basic network, hardware & software

BASIC NETWORKING HARDWARE & SOFTWARE

WHAT COMPONENTS MAKES UP A NETWORK?

Computers or WorkstationsThe most obvious requirements for a network are a number of computers or workstations.

We now need some means of physically connecting them.

Networking Components

Networking Components including:

Kabel Network Adapter Card (NIC) Hub Switch Repeater Bridges

Networking Components

Kabel

Dua jenis kabel yang biasa digunakan ialah twisted pair (10BaseT) dan thin coax (10Base2) Kabel 10BaseT berbentuk seperti kabel telefon dan mempunyai 8 wayar. Sesuai untuk kegunaan rangkaian yang kecil. Kabel 10Base2 berbentuk seperti kabel yang digunakan untuk menyambung VCR kepada TV


CablingYou must have some means of physically connecting them together. The type of cable you use to connect the computers together will very much depend on your needs. Networks Topology Protocol Size Poor low quality cabling can result in poor data Transmission; causing data to become corrupted.


Types of CablingCoaxial

Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor in its center. A plastic layer provides insulation between the center conductor and a braided metal shield. The metal shield helps to block outside interference.


Types of CablingCoaxial There are two types of coaxial cabling: Thin coaxial also known as 10Base2 Thick coaxial also known as 10Base5 2 = maximum length 200Mtrs (185) 5 = maximum length 500Mtrs Coaxial cabling is often used on the linear Bus


Types of CablingTwisted Pair

Twisted Pair cabling comes in two varieties; shielded and unshielded. UTP is the most popular. The cable has four pairs of wires inside the jacket twisted to eliminate interference from adjacent pairs and other electrical devices.


Types of CablingTwisted Pair


Types of CablingTwisted Pair 10BaseT refers to the specifications for UTP. 100Mtrs maximum segment length.

Shielded twisted pair (STP) is suitable for environments with electrical interference; however the extra shielding can make it quite bulky.


Types of CablingFiber Optic Cable

Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective materials. It transfers light rather than electronic signals, Eliminating the problem of electrical interference.


Types of CablingFiber optic cabling Fiber optic has the ability to transmit signals over much longer distances than coaxial or twisted pair. It also has the capability to carry information at vastly greater speeds. 10BaseF or 100BaseFX refers to the specifications for fiber optic cable.

Types of Cabling


Cable TermsSpeed Transmission Baseband (wire) Or Broadband (wireless) Wire type T = Twisted Pair 2 = Thin Coax 5 = Thick Coax FX = Fiber

Usually 10 or 100

Examples: 10-Base-T 100-Base-FX


Network Card

To allow our workstations to communicate with each other we must fit each computer with a network card These are known as Network Interface Cards. they are fitted into an expansion slot.

Komponen Rangkaian

Network Adapter Card (NIC)

Kad tambahan yang diperlukan untuk membolehkan komputer menggunakan rangkaian. Dipasang terus di atas papan induk. Komputer pentium/II/III menggunakan 32-bit NIC. Tetapi untuk rangkaian Fast Ethernet, 10/100 NIC diperlukan. Untuk komputer riba (laptop), Kad rangkaian dalam bentuk PCMCIA diperlukan.

Komponen Rangkaian

Hub (wiring concentrators)

Peranti penyambungan yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan kesemua PC dalam rangkaian yang menggunakan kabel 10BaseT Boleh didapati dalam bentuk 10Mbps dan 100Mbps (untuk Fast Ethernet)Hubs come in 3 types: Passive Active Intelligent

Komponen Rangkaian

Switch

Hub berprestasi tinggi (100Mbps) Kesemua NIC dlm rangkaian dianggap individu Interaksi lebih cepat dan penyambungan kepada rangkaian boleh dibuat pada kelajuan yang tinggi

SWITCHES

Switches are a fundamental part of most networks. They make it possible for several users to send information over a network at the same time without slowing each other down. While hubs provide an easy way to scale up and shorten the distance that the packets must travel to get from one node to another, they do not break up the actual network into discrete segments. That is where switches come in. Just like routers allow different networks to communicate with each other, switches allow different nodes (a network connection point, typically a computer) of a network to communicate directly with one another in a smooth and efficient manner.

Think of a hub as a four-way intersection where everyone has to stop. If more than one car reaches the intersection at the same time, they have to wait for their turn to proceed. Now imagine what this would be like with a dozen or even a hundred roads intersecting at a single point. The amount of waiting and the potential for a collision increases significantly. But wouldn't it be amazing if you could take an exit ramp from any one of those roads to the road of your choosing? That is exactly what a switch does for network traffic. A switch is like a cloverleaf intersection -- each car can take an exit ramp to get to its destination without having to stop and wait for other traffic to go by.

A vital difference between a hub and a switch is that all the nodes connected to a hub share the bandwidth among themselves, while a device connected to a switch port has the full bandwidth all to itself. For example, if 10 nodes are communicating using a hub on a 10-Mbps network, then each node may only get a portion of the 10 Mbps if other nodes on the hub want to communicate as well. . But with a switch, each node could possibly communicate at the full 10 Mbps. Think about our road analogy. If all of the traffic is coming to a common intersection, then each car it has to share that intersection with every other car. But a cloverleaf allows all of the traffic to continue at full speed from one road to the next.

Switches

Example of network using switches

Switches

Switches physically looks

3Com SuperStack 3 Switch

Cisco 2950 24p switch

D-Link DGS-1016T 16-Port Gigabit Switch

RepeaterIn Physically refers as HUBSatu contoh penggunaan repeater baik ialah pada LAN yang menggunakan Topologi Bintang melalui twisted pair cable. Had panjang yang dibenarkan ialah 100 meter. Repeater digunakan untuk membolehkan had jumlah panjang kabel pada rangkaian melebihi 100 meter


RepeaterWhen a signal travels along a cable, it tends to lose strength. A repeater is a device that boosts a networks signal as it passes through. The repeater does this by electronically amplifying the signal.

RouterA Router is a special device which can be fitted to Connect and Route Local Area network To Larger Network ( WAN ). The Router Route data to pass between networks, it processes packets of data containing details of the sending and receiving computers. It will direct traffic on a suitable route to reach its destination.

RouterIn Physically looks

CISCO 806 Broadband Router

D-LINK 604 broadband router

CISCO 3745 access router

File Server

A file server stands at the heart of most networks. It is a very fast computer with a large amount of RAM. The network operating system resides on this computer, along with any application and data files that need to be shared.

File ServerThe file server controls the communication of information between the nodes on a network Its main function is to store files being used by other computers, it allows them to access shared files. To stop nodes accessing the same file at the same time, a file server uses File Locking

Printer ServerThe purpose of a printer server is to accept print requests from nodes on the network and place them in a queue. There is a buffer area which can hold data from various nodes. As one print job is complete, the next job in the queue is processed. It is possible to set some computers to have priority over others.

Client

All the computers connected to a server on a network are called clients or workstations. A typical client is a computer that is configured with a NIC, client software and the appropriate cabling. Almost any computer can serve as a network client.

ModemA Modem or Modulator Demodulator allow Communication between computers located at Different sites. A Modem basically converts the square shaped binary signal emitted be the computer to the sine wave curve transmitted along a telephone line, and on arrival at the destination a similar device converts the signal back to binary.

modem

The word "modem" is a contraction of the words modulator-demodulator. A modem is typically used to send digital data over a phone line. The sending modem modulates the data into a signal that is compatible with the phone line, and the receiving modem demodulates the signal back into digital data. Wireless modems convert digital data into radio signals and back.

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Modem & Internet

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Modem

Physically looks

NETGEAR CM212 Cable Modem

Internal PCI 56K modem

D-LINK DCM 201 Cable Modem

D-LINK ADSL COMBO MODEM

Ports Serial, parallel and USB ports are used by the micro-computer to communicate with the outside world. Serial ports are used by modems and similar devices. Slower but more reliable over long distance. A serial port requires only one line and handles only one piece of information at a time.

SerialComputer modem

ParallelComputer Printer

Universal Serialcomputer Cable modem

NICs, Repeaters, & Hubs

The first LAN

To connect two computers, you must Install a NIC card in each.

NIC

Attach computers using a crossover cable.


100 meters

Repeaters amplify and retime signals

so what can we use if this distance is greater than 100 meters?What s the maximum distance For Cat 5 cable?


Using repeaters was fine as long as a business only needed two computers networked. What if a business wanted a third computer attached? Or a fourth? What device would they need?

NICs, Repeaters, & HubsA multi-port repeater! A also called a

Hub

A Dilemma!As businesses expanded their networks, they began to cascade hubs.

Hub

Whats The Problem?

Hubs share bandwidth between all attached devices. Hubs are stupid, Layer 1 devices. They cannot filter traffic. Most LANs use a broadcast topology , so every device sees every packet sent down the media.

Let s take a look at how broadcasting works.

Broadcasts

In this picture, all hubs forward all traffic to all devices.

BroadcastsSo, if Host 1 wants ping Host 2, all hosts see the ping. This is what we mean by a broadcast topology

The red arrows show that all hosts receive the ping request. Only Host 2 will respond.

Whats The Solution?

We need a smarter hub! what s a smarter hub called? A Bridge! Bridges filter network traffic based on MAC addresses. Let s take a look at how this works.

Bridge

To lessen the amount of LAN traffic, businesses began to uses bridge to filter frames based on MAC addresses.

BridgeNow, if Host pings Host 2, only the hosts on that LAN segment see the ping. The bridges stop the ping.

1 2

SwitchA switch (also know as a multi-port bridge), can effectively replace these four bridges.

Switch

Another benefit of a switch is that each LAN segment gets dedicated bandwidth

10 Mbps

10 Mbps

10 Mbps

10 Mbps

10 Mbps

SwitchBut a switch cannot stop a ping destined for a different LAN segment from traveling to all other LAN segments.

Switch

For example, Host 1 pings Host 16. since Host 16 is on another LAN segment, the switch will flood the ping request out all ports.

What device will solve this problem?

Router

Routers filter traffic based on IP addresses. The IP address tells the router which LAN segment the ping belongs to.

Devices Function At Layers

7 6 5 Host 4 3 NIC Card 2 1

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Know These!

Devices Function At Layers



Also know that each device not only works at its layer, but all layers below it.

Devices Function At LayersFor example, a router is a layer 3 device but also uses MAC addresses (layer 2) and repeats the signal (layer 1)



Twisted Pair Cabling SystemCategory CAT 1 Maximum data rate Up to 1 Mbps (1MHz) Usual application Analog voice (POTS). Integrated Services Digital Network Basic Rate Interface in ISDN. Doorbell Wiring. CAT 2 4 Mbps Mainly used in the IBM Cabling System for Token Ring networks. Voice and data on 10BASE-T Ethernet. Used in 16 Mbps Token Ring otherwise not used much.

CAT 3 CAT 4

16 Mbps 20 Mbps

CAT 5

100 Mbps

10/100 BASE-TX.

Twisted Pair Cabling SystemCategory CAT 5E CAT 6 CAT 6E Maximum data rate 1000 Mbps (1 Gbps) Up to 400 Mhz Up to 625 MHz (field-tested to 500MHz) 600-700 MHz 1.2 GHz in pairs with Siemon connector Usual application Gigabit Ethernet Offers better near-and crosstalk than CAT 5 Super-fast broadband applications. Most popular cabling for new installs. Support for 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GBASE-T)

CAT 7

Full-motion video Teleradiology Government and manufacturing environments Shielded system

UTP cables

Making Ethernet 10Base-T cables:

Straight-thru cable: PC-to-HUB Crossover cable: PC-to-PC.

Making console cables:

Rollover cable (console cable)

Serial port-to-console port of Cisco equipments.

Straight-through cable

1: White Orange 2: Orange 3: White Green 4: Blue 5: White Blue 6: Green 7: White Brown 8: Brown PC HUB

1: White Orange 2: Orange 3: White Green 4: Blue 5: White Blue 6: Green 7: White Brown 8: Brown

Straight-through Cable

Maintain the pin connection al the way through the cable, thus the wire connected to pin 1 is the same on both ends of the cable. Wired to TIA/EIA 568-B or A standards for 1Base-T Ethernet, which determines what color wire is on each pin. T568B (also called AT&T specification) is more common, but many installations are also wired to T568A (also called ISDN). Conforms to the structured to be part of the be part to be part of the horizontal cabling, which is limited to 99m total between workstation and hub or switch.

Straight-Through Cable

Used to connect such as devices as PCs or routers to other devices such as hub or switches. Can be used in a workstation area to connect the workstation NIC to the wall plate data jack or it can be used in the wiring closet to connect the path panel (horizontal cross connect) to an Ethernet hub or switch. Are wired straight through because the cable from the workstation to the hub or switch is normally crossed over automatically at the switch or hub. The ports on most hubs have an X next to them, which means the send and receive pairs will be crossed when the cabling reaches the switch.

Crossover cable

1: White Orange 2: Orange 3: White Green 4: Blue 5: White Blue 6: Green 7: White Brown 8: Brown PC PC

1: White Green 2: Green 3: White Orange 4: Blue 5: White Blue 6: Orange 7: White Brown 8: Brown

Crossover Cable

Pairs 2 and 3 on one end of the cable will be reversed on the other end. Will be wired to EIA/TIA 568-B and A standards for 10Base-T Ethernet. Pin outs will be T568-A on one end andT568-B on the other. Used between hubs or switches and is considered to be part of the vertical cabling also known as backbone. Can be used as a backbone cable to connect two or more hubs or switches in a LAN or to connect two isolated workstations to create a mini-LAN. Allows the connection of two workstations or a server and workstation without needing a hub in between.

Rollover cable

1: White Orange 2: Orange 3: White Blue 4: Green 5: White Blue 6: Green 7: White Brown 8: Brown PC PC

1: Brown 2: White Brown 3: Green 4: White Blue 5: Blue 6: White Green 7: Orange 8: White Orange

Rollover Cable

Can be used to connect a workstation or dumb terminal to the console port on the back of a router or Ethernet switch in order to be able to configure the router or switch. Uses an asynchronous serial interface to the router or switch. Both ends have RJ 45 connectors-one plugs directly into the RJ 45 console management port on the back of the router or switch and other end plugs into a RJ 45 to DB9 terminal adapter. The terminal adapter converts on the back of a PC running terminal emulation software.

Rollover Cable

Uses 8 pin but is different from a straight-through cable or crossover cable. Pin 1 on the one end connector pin 7, pin 3 to pin 6 and so on.

Fiber-optic Mode Types

Single Mode

Also called axial because light travels down the axis of the cable. Faster than multimode (up to 10 Gbps) because of the dispersion in multimode. Typically used for WANS. Smaller in diameter than multimode (less dispersion). Used ILD most often but also LED.

Multimode

Light enters the glass pipe at different angles and travels nanoxially, which means it because back and forth off the walls of the glass tube. Larger than single mode, used most often in LANS. Susceptible to greater dispersion.

Single mode and multi mode

Single : Light to travel in a straight line.

Multimode : Light to travel multiple paths.

Patch cord Fiber

Senibina Pembangunan Aplikasi Rangkaian

Model Rangkaian

Model Rujukan OSI Model Rujukan TCP/IP Model Aplikasi Berasas Rangkaian (Networkbased)

Model Rangkaian

Model Rujukan OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)

Dicipta untuk menyokong konsep rangkaian terbuka Terdiri daripada 7 lapisanSetiap lapisan adalah berbeza (individual) Lapisan terasing antara satu sama lain, sebarang perubahan pada mana-mana lapisan tidak memberi kesan kepada lapisan lain Lapisan bawah menawarkan perkhidmatan utk lapisan atas

Model Rangkaian

Model Rujukan OSI

Model Rujukan OSI

Lapisan 1 Lapisan Fizikal

FungsiMemulakan dan menamatkan komunikasi Menukarkan signal komunikasi yang diterima/dihantar supaya sesuai dengan peranti yang digunakan Mengawal proses komunikasi yang melibatkan penggunaan sumber-sumber yang dikongsi dalam rangkaian (cht: flow control)

Model Rujukan OSI

Lapisan 2 Lapisan Sambungan Data

FungsiMenyediakan kemudahan untuk memindahkan data di antara entiti di dalam rangkaian Mengesan dan memperbetulkan sebarang ralat yang mungkin terjadi di dlm lapisan 1

Model Rujukan OSI

Lapisan 3 Lapisan Rangkaian

FungsiMenyediakan kemudahan untuk memindahkan jujukan data yang diperlukan di antara rangkaian disamping mengekalkan kualiti perkhidmatan yang ditawarkan di lapisan 4 Melakukan tugas network routing, flow control, segmentation/desegmentation dan mengawal ralat.

Model Rujukan OSI

Lapisan 4 Lapisan Pengangkutan

Fungsi

Menyediakan kemudahan memindahkan data di antara pengguna-pengguna akhir

Lapisan 5 Lapisan Sesi

FungsiMenyediakan mekanisma menguruskan proses-proses aplikasi pengguna Perkhidmatan seperti operasi duplex/half duplex, memulakan chekpointing, menangguh/menamat atau memulakan kembali tatacara/operasi

Model Rujukan OSI

Lapisan 6 Lapisan Persembahan

Fungsi

Menitikberatkan perbezaan sintetik data yang akan dihantar ke sistem pengguna akhir

Lapisan 7 Lapisan Aplikasi

Fungsi

Lapisan antaramuka yang paling atas yang melaksanakan segala perkhidmatan aplikasi untuk proses-proses aplikasi

Model Rangkaian

Model Rujukan TCP/IP (Transfer Connection Protocol/Internet Protocol)

Model yang digunakan di dalam senibina Internet berasaskan protokol Bermula di ARPANET Tujuan :Membolehkan pelbagai rangkaian disambung Membenarkan komunikasi berterusan selagi sumber dan destinasi berfungsi Untuk digunakan di senibina rangkaian yang fleksibel

Model Rujukan TCP/IP

Application Layer

FTP, TFTP, NFS, SMTP, HTTP, DHCP, RIP, POP3, IMAP4, Telnet

TCP, UDP, ICMP, IGMP Transport Layer

IP, ARP Network Layer SLIP, CSLIP, PPP, Ethernet Host-to-Network Layer


Lapisan Host-To-Network

Sebagai antaramuka di antara protokol TCP/IP dgn rangkaian fizikal Setiap host yang ingin membuat sambungan ke rangkaian mesti menggunakan protokol yang sama supaya bingkisan (packet) dapat di hantar melalui rangkaian


Lapisan Rangkaian (Network)

Bertanggungjawab menghantar bingkisan ke dalam sebarang rangkaian secara berasingan menuju ke destinasinya Menggunakan protokol IP (Internet Protocol) yang berfungsi untuk menjadualkan perjalanan setiap bingkisan (packet routing)


Lapisan Pengangkutan (Transport)Sebagai antaramuka di antara aplikasi dgn perkakasan rangkaian yang agak kompleks Membenarkan komunikasi di antara dua mesin 2 mod operasi iaitu full-duplex dan half-duplex Full-duplex membenarkan komunikasi 2 hala secara serentak berlaku. Manakala half-duplex membenarkan hanya 1 pihak yg dapat menghantar/menerima mesej dalam 1 masa


Lapisan Aplikasi (Application)

Membenarkan penggunaan aplikasi yang menggunakan pelbagai jenis protokol spt:

TELNET FTP SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) DNS (Domain Name System)

Perbezaan Model OSI dan TCP/IP

Perbezaan Model OSI dan TCP/IPPersamaanKedua-duanya ada lapisan Kedua-duanya ada lapisan

PerbezaanTCP/IP menggabungkan

aplikasi walaupun fungsi yang berbezaKedua-duanya ada lapisan Menggunakan teknologi

lapisan persembahan dan sesi dalam lapisan aplikasiTCP/IP menggabungkan

pengangkutan dan rangkaian pensuisan paket (packet switching)Pakar rangkaian perlu

lapisan 6 dan 7 OSI dalam satu lapisan shjTCP/IP lebih mudah kerana

tidak banyak lapisan

TCP/IP adalah protokol piawai

mengetahui kedua-dua model

dalam Internet, maka ianya lebih berkredibiliti drp OSI

Model Aplikasi Berasaskan Rangkaian

Menggunakan senibina:

Pelayan-Pelanggan (Client/Server) Peer-to-Peer

Model Aplikasi Berasaskan Rangkaian

Pelayan-Pelanggan (Client-Server)

Model Pelayan-Pelanggan

Kelebihan:

Sumber boleh diakses oleh ramai pelanggan Pelanggan adalah meluas tanpa mengikut faktor geografi Pelanggan akan memperolehi maklumat yang terkini Teknologi pelayan boleh diubah suai tanpa menjejaskan pelanggan Penyelenggaraan pelayan lebih mudah Cth model pelayan-pelanggan: WWW

Model Peer-To-Peer (P2P)Sesuai digunakan untuk pengkomputeran teragih (distributed computing) Pendekatan berasaskan komuniti, kos minima Aplikasi utama:

Perkongsian fail Berkongsi muzik (e.g Napster, Kazaa)

Model Peer-To-Peer (P2P)

Kelebihan:Boleh berkembang pesat dengan sendiri walaupun tiada asas Pelanggan adalah meluas tanpa mengikut faktor geografi

Kekurangan:Fail yang mungkin tidak konsisten kesukaran mencari maklumat yang betul-betul dipercayai dan tepat Mungkin bermasalah untuk menyelenggara / menguruskan rangkaian

Bingkisan (Packets)

Apa itu bingkisan?

Satu unit data yang dihantar di dalam rangkaian Internet atau sebarang rangkaian packet-switched Sebarang fail yang dihantar melalui Internet, akan dipecahkan kepada beberapa bingkisan oleh TCP/IP Bingkisan2 ini akan dinomborkan dan dihantar berasingan kepada destinasinya. Memerlukan router untuk berfungsi

Bingkisan (Packets)

Apa ada dalam bingkisan?

Header(Kepala)

Alamat IP Penghantar Alamat IP Penerima Protokol No Bingkisan

96 Bit

Payload(Badan)Data Data menandakan akhir bingkisan Pembetulan Ralat

896 Bit 32 Bit

Trailer(Ekor)

DNS (Domain Name System)

Sistem yang akan mencari alamat IP komputer yang dikehendaki (dlm bentuk nombor) atau sebaliknya Cth: URL www.yahoo.comIP address: 204.71.177.71

Alamat IP digunakan untuk menghantar bingkisan ke destinasinya Nama-nama domain di simpan di pelayan nama domain (DNS Server)

DNS (Domain Name System)

Satu set pelayan DNS akan berfungsi untuk menukarkan nama IP kepada nombor IP untuk memudahkan bingkisan dihantar ke destinasinya Jika satu pelayan gagal berfungsi dengan baik, maka pelayan lain akan mengambil alih hingga nombor IP yang dikehendaki dijumpai Sekiranya nombor IP tidak dijumpai, maka ralat akan dikembalikan kepada pelayar web (browser)

Time to cut

2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

basic network, hardware & software

Documents

network card

actual network

types of coaxial cabling

network connection point

network interface cards

komponen rangkaian hub

mtrs coaxial cabling

twisted pair stp