basic networks
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Basic NetworksTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 1: What is a Network?
o Introduction
o Local Area Network
o Metropolitan Area Network
o Wide Area Network
o Advantages of a School Network
o Disadvantages of a School Network
Chapter 2: Protocol
o Introduction o Ethernet
o Fast Ethernet
o Gigait Ethernet
o Local!alk
o !oken "ing
o FDDI
o A!M
o Su##ar$
Chapter 3: Hardware
o Introduction
o File Server
o Workstations
o Network Interface %ards
o %oncentrators&hus
o "epeaters
o 'ridges
o "outers
Chapter 4: Cabling
o Introduction
o (nsheilded !wisted )air *(!S+ %ale
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o Sheilded !wisted )air *S!)+ %ale
o %oa,ial %ale
o Fier -ptic %ale
o Ethernet %ale Su##ar$
o Wireless LANs
o %ale Installation Guidelines
Chapter 5: Topolog
o Introduction
o Linear 'us
o Star
o Star.Wired "ing
o !ree
o %hoosing a !opolog$
o Su##ar$ %hart
Chapter !: "o#tware
o Introduction
o )eer.to.)eer
o %lient&Server
o E,a#ples
$lossar%wards
What is a Network?
A network consists of two or #ore co#puters that are linked in order to share resources*such as printers and %D."-Ms+/ e,change files/ or allow electronic co##unications0
!he co#puters on a network #a$ e linked through cales/ telephone lines/ radio waves/
satellites/ or infrared light ea#s0
!he three asic t$pes of networks include1
• Local Area Network *LAN+
• Wide Area Network *WAN+
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Local Area Network
A Local Area Network *LAN+ is a network that is confined to a relativel$ s#all area0 It isgenerall$ li#ited to a geographic area such as a writing la/ school/ or uilding0 "arel$
are LAN co#puters #ore than a #ile apart0
In a t$pical LAN configuration/ one co#puter is designated as the file server0 It stores allof the software that controls the network/ as well as the software that can e shared $ the
co#puters attached to the network0 %o#puters connected to the file server are called
workstations0 !he workstations can e less powerful than the file server/ and the$ #a$have additional software on their hard drives0 -n #ost LANs/ cales are used to connect
the network interface cards in each co#puter0 See the !opolog$/ %aling/ and 2ardware
sections of this tutorial for #ore infor#ation on the configuration of a LAN0
Wide Area Network
Wide Area Networks *WANs+ connect larger geographic areas/ such as Florida/ the
(nited States/ or the world0 Dedicated transoceanic caling or satellite uplinks #a$ e
used to connect this t$pe of network0(sing a WAN/ schools in Florida can co##unicate with places like !ok$o in a #atter of
#inutes/ without pa$ing enor#ous phone ills0 A WAN is co#plicated0 It uses
#ultiple,ers to connect local and #etropolitan networks to gloal co##unicationsnetworks like the Internet0 !o users/ however/ a WAN will not appear to e #uch
different than a LAN or a MAN0
Advantages of Installing a School Network
• "peed0 Networks provide a ver$ rapid #ethod for sharing and transferring files0
Without a network/ files are shared $ cop$ing the# to flopp$ disks/ then carr$ing
or sending the disks fro# one co#puter to another0 !his #ethod of transferringfiles *referred to as sneaker.net+ is ver$ ti#e.consu#ing0
• Cost0 Networkale versions of #an$ popular software progra#s are availale at
considerale savings when co#pared to u$ing individuall$ licensed copies0
'esides #onetar$ savings/ sharing a progra# on a network allows for easier
upgrading of the progra#0 !he changes have to e done onl$ once/ on the fileserver/ instead of on all the individual workstations0
• "ec&rit0 Files and progra#s on a network can e designated as 3cop$ inhiit/3 so
that $ou do not have to worr$ aout illegal cop$ing of progra#s0 Also/ passwordscan e estalished for specific directories to restrict access to authori4ed users0
• Centrali'ed "o#tware (anage)ent0 -ne of the greatest enefits of installing anetwork at a school is the fact that all of the software can e loaded on one
co#puter *the file server+0 !his eli#inates that need to spend ti#e and energ$installing updates and tracking files on independent co#puters throughout the
uilding0
• *eso&rce "haring0 Sharing resources is another area in which a network e,ceeds
stand.alone co#puters0 Most schools cannot afford enough laser printers/ fa,
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#achines/ #ode#s/ scanners/ and %D."-M pla$ers for each co#puter0 2owever/
if these or si#ilar peripherals are added to a network/ the$ can e shared $ #an$
users0
• +lectronic (ail0 !he presence of a network provides the hardware necessar$ to
install an e.#ail s$ste#0 E.#ail aids in personal and professional co##unication
for all school personnel/ and it facilitates the disse#ination of general infor#ationto the entire school staff0 Electronic #ail on a LAN can enale students to
co##unicate with teachers and peers at their own school0 If the LAN is
connected to the Internet/ students can co##unicate with others throughout theworld0
• ,le-ible %ccess0 School networks allow students to access their files fro#
co#puters throughout the school0 Students can egin an assign#ent in theirclassroo#/ save part of it on a pulic access area of the network/ then go to the
#edia center after school to finish their work0 Students can also work
cooperativel$ through the network0
• Workgro&p Co)p&ting0 Workgroup software *such as Microsoft 'ack-ffice+allows #an$ users to work on a docu#ent or pro5ect concurrentl$0 For e,a#ple/
educators located at various schools within a count$ could si#ultaneousl$
contriute their ideas aout new curriculu# standards to the sa#e docu#ent andspreadsheets0
Disadvantages of Installing a School Network
• +-pensi.e to /nstall0 Although a network will generall$ save #one$ over ti#e/
the initial costs of installation can e prohiitive0 %ales/ network cards/ andsoftware are e,pensive/ and the installation #a$ re6uire the services of a
technician0• *e0&ires %d)inistrati.e Ti)e0 )roper #aintenance of a network re6uires
considerale ti#e and e,pertise0 Man$ schools have installed a network/ onl$ to
find that the$ did not udget for the necessar$ ad#inistrative support0
• ,ile "er.er (a ,ail0 Although a file server is no #ore susceptile to failure than
an$ other co#puter/ when the files server 3goes down/3 the entire network #a$co#e to a halt0 When this happens/ the entire school #a$ lose access to necessar$
progra#s and files0
• Cables (a reak 0 !he !opolog$ chapter presents infor#ation aout the various
configurations of cales0 So#e of the configurations are designed to #ini#i4e the
inconvenience of a roken cale7 with other configurations/ one roken cale canstop the entire network0
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What is a Protocol?
A protocol is a set of rules that governs the co##unications etween co#puters on a
network0 !hese rules include guidelines that regulate the following characteristics of a
network1 access #ethod/ allowed ph$sical topologies/ t$pes of caling/ and speed of datatransfer0
See the !opolog$ and %aling sections of this tutorial for #ore infor#ation0
!he #ost co##on protocols are1
• Ethernet
• Local!alk
• !oken "ing
• FDDI
• A!M
Ethernet
!he Ethernet protocol is $ far the #ost widel$ used0 Ethernet uses an access #ethod
called %SMA&%D *%arrier Sense Multiple Access&%ollision Detection+0 !his is a s$ste#where each co#puter listens to the cale efore sending an$thing through the network0 If
the network is clear/ the co#puter will trans#it0 If so#e other node is alread$
trans#itting on the cale/ the co#puter will wait and tr$ again when the line is clear0
So#eti#es/ two co#puters atte#pt to trans#it at the sa#e instant0 When this happens acollision occurs0 Each co#puter then acks off and waits a rando# a#ount of ti#e efore
atte#pting to retrans#it0 With this access #ethod/ it is nor#al to have collisions02owever/ the dela$ caused $ collisions and retrans#itting is ver$ s#all and does not
nor#all$ effect the speed of trans#ission on the network0
!he Ethernet protocol allows for linear us/ star/ or tree topologies0 Data can etrans#itted over wireless access points/ twisted pair/ coa,ial/ or fier optic cale at a
speed of 89 Mps up to 8999 Mps0
,ast +thernet
!o allow for an increased speed of trans#ission/ the Ethernet protocol has developed a
new standard that supports 899 Mps0 !his is co##onl$ called Fast Ethernet0 FastEthernet re6uires the use of different/ #ore e,pensive network concentrators&hus and
network interface cards0 In addition/ categor$ : twisted pair or fier optic cale isnecessar$0 Fast Ethernet is eco#ing co##on in schools that have een recentl$ wired0
$igabit +thernet
!he #ost recent develop#ent in the Ethernet standard is a protocol that has a
trans#ission speed of 8 Gps0 Gigait Ethernet is pri#aril$ used for ackones on a
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network at this ti#e0 In the future/ it will proal$ e used for workstation and server
connections also0 It can e used with oth fier optic caling and copper0 !he
8999'ase!;/ the copper cale used for Gigait Ethernet/ is e,pected to eco#e thefor#al standard in 8<<<0
LocalTalk Local!alk is a network protocol that was developed $ Apple %o#puter/ Inc0 for
Macintosh co#puters0 !he #ethod used $ Local!alk is called %SMA&%A *%arrier SenseMultiple Access with %ollision Avoidance+0 It is si#ilar to %SMA&%D e,cept that a
co#puter signals its intent to trans#it efore it actuall$ does so0 Local!alk adapters and
special twisted pair cale can e used to connect a series of co#puters through the serial port0 !he Macintosh operating s$ste# allows the estalish#ent of a peer.to.peer network
without the need for additional software0 With the addition of the server version of
AppleShare software/ a client&server network can e estalished0
!he Local!alk protocol allows for linear us/ star/ or tree topologies using twisted pair
cale0 A pri#ar$ disadvantage of Local!alk is speed0 Its speed of trans#ission is onl$
=>9 ?ps0
Token Ring
!he !oken "ing protocol was developed $ I'M in the #id.8<@9s0 !he access #ethod
used involves token.passing0 In !oken "ing/ the co#puters are connected so that the
signal travels around the network fro# one co#puter to another in a logical ring0 A singleelectronic token #oves around the ring fro# one co#puter to the ne,t0 If a co#puter does
not have infor#ation to trans#it/ it si#pl$ passes the token on to the ne,t workstation0 If
a co#puter wishes to trans#it and receives an e#pt$ token/ it attaches data to the token0!he token then proceeds around the ring until it co#es to the co#puter for which the data
is #eant0 At this point/ the data is captured $ the receiving co#puter0 !he !oken "ing protocol re6uires a star.wired ring using twisted pair or fier optic cale0 It can operate at
trans#ission speeds of Mps or 8B Mps0 Due to the increasing popularit$ of Ethernet/the use of !oken "ing in school environ#ents has decreased0
FDDI
Fier Distriuted Data Interface *FDDI+ is a network protocol that is used pri#aril$ to
interconnect two or #ore local area networks/ often over large distances0 !he access#ethod used $ FDDI involves token.passing0 FDDI uses a dual ring ph$sical topolog$0
!rans#ission nor#all$ occurs on one of the rings7 however/ if a reak occurs/ the s$ste#
keeps infor#ation #oving $ auto#aticall$ using portions of the second ring to create a
new co#plete ring0 A #a5or advantage of FDDI is speed0 It operates over fier opticcale at 899 Mps0
AT
As$nchronous !ransfer Mode *A!M+ is a network protocol that trans#its data at a speedof 8:: Mps and higher0 A!M works $ trans#itting all data in s#all packets of a fi,ed
si4e7 whereas/ other protocols transfer variale length packets0 A!M supports a variet$ of
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#edia such as video/ %D.6ualit$ audio/ and i#aging0 A!M e#plo$s a star topolog$/
which can work with fier optic as well as twisted pair cale0
A!M is #ost often used to interconnect two or #ore local area networks0 It is also
fre6uentl$ used $ Internet Service )roviders to utili4e high.speed access to the Internet
for their clients0 As A!M technolog$ eco#es #ore cost.effective/ it will provide another
solution for constructing faster local area networks0
Protocol "&))ar
Protocol Cable "peed Topolog
+thernet !wisted )air/ %oa,ial/ Fier 89 Mps Linear 'us/ Star/ !ree
,ast +thernet !wisted )air/ Fier 899 Mps Star
ocalTalk !wisted )air 0=> Mps Linear 'us or Star
Token *ing !wisted )air Mps . 8B Mps Star.Wired "ing
,/ Fier 899 Mps Dual ring
%T( !wisted )air/ Fier 8::.=@@ Mps Linear 'us/ Star/ !ree
What is Networking !ardware?
Networking hardware includes all co#puters/ peripherals/ interface cards and othere6uip#ent needed to perfor# data.processing and co##unications within the network0
%LI%? on the ter#s elow to learn #ore aout those pieces of networking hardware0
!his section provides infor#ation on the following co#ponents1
• File Servers
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• Workstations
• Network Interface %ards
• Switches
• "epeaters
• 'ridges
• "outers
File Servers
A file server stands at the heart of #ost networks0 It is a ver$ fast co#puter with a large
a#ount of "AM and storage space/ along with a fast network interface card0 !he network
operating s$ste# software resides on this co#puter/ along with an$ software applicationsand data files that need to e shared0
!he file server controls the co##unication of infor#ation etween the nodes on a
network0 For e,a#ple/ it #a$ e asked to send a word processor progra# to oneworkstation/ receive a dataase file fro# another workstation/ and store an e.#ail
#essage during the sa#e ti#e period0 !his re6uires a co#puter that can store a lot of
infor#ation and share it ver$ 6uickl$0 File servers should have at least the followingcharacteristics1
• @99 #egahert4 or faster #icroprocessor *)entiu# > or / G or G:+
• A fast hard drive with at least 8=9 giga$tes of storage
• A "AID *"edundant Arra$ of Ine,pensive Disks+ to preserve data after a disk
casualt$
•A tape ack.up unit *i0e0 DA!/ CA/ ip/ or %D."W drive+
• Nu#erous e,pansion slots
• Fast network interface card
• At least of :8= M' of "AM
Workstations
All of the user co#puters connected to a network are called workstations0 A t$pical
workstation is a co#puter that is configured with a network interface card/ networking
software/ and the appropriate cales0 Workstations do not necessaril$ need flopp$ disk
drives ecause files can e saved on the file server0 Al#ost an$ co#puter can serve as anetwork workstation0
Network Interface "ards
!he network interface card *NI%+ provides the ph$sical connection etween the networkand the co#puter workstation0 Most NI%s are internal/ with the card fitting into an
e,pansion slot inside the co#puter0 So#e co#puters/ such as Mac %lassics/ use e,ternal
o,es which are attached to a serial port or a S%SI port0 Laptop co#puters can now e
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purchased with a network interface card uilt.in or with network cards that slip into a
)%M%IA slot0
Network interface cards are a #a5or factor in deter#ining the speed and perfor#ance of a
network0 It is a good idea to use the fastest network card availale for the t$pe of
workstation $ou are using0
!he three #ost co##on network interface connections are Ethernet cards/ Local!alk
connectors/ and !oken "ing cards0 According to a International Data %orporation stud$/
Ethernet is the #ost popular/ followed $ !oken "ing and Local!alk *SantAngelo/ "0*8<<:+0 NetWare Unleashed / Indianapolis/ IN1 Sa#s )ulishing+0
+thernet Cards
Ethernet cards are usuall$ purchased separatel$ fro# a co#puter/ although #an$
co#puters *such as the Macintosh+ now include an option for a pre.installed Ethernetcard0 Ethernet cards contain connections for either coa,ial or twisted pair cales *or oth+
*See fig0 8+0 If it is designed for coa,ial cale/ the connection will e 'N%0 If it is
designed for twisted pair/ it will have a "C.: connection0 So#e Ethernet cards also
contain an A(I connector0 !his can e used to attach coa,ial/ twisted pair/ or fier opticscale to an Ethernet card0 When this #ethod is used there is alwa$s an e,ternal
transceiver attached to the workstation0 *See the %aling section for #ore infor#ation on
connectors0+
Fig0 80 Ethernet card0
Fro# top to otto#1"C.:/ A(I/ and 'N% connectors
ocalTalk Connectors
Local!alk is Apples uilt.in solution for networking Macintosh co#puters0 It utili4es aspecial adapter o, and a cale that plugs into the printer port of a Macintosh *See fig0 =+0
A #a5or disadvantage of Local!alk is that it is slow in co#parison to Ethernet0 Most
Ethernet connections operate at 89 Mps *Megaits per second+0 In contrast/ Local!alkoperates at onl$ =>9 ?ps *or 0=> Mps+0
Fig0=0 Local!alk connectors
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+thernet Cards .s ocalTalk Connections
+thernet ocalTalk
Fast data transfer *89 to
899 Mps+
Slow data transfer *0=>
Mps+
E,pensive . purchasedseparatel$ 'uilt into Macintoshco#puters
"e6uires co#puter slot No co#puter slot
necessar$
Availale for #ost
co#puters
Works onl$ on Macintosh
co#puters
Token *ing Cards
!oken "ing network cards look si#ilar to Ethernet cards0 -ne visile difference is thet$pe of connector on the ack end of the card0 !oken "ing cards generall$ have a nine pin
DIN t$pe connector to attach the card to the network cale0
Switch
A concentrator is a device that provides a central connection point for cales fro#workstations/ servers/ and peripherals0 In a star topolog$/ twisted.pair wire is run fro#
each workstation to a central switch&hu0 Most switches are active/ that is the$
electricall$ a#plif$ the signal as it #oves fro# one device to another0 Switches no longer roadcast network packets as hus did in the past/ the$ #e#ori4e addressing of
co#puters and send the infor#ation to the correct location directl$0 Switches are1
• (suall$ configured with @/ 8=/ or = "C.: ports
• -ften used in a star or star.wired ring topolog$
• Sold with speciali4ed software for port #anage#ent
• Also called hus
• (suall$ installed in a standardi4ed #etal rack that also #a$ store net#ode#s/
ridges/ or routers
Re#eaters
Since a signal loses strength as it passes along a cale/ it is often necessar$ to oost the
signal with a device called a repeater0 !he repeater electricall$ a#plifies the signal itreceives and reroadcasts it0 "epeaters can e separate devices or the$ can e
incorporated into a concentrator0 !he$ are used when the total length of $our networkcale e,ceeds the standards set for the t$pe of cale eing used0
A good e,a#ple of the use of repeaters would e in a local area network using a star
topolog$ with unshielded twisted.pair caling0 !he length li#it for unshielded twisted.
pair cale is 899 #eters0 !he #ost co##on configuration is for each workstation to econnected $ twisted.pair cale to a #ulti.port active concentrator0 !he concentrator
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a#plifies all the signals that pass through it allowing for the total length of cale on the
network to e,ceed the 899 #eter li#it0
$ridges
A ridge is a device that allows $ou to seg#ent a large network into two s#aller/ #ore
efficient networks0 If $ou are adding to an older wiring sche#e and want the newnetwork to e up.to.date/ a ridge can connect the two0
A ridge #onitors the infor#ation traffic on oth sides of the network so that it can pass
packets of infor#ation to the correct location0 Most ridges can 3listen3 to the network
and auto#aticall$ figure out the address of each co#puter on oth sides of the ridge0
!he ridge can inspect each #essage and/ if necessar$/ roadcast it on the other side ofthe network0
!he ridge #anages the traffic to #aintain opti#u# perfor#ance on oth sides of thenetwork0 ou #ight sa$ that the ridge is like a traffic cop at a us$ intersection during
rush hour0 It keeps infor#ation flowing on oth sides of the network/ ut it does not allow
unnecessar$ traffic through0 'ridges can e used to connect different t$pes of caling/ or ph$sical topologies0 !he$ #ust/ however/ e used etween networks with the sa#e protocol0
Ro%ters
A router translates infor#ation fro# one network to another7 it is si#ilar to a
superintelligent ridge0 "outers select the est path to route a #essage/ ased on the
destination address and origin0 !he router can direct traffic to prevent head.on collisions/and is s#art enough to know when to direct traffic along ack roads and shortcuts0
While ridges know the addresses of all co#puters on each side of the network/ routersknow the addresses of co#puters/ ridges/ and other routers on the network0 "outers caneven 3listen3 to the entire network to deter#ine which sections are usiest .. the$ can
then redirect data around those sections until the$ clear up0
If $ou have a school LAN that $ou want to connect to the Internet/ $ou will need to purchase a router0 In this case/ the router serves as the translator etween the infor#ation
on $our LAN and the Internet0 It also deter#ines the est route to send the data over the
Internet0 "outers can1
• Direct signal traffic efficientl$
• "oute #essages etween an$ two protocols
• "oute #essages etween linear us/ star / and star.wired ring topologies
• "oute #essages across fier optic/ coa,ial/ and twisted.pair caling
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What is Network "a&ling?
%ale is the #ediu# through which infor#ation usuall$ #oves fro# one network deviceto another0 !here are several t$pes of cale which are co##onl$ used with LANs0 In
so#e cases/ a network will utili4e onl$ one t$pe of cale/ other networks will use avariet$ of cale t$pes0 !he t$pe of cale chosen for a network is related to the networks
topolog$/ protocol/ and si4e0 (nderstanding the characteristics of different t$pes of caleand how the$ relate to other aspects of a network is necessar$ for the develop#ent of a
successful network0
!he following sections discuss the t$pes of cales used in networks and other relatedtopics0
• (nshielded !wisted )air *(!)+ %ale
• Shielded !wisted )air *S!)+ %ale
•%oa,ial %ale
• Fier -ptic %ale
• Wireless LANs
• %ale Installation Guides
'nshielded Twisted Pair ('TP) "a&le
!wisted pair caling co#es in two varieties1 shielded and unshielded0 (nshielded twisted
pair *(!)+ is the #ost popular and is generall$ the est option for school networks *Seefig0 8+0
Fig080 (nshielded twisted pair
!he 6ualit$ of (!) #a$ var$ fro# telephone.grade wire to e,tre#el$ high.speed cale0
!he cale has four pairs of wires inside the 5acket0 Each pair is twisted with a different
nu#er of twists per inch to help eli#inate interference fro# ad5acent pairs and otherelectrical devices0 !he tighter the twisting/ the higher the supported trans#ission rate and
the greater the cost per foot0 !he EIA&!IA *Electronic Industr$
Association&!eleco##unication Industr$ Association+ has estalished standards of (!)and rated five categories of wire0
Categories o# nshielded Twisted Pair
Tpe se
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%ategor$ 8 oice -nl$ *!elephone Wire+
%ategor$ = Data to Mps *Local!alk+
%ategor$ > Data to 89 Mps *Ethernet+
%ategor$ Data to =9 Mps *8B Mps !oken "ing+
%ategor$ : Data to 899 Mps *Fast Ethernet+
'u$ the est cale $ou can afford7 #ost schools purchase %ategor$ > or %ategor$ :0 If$ou are designing a 89 Mps Ethernet network and are considering the cost savings of
u$ing %ategor$ > wire instead of %ategor$ :/ re#e#er that the %ategor$ : cale will
provide #ore 3roo# to grow3 as trans#ission technologies increase0 'oth %ategor$ > and%ategor$ : (!) have a #a,i#u# seg#ent length of 899 #eters0 In Florida/ %ategor$ :
cale is re6uired for retrofit grants0 89'ase! refers to the specifications for unshielded
twisted pair cale *%ategor$ >/ / or :+ carr$ing Ethernet signals0 %ategor$ B is relativel$new and is used for gigait connections0
nshielded Twisted Pair Connector!he standard connector for unshielded twisted pair caling is an "C.: connector0 !his is
a plastic connector that looks like a large telephone.st$le connector *See fig0 =+0 A slotallows the "C.: to e inserted onl$ one wa$0 "C stands for "egistered Cack/ i#pl$ing
that the connector follows a standard orrowed fro# the telephone industr$0 !his standard
designates which wire goes with each pin inside the connector0
Fig0 =0 "C.: connector
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) "a&le
A disadvantage of (!) is that it #a$ e susceptile to radio and electrical fre6uenc$interference0 Shielded twisted pair *S!)+ is suitale for environ#ents with electrical
interference7 however/ the e,tra shielding can #ake the cales 6uite ulk$0 Shielded
twisted pair is often used on networks using !oken "ing topolog$0
"oa*ial "a&le
%oa,ial caling has a single copper conductor at its center0 A plastic la$er provides
insulation etween the center conductor and a raided #etal shield *See fig0 >+0 !he #etal
shield helps to lock an$ outside interference fro# fluorescent lights/ #otors/ and otherco#puters0
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Fig0 >0 %oa,ial cale
Although coa,ial caling is difficult to install/ it is highl$ resistant to signal interference0In addition/ it can support greater cale lengths etween network devices than twisted
pair cale0 !he two t$pes of coa,ial caling are thick coa,ial and thin coa,ial0
!hin coa,ial cale is also referred to as thinnet0 89'ase= refers to the specifications forthin coa,ial cale carr$ing Ethernet signals0 !he = refers to the appro,i#ate #a,i#u#
seg#ent length eing =99 #eters0 In actual fact the #a,i#u# seg#ent length is 8@:
#eters0 !hin coa,ial cale is popular in school networks/ especiall$ linear us networks0
!hick coa,ial cale is also referred to as thicknet0 89'ase: refers to the specifications for
thick coa,ial cale carr$ing Ethernet signals0 !he : refers to the #a,i#u# seg#ent
length eing :99 #eters0 !hick coa,ial cale has an e,tra protective plastic cover thathelps keep #oisture awa$ fro# the center conductor0 !his #akes thick coa,ial a great
choice when running longer lengths in a linear us network0 -ne disadvantage of thickcoa,ial is that it does not end easil$ and is difficult to install0
Coa-ial Cable Connectors
!he #ost co##on t$pe of connector used with coa,ial cales is the 'a$one.Neill.
%oncel#an *'N%+ connector *See fig0 +0 Different t$pes of adapters are availale for
'N% connectors/ including a !.connector/ arrel connector/ and ter#inator0 %onnectorson the cale are the weakest points in an$ network0 !o help avoid prole#s with $our
network/ alwa$s use the 'N% connectors that cri#p/ rather than screw/ onto the cale0
Fig0 0 'N% connector
Fi&er +#tic "a&le
Fier optic caling consists of a center glass core surrounded $ several la$ers of
protective #aterials *See fig0 :+0 It trans#its light rather than electronic signals
eli#inating the prole# of electrical interference0 !his #akes it ideal for certainenviron#ents that contain a large a#ount of electrical interference0 It has also #ade it the
standard for connecting networks etween uildings/ due to its i##unit$ to the effects of#oisture and lighting0
Fier optic cale has the ailit$ to trans#it signals over #uch longer distances than
coa,ial and twisted pair0 It also has the capailit$ to carr$ infor#ation at vastl$ greater
speeds0 !his capacit$ roadens co##unication possiilities to include services such asvideo conferencing and interactive services0 !he cost of fier optic caling is co#parale
to copper caling7 however/ it is #ore difficult to install and #odif$0 89'aseF refers to
the specifications for fier optic cale carr$ing Ethernet signals0
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Fig0:0 Fier optic cale
Facts aout fier optic cales1
• -uter insulating 5acket is #ade of !eflon or )%0
• ?evlar fier helps to strengthen the cale and prevent reakage0
• A plastic coating is used to cushion the fier center0
• %enter *core+ is #ade of glass or plastic fiers0
,iber 6ptic Connector
!he #ost co##on connector used with fier optic cale is an S! connector0 It is arrelshaped/ si#ilar to a 'N% connector0 A newer connector/ the S%/ is eco#ing #ore
popular0 It has a s6uared face and is easier to connect in a confined space0
+thernet Cable "&))ar
"peci#ication Cable Tpe (a-i)&) length
17aseT (nshielded !wisted )air 899 #eters
17ase2 !hin %oa,ial 8@: #eters
17ase5 !hick %oa,ial :99 #eters
17ase, Fier -ptic =999 #eters
177aseT (nshielded !wisted )air 899 #eters
177aseT8 (nshielded !wisted )air ==9 #eters
Wireless LANs
Not all networks are connected with caling7 so#e networks are wireless0 Wireless LANs
use high fre6uenc$ radio signals/ infrared light ea#s/ or lasers to co##unicate etweenthe workstations and the file server or hus0 Each workstation and file server on a
wireless network has so#e sort of transceiver&antenna to send and receive the data0Infor#ation is rela$ed etween transceivers as if the$ were ph$sicall$ connected0 For
longer distance/ wireless co##unications can also take place through cellular telephone
technolog$/ #icrowave trans#ission/ or $ satellite0
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Wireless networks are great for allowing laptop co#puters or re#ote co#puters to
connect to the LAN0 Wireless networks are also eneficial in older uildings where it
#a$ e difficult or i#possile to install cales0
!he two #ost co##on t$pes of infrared co##unications used in schools are line.of.sight
and scattered roadcast0 Line.of.sight co##unication #eans that there #ust e an
unlocked direct line etween the workstation and the transceiver0 If a person walkswithin the line.of.sight while there is a trans#ission/ the infor#ation would need to e
sent again0 !his kind of ostruction can slow down the wireless network0
Scattered infrared co##unication is a roadcast of infrared trans#issions sent out in
#ultiple directions that ounces off walls and ceilings until it eventuall$ hits the receiver0
Networking co##unications with laser are virtuall$ the sa#e as line.of.sight infrared
networks0
Wireless LANs have several disadvantages0 !he$ provide poor securit$/ and are
susceptile to interference fro# lights and electronic devices0 !he$ are also slower thanLANs using caling0
Installing "a&le , So-e .%idelines
When running cale/ it is est to follow a few si#ple rules1
• Alwa$s use #ore cale than $ou need0 Leave plent$ of slack0
• !est ever$ part of a network as $ou install it0 Even if it is rand new/ it #a$ have
prole#s that will e difficult to isolate later0
• Sta$ at least > feet awa$ fro# fluorescent light o,es and other sources of
electrical interference0
• If it is necessar$ to run cale across the floor/ cover the cale with cale
protectors0
• Lael oth ends of each cale0
• (se cale ties *not tape+ to keep cales in the sa#e location together0
What is a To#olog/?
!he ph$sical topolog$ of a network refers to the configuration of cales/ co#puters/ and
other peripherals0 )h$sical topolog$ should not e confused with logical topolog$ whichis the #ethod used to pass infor#ation etween workstations0 Logical topolog$ was
discussed in the )rotocol chapter 0
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ain T/#es of Ph/sical To#ologies
!he following sections discuss the ph$sical topologies used in networks and other relatedtopics0
• Linear 'us
• Star
• Star.Wired "ing
• !ree
• %onsiderations When %hoosing a !opolog$
• Su##ar$ %hart
Linear $%s
A linear us topolog$ consists of a #ain run of cale with a ter#inator at each end *See
fig0 8+0 All nodes *file server/ workstations/ and peripherals+ are connected to the linearcale0 Ethernet and Local!alk networks use a linear us topolog$0
Fig0 80 Linear 'us topolog$
%d.antages o# a inear &s Topolog
• Eas$ to connect a co#puter or peripheral to a linear us0
• "e6uires less cale length than a star topolog$0
isad.antages o# a inear &s Topolog
• Entire network shuts down if there is a reak in the #ain cale0
• !er#inators are re6uired at oth ends of the ackone cale0
• Difficult to identif$ the prole# if the entire network shuts down0
• Not #eant to e used as a stand.alone solution in a large uilding0
Star
A star topolog$ is designed with each node *file server/ workstations/ and peripherals+
connected directl$ to a central network hu or concentrator *See fig0 =+0
Data on a star network passes through the hu or concentrator efore continuing to its
destination0 !he hu or concentrator #anages and controls all functions of the network0 It
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also acts as a repeater for the data flow0 !his configuration is co##on with twisted pair
cale7 however/ it can also e used with coa,ial cale or fier optic cale0
Fig0 =0 Star topolog$
%d.antages o# a "tar Topolog
• Eas$ to install and wire0
• No disruptions to the network then connecting or re#oving devices0
• Eas$ to detect faults and to re#ove parts0
isad.antages o# a "tar Topolog
• "e6uires #ore cale length than a linear topolog$0
• If the hu or concentrator fails/ nodes attached are disaled0
• More e,pensive than linear us topologies ecause of the cost of the
concentrators0
!he protocols used with star configurations are usuall$ Ethernet or Local!alk 0 !oken"ing uses a si#ilar topolog$/ called the star.wired ring0
Star,Wired Ring
A star.wired ring topolog$ #a$ appear *e,ternall$+ to e the sa#e as a star topolog$0
Internall$/ the MA( *#ultistation access unit+ of a star.wired ring contains wiring that
allows infor#ation to pass fro# one device to another in a circle or ring *See fig0 >+0 !he!oken "ing protocol uses a star.wired ring topolog$0
Tree
A tree topolog$ co#ines characteristics of linear us and star topologies0 It consists ofgroups of star.configured workstations connected to a linear us ackone cale *See fig0
+0 !ree topologies allow for the e,pansion of an e,isting network/ and enale schools to
configure a network to #eet their needs0
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Fig0 0 !ree topolog$
%d.antages o# a Tree Topolog
• )oint.to.point wiring for individual seg#ents0
• Supported $ several hardware and software venders0
isad.antages o# a Tree Topolog
• -verall length of each seg#ent is li#ited $ the t$pe of caling used0
• If the ackone line reaks/ the entire seg#ent goes down0
• More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies0
59493 *&le
A consideration in setting up a tree topolog$ using Ethernet protocol is the :..> rule0-ne aspect of the Ethernet protocol re6uires that a signal sent out on the network cale
reach ever$ part of the network within a specified length of ti#e0 Each concentrator or
repeater that a signal goes through adds a s#all a#ount of ti#e0 !his leads to the rule that etween an$ two nodes on the network there can onl$ e a #a,i#u# of : seg#ents/
connected through repeaters&concentrators0 In addition/ onl$ > of the seg#ents #a$ e populated *trunk+ seg#ents if the$ are #ade of coa,ial cale0 A populated seg#ent is onewhich has one or #ore nodes attached to it 0 In Figure / the :..> rule is adhered to0 !he
furthest two nodes on the network have seg#ents and > repeaters&concentrators
etween the#0
!his rule does not appl$ to other network protocols or Ethernet networks where all fier
optic caling or a co#ination of a fier ackone with (!) caling is used0 If there is a
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co#ination of fier optic ackone and (!) caling/ the rule is si#pl$ translated to H.
B.: rule0
"onsiderations When "hoosing a To#olog/0
• (one0 A linear us network #a$ e the least e,pensive wa$ to install a network7
$ou do not have to purchase concentrators0
• ength o# cable needed0 !he linear us network uses shorter lengths of cale0
• ,&t&re growth0 With a star topolog$/ e,panding a network is easil$ done $
adding another concentrator0
• Cable tpe0 !he #ost co##on cale in schools is unshielded twisted pair/ which
is #ost often used with star topologies0
S%--ar/ "hart0
Phsical Topolog Co))on Cable Co))on Protocol
inear &s
!wisted )air %oa,ial
Fier
Ethernet
Local!alk
"tar!wisted )air Fier
EthernetLocal!alk
"tar9Wired *ing !wisted )air !oken "ing
Tree
!wisted )air
%oa,ialFier
Ethernet
What is a Network +#erating S/ste-?
(nlike operating s$ste#s/ such as D-S and Windows/ that are designed for single users
to control one co#puter/ network operating s$ste#s *N-S+ coordinate the activities of
#ultiple co#puters across a network0 !he network operating s$ste# acts as a director tokeep the network running s#oothl$0
!he two #a5or t$pes of network operating s$ste#s are1
• )eer.to.)eer
• %lient&Server
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Peer,to,Peer
)eer.to.peer network operating s$ste#s allow users to share resources and files locatedon their co#puters and to access shared resources found on other co#puters0 2owever/
the$ do not have a file server or a centrali4ed #anage#ent source *See fig0 8+0 In a peer.
to.peer network/ all co#puters are considered e6ual7 the$ all have the sa#e ailities to
use the resources availale on the network0 )eer.to.peer networks are designed pri#aril$for s#all to #ediu# local area networks0 AppleShare and Windows for Workgroups are
e,a#ples of progra#s that can function as peer.to.peer network operating s$ste#s0
Fig0 80 )eer.to.peer network
%d.antages o# a peer9to9peer network:
• Less initial e,pense . No need for a dedicated server0
• Setup . An operating s$ste# *such as Windows ;)+ alread$ in place #a$ onl$
need to e reconfigured for peer.to.peer operations0
isad.antages o# a peer9to9peer network:
• Decentrali4ed . No central repositor$ for files and applications0
• Securit$ . Does not provide the securit$ availale on a client&server network0
"lient1Server
%lient&server network operating s$ste#s allow the network to centrali4e functions and
applications in one or #ore dedicated file servers *See fig0 =+0 !he file servers eco#e the
heart of the s$ste#/ providing access to resources and providing securit$0 Individualworkstations *clients+ have access to the resources availale on the file servers0 !he
network operating s$ste# provides the #echanis# to integrate all the co#ponents of the
network and allow #ultiple users to si#ultaneousl$ share the sa#e resources irrespective
of ph$sical location0 Novell Netware and Windows =999 Server are e,a#ples ofclient&server network operating s$ste#s0
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Fig0 =0 %lient&server network
%d.antages o# a clientser.er network:
• %entrali4ed . "esources and data securit$ are controlled through the server0
• Scalailit$ . An$ or all ele#ents can e replaced individuall$ as needs increase0
• Fle,iilit$ . New technolog$ can e easil$ integrated into s$ste#0
• Interoperailit$ . All co#ponents *client&network&server+ work together0
• Accessiilit$ . Server can e accessed re#otel$ and across #ultiple platfor#s0
isad.antages o# a clientser.er network:
• E,pense . "e6uires initial invest#ent in dedicated server0
• Maintenance . Large networks will re6uire a staff to ensure efficient operation0
• Dependence . When server goes down/ operations will cease across the network0
E*a-#les of network o#erating s/ste-s
!he following list includes so#e of the #ore popular peer.to.peer and client&servernetwork operating s$ste#s0
• AppleShare
• Microsoft Windows Server
• Novell Netware
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17ase2 . Ethernet specification for thin coa,ial cale/ trans#its signals at 89 Mps
*#egaits per second+ with a distance li#it of 8@: #eters per seg#ent0
17ase5 . Ethernet specification for thick coa,ial cale/ trans#its signals at 89 Mps
*#egaits per second+ with a distance li#it of :99 #eters per seg#ent0
17ase, . Ethernet specification for fier optic cale/ trans#its signals at 89 Mps*#egaits per second+ with a distance li#it of =999 #eters per seg#ent0
17aseT . Ethernet specification for unshielded twisted pair cale *categor$ >/ / or :+/
trans#its signals at 89 Mps *#egaits per second+ with a distance li#it of 899 #eters per seg#ent0
177aseT . Ethernet specification for unshielded twisted pair caling that is used to
trans#it data at 899 Mps *#egaits per second+ with a distance li#it of 899 #eters perseg#ent0
1777aseT8 .Ethernet specification for unshielded twisted pair caling that is used totras#it data at 8 Gps *gigaits per second+ with a distance li#itation of ==9 #eters per
seg#ent0
%snchrono&s Trans#er (ode ;%T(< . A network protocol that trans#its data at aspeed of 8:: Mps and higher0 It is #ost often used to interconnect two or #ore local
area networks0
%ppleTalk . Apple %o#puters network protocol originall$ designed to run overLocal!alk networks/ ut can also run on Ethernet and !oken "ing0
%/ Connector *Attach#ent (nit Interface+ . A 8: pin connector found on Ethernet
cards that can e used for attaching coa,ial/ fier optic/ or twisted pair cale0
ackbone . A cale to which #ultiple nodes or workstations are attached0
it . 'inar$ digit in the inar$ nu#ering s$ste#0 Its value can e 9 or 80 In an @.it
character sche#e/ it takes @ its to #ake a $te *character+ of data0
NC Connector *'a$one.Neill.%oncel#an+ . Standard connector used to connect
89'ase= coa,ial cale0
ridge . Devices that connect and pass packets etween two network seg#ents that use
the sa#e co##unications protocol0
Cable . !rans#ission #ediu# of copper wire or optical fier wrapped in a protective
cover0
Client"er.er . A networking s$ste# in which one or #ore file servers *Server+ provideservices7 such as network #anage#ent/ application and centrali4ed data storage for
workstations *%lients+0
C"(%C% . %arrier Sense Multiple Access %ollision Avoidance is a network access#ethod in which each device signals its intent to trans#it efore it actuall$ does so0 !his
prevents other devices fro# sending infor#ation/ thus preventing collisions fro#
occurring etween signals fro# two or #ore devices0 !his is the access #ethod used $Local!alk0
C"(%C . %arrier Sense Multiple Access %ollision Detection is a network access
#ethod in which devices that are read$ to trans#it data first check the channel for a
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carrier0 If no carrier is sensed/ a device can trans#it0 If two devices trans#it at once/ a
collision occurs and each co#puter acks off and waits a rando# a#ount of ti#e efore
atte#pting to retrans#it0 !his is the access #ethod used $ Ethernet0
Coa-ial Cable . %ale consisting of a single copper conductor in the center surrounded
$ a plastic la$er for insulation and a raided #etal outer shield0
Concentrator . A device that provides a central connection point for cales fro#
workstations/ servers/ and peripherals0 Most concentrators contain the ailit$ to a#plif$
the electrical signal the$ receive0
/N . A plug and socket connector consisting of a circular pattern of pins in a #etal
sleeve0 !his t$pe of connector is co##onl$ seen on ke$oards0
&)b Ter)inal . "efers to devices that are designed to co##unicate e,clusivel$ with ahost *#ain fra#e+ co#puter0 It receives all screen la$outs fro# the host co#puter and
sends all ke$oard entr$ to the host0 It cannot function without the host co#puter0
+9)ail . An electronic #ail #essage sent fro# a host co#puter to a re#ote co#puter0
+nd ser . "efers to the hu#an e,ecuting applications on the workstation0+thernet . A network protocol invented $ ;ero, %orporation and developed 5ointl$ $;ero,/ Intel and Digital E6uip#ent %orporation0 Ethernet networks use %SMA&%D and
run over a variet$ of cale t$pes at 89 Mps *#egaits per second+0
+-pansion "lot . Area in a co#puter that accepts additional input&output oards to
increase the capailit$ of the co#puter0
,ast +thernet . A new Ethernet standard that supports 899 Mps using categor$ :twisted pair or fier optic cale0
,iber istrib&ted ata /nter#ace ;,/< . A network protocol that is used pri#aril$ to
interconnect two or #ore local area networks/ often over large distances0
,iber 6ptic Cable . A cale/ consisting of a center glass core surrounded $ la$ers of
plastic/ that trans#its data using light rather than electricit$0 It has the ailit$ to carr$
#ore infor#ation over #uch longer distances0
,ile "er.er . A co#puter connected to the network that contains pri#ar$
files&applications and shares the# as re6uested with the other co#puters on the network0
If the file server is dedicated for that purpose onl$/ it is connected to a client&servernetwork0 An e,a#ple of a client&server network is Novell Netware0 All the co#puters
connected to a peer.to.peer network are capale of eing the file server0 !wo e,a#ples of
peer.to.peer networks are LANtastic and Windows for Workgroups0
$igabit +thernet . An Ethernet protocol that raises the trans#ission rates to 8 Gps
*gigaits per second+0 It is pri#aril$ used for a high speed ackone of a network0
$igabte *G'+ . -ne illion $tes of infor#ation0 -ne thousand #ega$tes0
H&b . A hardware device that contains #ultiple independent ut connected #odules of
network and internetwork e6uip#ent0 2us can e active *where the$ repeat signals sentthrough the#+ or passive *where the$ do not repeat ut #erel$ split signals sent through
the#+0
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/n#rared . Electro#agnetic waves whose fre6uenc$ range is aove that of #icrowaves/
ut elow that of the visile spectru#0
/ntranet . Network internal to an organi4ation that uses Internet protocols0
/nternet . A gloal network of networks used to e,change infor#ation using the !%)&I)
protocol0 It allows for electronic #ail and the accessing ad retrieval of infor#ation fro#re#ote sources0
%N *Local Area Network+ . A network connecting co#puters in a relativel$ s#all area
such as a uilding0
inear &s . A network topolog$ in which each node attaches directl$ to a co##on
cale0
ocalTalk . Apple %orporation proprietar$ protocol that uses %SMA&%A #edia access
sche#e and supports trans#issions at speeds of =>9 ?ps *?iloits per second+0
(%N *Metropolitan Area Network+ . A network connecting co#puters over a largegeographical area/ such as a cit$ or school district0
(% *Multistation Access (nit+ . A !oken "ing wiring hu0
(ode) *Modulator&De#odulator+ . Devices that convert digital and analog signals0
Mode#s allow co#puter data *digital+ to e trans#itted over voice.grade telephone lines
*analog+0
(<iple-er . A device that allows #ultiple logical signals to e trans#itted
si#ultaneousl$ across a single ph$sical channel0
Network (ode) . A #ode# connected to a Local Area Network *LAN+ that isaccessile fro# an$ workstation on the network0
Network /nter#ace Card *NI%+ . A oard that provides network co##unication
capailities to and fro# a co#puter0
Network 6perating "ste) *N-S+ . -perating s$ste# designed to pass infor#ation and
co##unicate etween #ore than one co#puter0 E,a#ples include AppleShare/ Novell NetWare/ and Windows N! Server0
Node . End point of a network connection0 Nodes include an$ device attached to a
network such as file servers/ printers/ or workstations0
Node e.ices . An$ co#puter or peripheral that is connected to the network0
PC(C/% . An e,pansion slot found in #an$ laptop co#puters0
Peer9to9Peer Network . A network in which resources and files are shared without a
centrali4ed #anage#ent source0
Phsical Topolog . !he ph$sical la$out of the network7 how the cales are arranged7and how the co#puters are connected0
Point9to9Point . A direct link etween two o5ects in a network0
Ports . A connection point for a cale0
Protocol .A for#al description of a set of rules and conventions that govern how devices
on a network e,change infor#ation0
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*%/ *"edundant Arra$ of Ine,pensive Disks+ . A configuration of #ultiple disks
designed to preserve data after a disk casualt$0
*%( *"ando# Access Me#or$+ . !he working #e#or$ of a co#puter where data and
progra#s are te#poraril$ stored0 "AM onl$ holds infor#ation when the co#puter is on0
*epeater . A device used in a network to strengthen a signal as it is passed along thenetwork cale0
*=945 . Standard connectors used for unshielded twisted.pair cale0
*o&ter .A device that routes infor#ation etween interconnected networks0 It can select
the est path to route a #essage/ as well as translate infor#ation fro# one network to
another0 It is si#ilar to a superintelligent ridge0
"C"/ ;")all Co)p&ter "erial /nter#ace< . An interface controller that allows several
peripherals to e connected to the sa#e port on a co#puter0
"eg)ent . "efers to a section of cale on a network0 In Ethernet networks/ two t$pes ofseg#ents are defined0 A populated or trunk seg#ent is a network cale that has one or
#ore nodes attached to it0 A link seg#ent is a cale that connects a co#puter to aninterconnecting device/ such as a repeater or concentrator/ or connects a interconnectingdevice to another interconnecting device0
"neaker9Net . "efers to a #anual #ethod of sharing files in which a file is copied fro# a
co#puter to a flopp$ disk/ transported to a second co#puter $ a person ph$sicall$walking *apparentl$ wearing sneakers+ to the second co#puter/ and #anuall$ transferring
the file fro# flopp$ disk to the second co#puter0
"peed o# ata Trans#er . !he rate at which infor#ation travels through a network/usuall$ #easured in #egaits per second0
"tar Topolog . LAN topolog$ in which each node on a network is connected directl$ to
a central network hu or concentrator0"tar9Wired *ing . Network topolog$ that connects network devices *such as co#puters
and printers+ in a co#plete circle0
Tape ack9p . %op$ing all the data and progra#s of a co#puter s$ste# on #agnetic
tape0 -n tape/ data is stored se6uentiall$0 When retrieving data/ the tape is searched fro#
the eginning of tape until the data is found0
Ter)inator . A device that provides electrical resistance at the end of a trans#ission line0
Its function is to asor signals on the line/ there$ keeping the# fro# ouncing ack
and eing received again $ the network0
Thicknet . A thick coa,ial cale that is used with a 89'ase: Ethernet LAN0
Thinnet . A thin coa,ial cale that is used with a 89'ase= Ethernet LAN0
Token . A special packet that contains data and acts as a #essenger or carrier etween
each co#puter and device on a ring topolog$0 Each co#puter #ust wait for the
#essenger to stop at its node efore it can send data over the network0
Token *ing . A network protocol developed $ I'M in which co#puters access the
network through token.passing0 (suall$ uses a star.wired ring topolog$0
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Topolog . !here are two t$pes of topolog$1 ph$sical and logical0 !he ph$sical topolog$
of a network refers to the configuration of cales/ co#puters/ and other peripherals0
Logical topolog$ is the #ethod used to pass the infor#ation etween workstations0 Issuesinvolving logical topologies are discussed on the )rotocol chapter
Transcei.er *!rans#itter&"eceiver+ . A Device that receives and sends signals over a
#ediu#0 In networks/ it is generall$ used to allow for the connection etween twodifferent t$pes of cale connectors/ such as A(I and "C.:0
Tree Topolog . LAN topolog$ si#ilar to linear us topolog$/ e,cept that tree networkscan contain ranches with #ultiple nodes0
Twisted Pair . Network caling that consists of four pairs of wires that are #anufactured
with the wires twisted to certain specifications0 Availale in shielded and unshieldedversions0
" ;ni.ersal "erial &s< Port . A hardware interface for low.speed peripherals such
as the ke$oard/ #ouse/ 5o$stick/ scanner/ printer/ and telephon$ devices0
W%N *Wide Area Network+ . A network connecting co#puters within ver$ large areas/
such as states/ countries/ and the world0
Workgro&p . A collection of workstations and servers on a LAN that are designated to
co##unicate and e,change data with one another0
Workstation . A co#puter connected to a network at which users interact with softwarestored on the network0
• Articles
• 'ooks
• World Wide We Sites
Articles
• Connecting the Networking ots
o
"o&rce: ED(%-M "eview7 v=@ n:/ p>B.8/ Sep.-ct 8<<>%&thor: "icart/ G0
o %bstract: )rovides technical reco##endations for wiring of college
ca#puses to provide for current and future co#puter network needs0
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• %N Ho> % $&ide to Networking Personal Co)p&ters
o "o&rce: School 'usiness Affairs7 v:< n89/ p>@.9 =.B/ -ct
8<<>%&thor: Dal$/ ?0 F0
o %bstract: )rovides e,a#ples of co##on ad#inistrative tasks in school
district offices that can e e,pedited using an ad#inistrative local areanetwork *LAN+0 E,plains how districts can develop a #aster plan for
installing a LAN0
• (<i9Protocol %N esign and /)ple)entation: % Case "t&d
o "o&rce: !020E0 Cournal7 v== n</ p@9.@:/ Apr 8<<:%&thor: 2a4ari/ S0
o %bstract: "eports on the installation of a local area network *LAN+ at
East %arolina (niversit$0 !opics include designing the network7 co#puter
las and electronic #ail7 Internet connectivit$7 LAN e,penses7 and
reco##endations on planning/ e6uip#ent/ ad#inistration/ and training0
• The Pro)ised %N: Networking *eso&rces in the (edia Center
o "o&rce: School Lirar$ Cournal7 v8 n89/ p.B/ -ct 8<<:%&thor:
Mather/ '0 "0
o %bstract: Discusses the planning and installation of a high school local
area network0
• "tandards #or "chool Networking
o "o&rce: !020E0 Cournal7 v== n</ pH8.H/ Apr 8<<:%&thors: %arlit4/ "0 D0/
et al
o %bstract: Discusses standards for the design and i#ple#entation of the
electronic data networks developed for/ and adopted $/ the )ittsurgh
)ulic Schools as district polic$0 Descries the la$ered approach whichincludes the ph$sical la$er/ the protocol la$er/ and the application la$er0
$ooks
• 'arron/ A0 E0/ and G0 W0 -rwig0 *8<<:+0 Multimedia Technologies for Training:
An Introduction. Englewood/ %-1 Liraries (nli#ited0 'arron/ A0 E0/ and G0 W0
-rwig0 *8<<H+0 New Technologies for Education: A Beginner's Guide. Englewood/%-1 Liraries (nli#ited0?ee/ E0 *8<<+0 Networing Illustrated. Indianapolis/ IN1
ue %orporation0Lowe/ D0 *8<<+0 Networing for !ummies. San Mateo/ %A1IDG 'ooks Worlwide/ Inc0Mc%ain/ !0/ and M0 Ekelund0 *8<<B+0 "om#uter Networing for Educators. Eugene/ -"1 IS!E )ulications0Sasser/ S0/ and "0
McLaughlin0 *8<<+0 $i% &our wn (AN. New ork/ N1 MIS1)ress0Schnaidt/ )0
*8<<9+0 (AN Tutorial. SanFrancisco/ %A1 Miller Free#an )ulications0
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• Sheldon/ !0 *8<<+0 (AN TIME): Enc*clo#edia of Networing. 'erkele$/ %A1
-sorne McGraw.2ill0
World Wide We& Sites
•%n +d&cators $&ide to "chool Networks
o %&thor: 'radle$ 20 La#ont
o *: http1&&choices0cs0uiuc0edu&schools&l.thesis&inde,0ht#l
• +thernet Page
o %&thor: %harles Spurgeon
o *: http1&&www0ether#anage0co#ðernetðernet0ht#
• Technolog /n#or)ation
o %&thor: %IS%- S$ste#s
o *: http1&&www0cisco0co#&univercd&cc&td&doc&cisintwk&inde,0ht#
• lti)ate $&ide to Networking
o %&thor: 2ardware%entral
o *: http1&&www0hardwarecentral0co#&hardwarecentral&tutorials&8:@&8&
• % $&ide to Networking #or @ 9 12 "chools
o %&thor: Northwest Educational !echnolog$ %onsortiu#
o *: http1&&www0netc0org&networkJguide&