES, INC.

Sibutad,

Zamboanga del

Norte

2016

1999

2016

Region IX

PHILEX GOLD PHILIPPINES, INC.

Sibutad,

Zamboanga del

Norte

Region XIII

Silangan Mindanao Mining Company,

Inc.

Surigao del Norte

2013

2014

Region XIII

Taganito Mining Corporation

Taganito, Claver,

Surigao del Norte

2004

2006

2005

2011

MINE CLOSURE, FINAL MINE REHABILITATION AND

RECLAMATION PHASE


Mine reclamation is the process of restoring land that has been

mined to a natural or economically usable state.

OBJECTIVES

Restore the land affected to a condition capable of supporting

the uses which it was capable prior to mining –or higher/better

Ensure safety of areas affected by exploration and operations

Reference:• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_reclamation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_reclamation

Sungai Besi Mine, Malaysia

22DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII


From a mine to a tourist attraction

Sungai Besi Mine, Malaysia to Mine Wellness City

MINING METHODS


MINING METHODS


SURFACE – The mining in surface excavations

– Mining at or near the surface. This type of mining

is generally done where the overburden can be

removed without too much expense

UNDERGROUND – For deep-seated, narrow/vertical ore

MINING METHODS - SELECTION CRITERIA


MINING METHODS - SELECTION CRITERIA


ECONOMICS

• DEPTH OF ORE

OPEN PIT FOR SHALLOW ORE . The cost of stripping

overburden is less than cost of development and operating

cost of underground method

UNDERGROUND FOR DEEP/VERTICAL ORE. The cost of

stripping is to get to the ore is too expensive

• GRADE AND BEHAVIOUR OF DEPOSIT

Lower grade requires higher volume (Open pit has advantage

over underground in moving volumes)

Sand Deposits might favour dredging method.

In situ leaching on highly fragmented leachable ores

SAFETY - cost of SAFETY impacts the ECONOMICS of project

GOVT REGULATION - Socio-political acceptability

TYPES OF SURFACE MINING


OPEN PIT MINING


Reference:• https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yvLTURe8wQw/V2j7aXOHvxI/AAAAAAAAA5E/qHefzfFknKsGckzmzNNL15PYSFASr7ASQCLcB/s1600/13479654_10209946468766367_1377133314_n.jpg

Carmen Copper, Toledo City, Cebu

An excavation or cut

made at the surface of the

ground for the purpose of

extracting ore and which

is open to the surface for

the duration of the mine’s

life

https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yvLTURe8wQw/V2j7aXOHvxI/AAAAAAAAA5E/qHefzfFknKsGckzmzNNL15PYSFASr7ASQCLcB/s1600/13479654_10209946468766367_1377133314_n.jpg

Quarrying


Reference:• http://www.aggbusiness.com/sections/quarry-profiles-reports/features/quarrying-for-indian-desert-cream-granite/

• https://www.internationalrivers.org/blogs/257/the-struggle-over-riverbed-mining-in-india

Identical to open-pit mining except

that it refers to sand, stone and

clay.

http://www.aggbusiness.com/sections/quarry-profiles-reports/features/quarrying-for-indian-desert-cream-granite/

https://www.internationalrivers.org/blogs/257/the-struggle-over-riverbed-mining-in-india

STRIP MINING


Reference:• https://sciencestruck.com/types-of-surface-mining-methods

• http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/2017/03/coal-news-owner-nixes-coal-mine-expansion-over-german-climate-plans.html

Which consist of stripping

surface layers off to reveal

ore/seams underneath

https://sciencestruck.com/types-of-surface-mining-methods

http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/2017/03/coal-news-owner-nixes-coal-mine-expansion-over-german-climate-plans.html

AUGER MINING


Reference:• https://www.coalaugering.com/

• https://arlweb.msha.gov/FATALS/2002/FAB02c21.HTM

A mining method often used by

strip-mine operators where the

overburden is too thick to

be removed economically

https://www.coalaugering.com/

https://arlweb.msha.gov/FATALS/2002/FAB02c21.HTM

Dredging


Reference:• http://beaches.lacounty.gov/dredging-in-marina-del-rey/

• https://www.911metallurgist.com/blog/how-does-a-gold-dredging-work

Removing solid matter from the

bottom of an area covered by

water

http://beaches.lacounty.gov/dredging-in-marina-del-rey/

https://www.911metallurgist.com/blog/how-does-a-gold-dredging-work

HYDRAULIC MINING


Reference:• http://www.tailings.info/technical/hydraulic.htm

• http://howtofindgoldnuggets.com/the-use-of-hydraulic-mining-in-gold-country/

Hydraulic mining, or hydraulicking,

is a form of mining that uses high-

pressure jets of water to dislodge

rock material or move sediment

http://www.tailings.info/technical/hydraulic.htm

http://howtofindgoldnuggets.com/the-use-of-hydraulic-mining-in-gold-country/

IN SITU MINING


Reference:• https://nuclear-news.net/2013/01/26/uranium-mining-in-situ-leaching-not-the-same-as-fracking/

https://nuclear-news.net/2013/01/26/uranium-mining-in-situ-leaching-not-the-same-as-fracking/

UNDERGROUND MINING


Reference:• https://www.prysmiangroup.com/en/products-and-solutions/industries/mining/cables-for-underground-mining

• http://iminco.net/underground-mine-assistant-mount-isa-qld-iminco/

https://www.prysmiangroup.com/en/products-and-solutions/industries/mining/cables-for-underground-mining

http://iminco.net/underground-mine-assistant-mount-isa-qld-iminco/

COMBINATION OF SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND


PROCESSING

METHODS


MINERAL PROCESSING


Separating the valuable minerals in the ore from the host rock

or from waste

Recovery of metals from ore or concentrates

MINERAL PROCESSING METHODS


Gravity – separates the heavy minerals from lighter host rock

Gravity Concentrator

Shaking Table

Heavy Media

Flotation - separates finely ground mineral from one another by

causing some to float in a froth and others to sink (copper and

lead-bearing minerals)

Magnetism – Separation by attracting magnetic minerals from

non-magnetic

Leaching/electrowinning – Separation by dissolving the valuable

minerals with specific reagents (ex: Sulfuric acid solution to

dissolve leachable copper, cyanide for leachable gold

GRAVITY


Gravity concentration is the

separation of minerals based on

differences in specific gravity Shaking tables are designed to wet

gravity-based of minerals and other

granular materials. They are effective

in processing precious and base

metals, rare and non-metals

Heavy Media Separation is for

separating a mixture of two products

having differentials in specific gravity

by immersing the sample in a heavy

liquid having a gravity intermediate to

those of the products to be separated

FLOTATION


GOLD LEACHING (CIP/CIL) PROCESS


PROCESSING EQUIPMENT EXAMPLES



Thank You!!!

basic mining and metallurgy

Documents