basic persian

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Basic Persian

Lesson 1

câh well âb water dârad has ân that

1. ân câh ast that is a well 2. ân âb ast that is water 3. câh âb darad a well has water 4. âb âbi ast water is blue 5. ân âb âbi ast that water is blue 6. ân âbe câh ast that is well water

jâ place pâ foot bu smell dud smoke zud early âmad he/she came

1. u jâ dârad he/she has a place 2. u pâ dârad he/she has foot 3. dud bu dârad the smoke has smell 4. âb âbi ast the water is blue 5. u zud âmad he/she came early

Exercise 1.1

1. Learn the pronunciations of �a� and �â� by pronouncing them aloud. 2. Learn the meaning of the above Persian words and pronounce them aloud. 3. Copy the above example sentences five times.

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Lesson 2

âsân easy dars lesson mâ we in this bud was kâr job/work man I dâram I have

1. in dars âsân ast this lesson is easy 2. ân dars âsân bud that lesson was easy 3. kâre mâ âsân ast our work/job is easy 4. ân âbe câh ast that is well water 5. u pâ dârad he/she has foot 6. man kâr dâram I have work 7. darse man âsân ast my lesson is easy 8. in darse man ast this is my lesson 9. u zud âmad he/she came early 10. ân câh âb dârad that well has water

Forming Interrogative Sentences For forming an interrogative sentence add the word �âyâ� in the beginning of a declarative one. For a positive answer to an interrogative sentence, use the word �bale� and for a negative answer use the word �na�.

Excerice 2.1

Answer the Following Questions:

1. âyâ in dars âsân ast? bale, in dars âsân ast 2. âyâ kâre mâ âsân ast? bale, kâre mâ âsân ast 3. âyâ ân câh âb dârad? bale, ân câh âb dârad 4. âyâ u zud âmad? bale, u zud âmad 5. âyâ âb âbi ast? bale, âb âbi ast 6. âyâ ân âbe câh ast? bale, ân âbe câh ast



7. âyâ dud bu dârad? bale, dud bu dârad 8. âyâ u jâ dârad? bale, u jâ dârad

Exercise 2.2

Read the Following Words Loudly and Distinctly:

âsân - dars - mâ - in - bud - kâr - man - dâram

Lesson 3

asb horse gu� ear dom tail sag dog dar door/in yek one do two dast hand lab lip

1. in asb ast this is a horse 2. ân asb do gu� dârad that horse has two ears 3. in asb yek dom dârad this horse has a tail 4. asbe mân do gu� dârad my horse has two ears 5. in dar ast this is a door 6. u yek asb dârad he/she has a horse 7. ân asb ast that is a horse 8. in asbe mân ast this is my horse 9. ân sag, yek dom dârad that dog has a tail 10. in sage u ast this is his/her dig 11. in labe mân ast this is my lip 12. ân daste ust (ust = u ast) that is his/her hand 13. u do asb dârad he/she has two horses 14. man yek sag dâram I have a dog 15. man do pâ dâram I have two feet



16. asb dom dârad a horse has a tail 17. asb lab dârad a horse has lips 18. u do dast dârad he/she has two hânds 19. in sag do lab dârad this dog has two lips 20. ân dar ast that is a door

Exercise 3.1

1. Remember the pronunciation of �o� in the word �do (two)�. Pronounce this word several times. 2. Learn these combinations and make others similar to them: �abe câh� �kâre mâ� �do gu�� 3. Put the following declarative sentences into interrogative:

1. u yek sag dârad âyâ u yek sag dârad? 2. asb dom dârad âyâ asb dom dârad? 3. ân sag ast âyâ ân sag ast? 4. in asbe ust âyâ in asbe ust? 5. ân sag do gu� dârad âyâ ân sag do gu� dârad? 6. in âbe câh ast âyâ in âbe câh ast? 7. ân câh âb dârad âyâ ân câh âb dârad? 8. ân daste ust âyâ ân daste ust?

Exercise 3.2

Put the following words in the right order:

1. dârad - yek - u - sag u yek sag dârad 2. dom - asb - ân - dârad ân asb dom dârad 3. man - sag - gu� - dârad - do - e sage man do gu� dârad 4. asb - ast - ân ân asb ast 5. man - in - ast - sage sage man in ast 6. asb - u - do - dârad u do asb dârad 7. pâ - do - man - dâram man do pâ dâram 8. dârad - dom - asb asb dom dârad 9. asbe - do - pâ - u - dârad asbe u do pâ dârad 10. câh - âbe - ast - ân ân âbe câh ast



Lesson 4

mu hair abru eyebrow damâq/bini nose sar head dahan/dahân mouth ca�m eye kucak little/small bozorg big/large va/o and

1. u do gu�e bozorg dârad he/she has two large ears 2. daste man kucak ast I have a small hand 3. sare man mu dârad I have hair on my head 4. u yek damâqe bozorg dârad he/she has a large nose 5. man do ca�m dâram I have two eyes 6. u yek dahan dârad he/she has a mouth 7. man yek sar dâram I have a head 8. u do pâ dârad he/she has two feet 9. man yek dahân va/dahâno do lab dâram (dahan + o = dahâno) I have one mouth and two lips

10. u do abru va/abruvo do ca�m dârad (abru + o = abruvo) he/she has two eyebrows and two eyes

11. sare man va/mano sare u mu dârand he/she and I have hair on our heads 12. sare u kucak va/kucako gu�e u bozorg ast his/her head is small and his/her ears are large 13. u do dast va/dasto do pâ dârad he/she has two hands and two feet 14. daste u kucak va/kucako daste man bozorg ast his/her hands are small and mine are large

15. sare �omâ bozorg ast your head is large

Exercise 4.1

Answer the following questions:

1. âyâ daste man kucak ast? 2. âyâ sare u bozorg ast?



3. âya asb dom dârad? 4. âyâ in sag do gu� dârad? 5. âyâ in labe man ast? 6. âyâ in dar ast? 7. âyâ in dars, âsân ast? 8. âyâ man zud âmadam? 9. âyâ kâre mâ âsân ast? 10. âyâ man do pâ dâram? The plural of the majority of nouns is formed by adding "hâ" to the singular and sometimes by adding "ân".

Exercise 4.2

Add �hâ� to the singular nouns below to make them plural:

câh câhhâ dars darshâ kâr kârhâ sag saghâ gu� gu�hâ lab labhâ dast dasthâ sar sarhâ abru abruhâ ca�m ca�mhâ

Read and learn the following pronouns:

man I �omâ you to thou u he/she mâ we i�ân they

Lesson 5



ketâb book kelâs class dârid you have medâd pencil be to âmadid you came xâne house raft he/she went se three âmadim we came

1. �omâ do ketâb dârid you have two books 2. u yek qalam dârad he/she has one pen 3. kelâse ma bozorg ast our classroom is large 4. u se medâd dârad he/she has three pencils 5. ma be kelâs âmadim we came to class 6. u be xâne raft he/she went to the house 7. asbe u bozorg ast his/her horse is big 8. �omâ se medâd dârid you have three pencils 9. medâde man âbi ast my pencil is blue 10. u be kelâs raft he/she went to class 11. man do qalam dâram I have two pens 12. u yek damâq dârad he/she has one nose 13. ketâbe u âbi ast his/her book is blue 14. medâde man kucak ast my pencil is small 15. u yek sage bozorg dârad he/she has a big dog 16. u do medâde âbi dârad he/she has a blue pencil 17. man do ca�mo do abru dâram I have two eyes and two eyebrows 18. u do dasto do pa dârad he/she has two hands and two feet 19. ketâbe u kucak ast his book is small 20. medâde man bozorg ast my pencil is big

Exercise 5.1




1. âyâ �omâ yek qalam dârid? bale, �omâ yek qalam dârid 2. âyâ u do medâd dârad? bale, u do medâd dârad 3. âyâ kelâse mâ bozorg ast? bale, kelâse mâ bozorg ast 4. âyâ man do dasto do pâ dâram? bale, man do dasto do pâ dâram 5. âyâ man do lab dâram? bale, man do lab dâram 6. âyâ �omâ zud be kelâs âmadid? bale, �omâ zud be kelâs âmadid 7. âya �omâ do dast dârid? bale, �omâ do dast dârid 8. âyâ �omâ do gu� dârid? bale, �omâ do gu� dârid 9. âyâ asb dom dârad? bale, asb dom dârad 10. âyâ in daste man ast? bale, in daste man ast 11. âyâ ân ketâbe man ast? bale, ân ketâbe man ast 12. âyâ sag dom dârad? bale, sag dom dârad 13. âyâ �omâ do pâ dârid? bale, �omâ do pâ dârid 14. âyâ �omâ do ca�m dârid? bale, �omâ do ca�m dârid 15. âyâ daste u kucak ast? bale, daste u kucak ast 16. âyâ daste man bozorg ast? bale, daste man bozorg ast 17. âyâ medâde man âbi ast? bale, medâde man âbi ast 18. âyâ man do gu� dâram? bale, man do gu� dâram 19. âyâ man do dast dâram? bale, man do dast dâram 20. âyâ dars âsân ast? bale, dars âsân ast

Negative Form of the Verbs

The prefixes �na� or �ne� make the verbs negative: Examples: dâram � nadâram raft � naraft miravam � nemiravam There is a special case for the word �ast� (is). To make it negative the prefix �ni� is added instead of �na� at the beginning: Example: ast � nist

Exercise 5.2

Change the following positive sentences into negative:



1. in dars âsân ast in dars âsân nist 2. kâre mâ âsân ast kâre mâ âsân nist 3. ân câh âb dârad ân câh âb nadârad 4. u do asb dârad u do asb nadârad 5. in asbe ust in asbe u nist 6. man do ketâb dâram man do ketâb nadâram 7. u be kelâs raft u be kelâs naraft 8. man se qalam dâram man se qalam nadâram 9. �omâ do ketâb dârid �omâ do ketâb nadârid 10. man do medâd dâram man do medâd nadâram 11. ân ketâbe ust an ketâbe u nist 12. man be kelâs raftam man be kelâs naraftam

Numbers

1. yek one 2. do two 3. se three 4. cahâr four 5. panj five 6. �e� six 7. haft seven 8. ha�t eight 9. noh nine 10. dah ten

Sentences

1. man dah ketâb dâram I have ten books 2. u ha�t qalam dârad he has eight pens 3. âyâ �oma yek ketâb dârid? do you have a book? 4. man �e� ketâbe âbi dâram I have six blue books 5. u haft medâde âbi nadârad he/she does not have seven blue pencils 6. mâ cahâr sag nadârim we do not have four dogs

Combinations

do pâ - panj câh - noh dars - haft asb - cahâr ketâb - �e� medâd - se xâne - ha�t sag



Lesson 6

âvardam I brought âvard he/she brought âvardid you brought bordam I took away bord he/she took away bordid you took away didam I saw �omâ didid you saw

1. man �omâ râ didam. I saw you. 2. man u râ nadidam. I did not see him/her. 3. �omâ u râ didid. you saw him/her. 4. u marâ did. he/she saw me. 5. man ketâbhâ râ bordam. I took away the books. 6. âyâ u medâde �omâ râ bord? did he/she take away your pencil? 7. âyâ �omâ qalame urâ be xâne bordid? did you take his/her pen home? 8. �omâ mâ râ nadidid you did not see us. 9. u ketâbhâ râ be xâne nabord. he/she did not take the books home. 10. man cahâr medâde âbi be kelâs âvardam. I brought four blue pencils to class. 11. âyâ �omâ qalame u râ âvardid? didyou bring his/her pen? 12. âyâ u ketâbe �omâ râ be xâne bord? did he/she take your book home? 13. âyâ u �omâ râ did? did he/she see you? 14. man dah ketâb dâram. I have ten books. 15. âyâ �omâ mâ râ didid? did you see us? 16. u be kelâs naraft. he did not go to class. 17. mâ zud be kelâs âmadim. we came to class early. 18. âyâ �omâ ketâbe u râ be kelâs âvardid? did you bring his/hr book to class? 19. man medâde �omâ râ nadidam. I did not see your pencil. 20. u yek xâne dârad. he/she has a house.



Verb Conjugation

Past tense of the verb:

Didan To see man didam I saw to didi you saw/thou sawest u did he/she saw mâ didim we saw �omâ didid you saw i�an didand they saw

Âvardan To bring man âvardam I brought to âvardi you brought/thou broughtest u âvard he/she brought mâ âvardim we brought �omâ âvardid you brought i�ân âvardand they brought

Bordan To take away man bordam I took away to bordi you took away/thou tookest away u bord he/she took away mâ bordim we took away �omâ bordid you took away i�ân bordand they took away

Execrcise 6.1

Answer the following questions with positive and negative sentences:

1. âyâ �omâ marâ ( = man râ) didid? na, man �omâ râ nadidam. 2. âyâ u ketâb râ bord? bale, u ketâb râ bord. 3. âyâ medâde u dar kelâs bud? na, medâde u dar kelâs nabud. 4. âyâ in qalame �omâ ast? bale, in qalame man ast. 5. âyâ u mâ râ did? na, u mâ râ nadid. 6. âyâ �omâ ketâbhâ râ bordid? bale mâ ketâbhâ râ bordim.



7. âyâ u ketâbe �omâ râ be kelâs bord? na, u ketâbe marâ be kelâs nabord. 8. âyâ u be kelâs raft? bale, u be kelâs raft. 9. âyâ �omâ medâde marâ didid? na, man medâde �omâ râ nadidam. 10. âyâ u yek xâne dârad? bale, u yek xâne dârad. 11. âyâ �omâ dah ketâb dârid? na, mâ dah ketâb nadârim. 12. âyâ u do ketâbe âbi dârad? bale, u do ketâbe âbi dârad. 13. âyâ �oma cahâr sag dârid? na, mâ cahâr sag nadârim. 14. âyâ �oma panj medâd darid? bale, mâ panj medâd dârim. 15. âyâ in dars âsân ast? na, in dars âsân nist. 16. âyâ medâde man âbi ast? bale, medâde man âbi ast.

Exercise 6.2


1. medâde - do - âbi - u - dârad u do medâde âbi dârad. 2. bozorg - ast - mâ - kelâse kelâse mâ bozorg ast. 3. zud - be - man - âmadam - kelâs man zud be kelâs âmadam. 4. pâ - do - �omâ - va - dârid - do - dast �omâ do pâ va do dast dârid. 5. kucak - daste - ast - u daste u kucak ast. 6. gu� - �omâ - dârid - do �omâ do gu� dârid. 7. câh - âb - dârad - ân ân câh âb dârad. 8. �e� - âbi - ketâbe - dâram - man man �e� ketâbe âbi dâram. 9. yek - sag - dârad - u u yek sag dârad. 10. ketâbhâ - bordam - râ - man man ketâbhâ râ bordam. 11. be - xâne - bordid - �omâ - u - râ - qalame �omâ qalame u râ be xâne bordid. 12. man - âbi - cahâr - be - kelâs - medâde - âvardam man cahâr medâde âbi be kelâs âvardam

13. qalame - âvardid - �omâ - u - râ - âyâ âyâ �omâ qalame u râ âvardid? 14. ketâbe - u - �omâ - râ - bord - be - xâne u ketâbe �omâ râ be xâne bord. 15. u - râ - didid- �omâ - âyâ âyâ �omâ u râ didid? 16. u - xâne - yek - dârad u yek xâne dârad. 17. ketâbe - �omâ - râ - u - kelâs - be - bord u ketâbe �omâ râ be kelâs bord. 18. qalam - dah - nadâram - man man dah qalam nadâram. 19. zud - xâne - be - �omâ - âmadid be �omâ zud be xâne âmadid.



20. do - man - ca�m - gu� - o - dâram - do man do gu�o do ca�m dâram

Exercise 6.3

Read the following words aloud; then find their equivalents in English:

kucak - bozorg - damâq - dahân - abru - sar - mu - dom - lab - gu� - asb - sag - didid - bordam - zud - dud - âmad - âvard - did - bord - jâ - câh - âb- dârad - âbi - âsân - âvardid - didam - dars - ân - in - bud

Lesson 7

xord he/she ate dâne�gâh university bâzâr bazaar deraxt tree goft he/she told sib apple raftam I went az from xarid he/she bought

1. u be bâzâr raft. he went to the bazaar. 2. u az bâzâr sib xarid. he bought apples at the bazaar. 3. u sib râ xord. he ate the apple. 4. man dar dâne�gâh �omâ râ nadidam. I did not see you at the university. 5. man az dâne�gâh be xâne raftam. I went home from the university. 6. u mâ râ dar bâzâr did. he/she saw us at the bazaar. 7. ketâbe �omâ dar kelâs ast. your book is the classroom. 8. u sibe �omâ râ naxord. he/she did not eat your apple. 9. u be man goft. he/she told me. 10. mâ be dâne�gâh raftim. we went to the university. 11. man ketâbe �omâ râ âvardam. I brought your book. 12. u ketâbe �omâ râ be xâne bord. he/she took your book home. 13. âyâ �omâ medâde marâ be kelâs âvardid? did you bring my pencil to class? 14. man i�ân râ dar dâne�gâh nadidam. I did not see them at the university.



15. u marâ dar kelâs did. he/she saw me in class. 16. mâ �omâ râ nadidim. we did not see you. 17. âyâ �omâ sibe marâ xordid? did you eat my apple? 18. man ketâbe �omâ râ be dâne�gâh nabordam. I did not take your book to the university. 19. âyâ in medâde �omâst? is this your pencil? 20. na, ân medâde man nist. no, that is not my pencil. 21. âyâ ân medâde �omâst? is that your pencil? 22. bale, an medâde man ast. yes, this is my pencil. 23. in deraxte sib ast. this is an apple tree. 24. in sib az ân deraxt ast. this apple is from that tree. 25. ma sib râ az bâzâr xaridim. I bought the apple from the bazaar. 26. u ketâb râ az man xarid. he bought the book from me. 27. man be bâzâr naraftam. I did not go to the bazaar. 28. âyâ �omâ sibe u râ xordid? did you eat his/her apple? 29. na, man sibe u râ naxordam. no, I did not eat his apple. 30. bale, man sibe u râ xordam. yes, I ate his apple.

Verb Conjugation

Past tense of the verb (in the negative form):

Naxordan Not to eat man naxordam I did not eat to naxordi you did not eat/thou didest not eat u naxord he/she did not eat mâ naxordim we did not eat �omâ naxordid you did not eat i�ân naxordand they did not eat

Nagoftan Not to say/Not to tell man nagoftam I did not say to nagofti you did not say/thou didest not say u nagoft he/she did not say mâ nagoftim we did not say �omâ nagoftid you did not say i�ân nagoftand they did not say

Naxaridan Not to buy



man naxaridam I did not buy to naxaridi you did not buy/thou didest not buy u naxarid he/she did not buy mâ naxaridim we did not buy �omâ naxaridid you did not buy i�ân naxaridand they did not buy

Exercise 7.1

Put the following verbs in negative form:

bordam nabordam didid nadidid raft naraft didam nadidam

ast nist xordam naxordam dârad nadârad xord naxord xaridand naxaridand dârand nadârand bordid nabordid dâram nadâram didand nadidand bord nabord did nadid bordim nabordim xaridam naxaridam

Exercise 7.2


1. âyâ �omâ yek qalame âbi dârid? bale, man yek qalame âbi dâram 2. âyâ u zud be xâne raft? na, u zud be xâne naraft



3. âyâ kelâse mâ dar dâne�gah ast? bale, kelâse mâ dar dâne�gah ast 4. âyâ ketâbe �omâ dar kelâs bud? na, ketâbe mâ dar kelâs nabud

5. âyâ u sib râ az bâzâr xarid? bale, u sib râ az bâzâr xarid 6. âyâ u ketâbe �omâ râ be kelâs âvard? na, u ketâbe mâ râ be kelâs nayâvard 7. âyâ �omâ i�ân râ dar dâne�gâh didid? bale, mâ i�ân râ dar dâne�gâh didim 8. âyâ �omâ medâde marâ be xâne bordid? na, man medâde �omâ râ be xâne nabordam 9. âyâ ân ketâbe �omâst? bale, ân ketâbe mâst 10. âyâ in sib az ân deraxt ast? na, in sib az ân deraxt nist 11. âyâ �omâ ketâbe marâ dar kelâs didid? bale, man ketâbe �omâ râ dar kelâs didam 12. âyâ in dars âsân ast? na, in dars âsân nist 13. âyâ in qalame �omâst? bale, in qalame man ast 14. âyâ �omâ ketâbhâ râ be kelâs bordid? na, mâ ketâbhâ râ be kelâs nabordim 15. âyâ �omâ yek xâne dârid? bale, mâ yek xâne dârim 16. âyâ �omâ yek sag dârid? na, man yek sag nadâram 17. âyâ �omâ ketâbe u râ be xâne bordid? bale, mâ ketâbe u râ be xâne bordim 18. âyâ �omâ zud be xâne raftid? na, mâ zud be xâne naraftim 19. âyâ man zud be kelâs âmadam? bale, �omâ zud be kelâs âmadid 20. âyâ ketâbe �omâ âbist? na, ketâbe man âbi nist

Exercise 7.3


1. zud - kelâs - be - man - raftam. man zud be kelâs raftam. 2. sib - u - az - râ - xarid - bâzâr. u sib râ az bâzâr xarid 3. dar - kelâse - mâ - dâne�gâh - ast. kelâse mâ dar dâne�gâh ast 4. az - sibhâ - u - naxord - in. u az in sibhâ naxord 5. ketâbe - man - �omâ - râ - âvardam - dâne�gâh - be man ketâbe �omâ râ be dâne�gâh âvardam

6. deraxte - ân - ast - sib ân deraxte sib ast 7. dâram - yek - man - medâde - âbi. man yek medâde âbi dâram 8. yek - sag - u - dârad. u yek sag dârad 9. do - �omâ - dârid - gu�. �omâ do gu� dârid 10. bozorg - ast - mâ - kelâse. kelâse mâ bozorg ast 11. do - �omâ - pâ - va - dast - do - dârid. �omâ do pâ va do dast dârid 12. dârad - âb - câh - ân. ân câh âb dârad



13. be - �omâ - xâne - âmadid. �omâ be xâne âmadid 14. ca�m - do - man - do - va - dâram - gu�. man do ca�mo do gu� dâram 15. cahâr - u - ketâb - kelâs - be - âvard. u cahâr ketâb be kelâs âvard

Numbers

11 yâzdah 16 �ânzdah 12 davâzdah 17 hafdah 13 sizdah 18 hajdah/ha�dah/ha� dah 14 cahârdah 19 nuzdah 15 pânzdah 20 bist

Lesson 8 Ranghâ = Colors

rang color sefid/sepid white sabz green syâh black zard yellow row�an light

1. Medâde man syâh ast. My pencil is black.

2. Ketâbe u zard ast. His/her book is yellow.

3. Muye u syâh ast. His/her hair is black. 4. Range in sib sabz ast. The color of this apple is green. 5. Range ân medâd zard ast. The color of that pencil is yellow. 6. Ketâbe u âbist. His/her book is blue. 7. Ân sag syâh ast. That dog is black. 8. Man yek medâde zard az bâzâr xaridam. I bought a yellow pencil from the bazaar/market.

9. I�ân �e� ketâbe sabz az bâzâr xaridand. They bought six green books from the bazaar/market.

10. U yek qalame âbiyo yek ketâbe zard az bâzâr xarid.

He/she bought a blue pen and a yellow book from the market.

11. U medâde syâh nadârad. He/she does not have a black pencil.



12. I�ân ca�mhâye syâh dârand. They have black eyes. 13. U yek medâde âbiyo do ketâbe zard be kelâs âvard.

He/she brought a blue pencil and two yellow books to class.

14. Âyâ in ketâbe zard dar kelâs bud? Was this yellow book in the classroom.

15. Medâde sabze u dar kelâs nabud. His/her green pen was not in the classroom.

sir dark

sorx/qermez red

qahveyi brown xâkestari grey banaf� purple

1. Ân sib sorx ast. That apple is red. 2. In deraxt, sibe sorx dârad. This tree, has red apples. 3. Man az bâzâr cahâr medâde qermez xaridam. I bought four red pencils from the market. 4. Range jâmeye/lebâse man qahveyist. The color of my clothes is brown. 5. U do medâde banaf� dârad. He/she has two purple pencils. 6. I�ân qalame xâkestari nadârand. They do not have grey pens. 7. Range jâmeye/lebâse mâ xâkestarist. The color of my clothes is grey. 8. Âyâ �omâ qalame xâkestari dârid? Do you have a grey pen? 9. Range lebâse u qermez nist. The color of his/her clothes is red. 10. Man yek qalame xâkestariyo do medâde banaf� dâram. I have a grey pen and two purple pencils.

Exercise 8.1

1. Put the following words in the right order:

1. medâd - range - ân - ast - qahveyiye - sir. range ân medâd qahveyiye sir ast.

2. qalam - range - in - row�an - zarde - ast. range in qalam zarde row�an ast.

3. ân - range - sib - qermeze - ast - sir. range ân sib qermeze sir ast. 4. �e� - sabz - ketâbe - dârand - i�ân. i�ân �e� ketâbe sabz dârand.



5. sag - ast - ân - syâh. ân sag syâh ast. 6. yek - zard - xaridam - man - medâde. man yek medâde zard xaridam. 7. ân - range - zard - medâd - ast. range ân medâd zard ast. 8. sage - syah - dâram - man - yek. man yek sage syâh dâram. 9. syâh- i�ân - medâde - nadârand. i�ân medâde syâh nadârand. 10. kelâs - medâde - sabze - u - dar - nabud. medâde sabze u dar kelâs nabud.

2. Find the English equivalents of the following words:

1. rang color

2. �ânzdah sixteen

3. syâh black 4. sepid white 5. deraxt tree 6. sib apple 7. jâme clothes 8. bist twenty 9. didam I saw 10. bordid you took away

11. ha�t eight

12. kelâs class

13. sarhâ heads 14. i�ân they 15. kucak little/small 16. abru eyebrow 17. mu hair 18. xordand they ate 19. did he/she saw 20. câh a well

Lesson 9



ostâd professor

pâk kardan to clean

taxtepâkkon duster/eraser sandali chair kelâs class/classroom taxteye syâh blackboard �âgerd student miz table daftar notebook kâqaz paper

1. Dar in kelâs nuzdah �âgerd ast. There are nineteen students in this class.

2. Dar in kelâs yek ostâd ast. There is one professor in this class.

3. �âgerdân ketâbo daftar dârand. The students have books and notebooks. 4. Ostâd bâ taxtepâkkon taxteye syâh râ pâk kard.

The professor cleaned the blackboard with a duster.

5. Ân �âgerd do daftaro do medâd dârad. That student has two notebooks and two pencils. 6. Range daftare man zardo range medâde man qermez ast.

The color of my notebook is yellow, and the color of my pencil is red.

7. Kâqaze daftare ân �âgerd sepid ast. That student's notebook paper is white.

8. Ostâde mâ yek sandaliyo yek miz dârad. Our professor has a chair and a table. 9. Kelâse mâ dar dâne�gâh ast. Our classroom is in the university. 10. Dar in kelâs yek taxteye syâho, mizo yek sandali ast.

There is a blackboard, a table, and a chair in this classroom.

Exercise 9.1


ostâd - kelâs - dar - ast. ostâd dar kelâs ast.

sandali - nadârand - �âgerdân. �âgerdân sandali nadârand.



medâde - nadâram - man - âbi. man medâde âbi nadâram. man - qalame - range - ast - syâh. range qalame man syâh ast.

�agerd - ân - daftar - dârad - do. ân �âgerd do daftar dârad. do - bozorg - ostâd - dârad - ketâbe. ostâd do ketâbe bozorg dârad. nadârim - kâqaze - mâ - zard. mâ kâqaze zard nadârim. kelâs - dar - taxtepâkkon - in - yek - ast. yek taxtepâkkon dar in kelâs ast. ostâd - dârad - sandaliyo - yek - miz - yek. ostâd yek sandaliyo yek miz dârad. ketâb - nadârad - ostâd - daftaro. ostâd daftaro ketâb nadârad.


1. Âyâ �omâ dar xâne panj sandali dârid? Bale, mâ dar xâne panj sandali dârim.

2. Âyâ dar in kelâs bist �âgerd ast? Na, dar in kelâs bist �âgerd nist.

3. Âyâ �omâ taxteye syâh râ pâk kardid? Bale, man taxteye syâh râ pâk kardam. 4. Âyâ ostâd qalame âbi dârad? Na, ostâd qalame âbi nadârad. 5. Âyâ ostâd taxteye syâh râ pâk kard? Bale, ostâd taxteye syâh râ pâk kard. 6. Âyâ range qalame man syâh ast? Na, range qalame man syâh nist. 7. Âyâ range medâde �omâ zard ast? Bale, range medâde mâ zard ast. 8. Âyâ �âgerdane in kelâs sandali dârand? Na, �âgerdane in kelâs sandali nadârand. 9. Âyâ ostâd yek sandali dârad? Bale, ostâd yek sandali dârad. 10. Âyâ �omâ zud be kelâs âmadid? Na, man zud be kelâs nÂyâmadam.

Verb Conjugation

Present tense of the verbs:

Neve�tan To write Man minevisam I write To minevisi you write/thou writest U minevisad he/she writes Mâ minevisim we write �omâ minevisid you write I�ân minevisand they write



Xaridan To buy Man mixaram I buy To mixari you buy/thou buyest U mixarad he/she buys Mâ mixarim we buy �omâ mixarid you buy I�ân mixarand they buy

Âvardan To bring Man miyâvaram I bring To miyâvari you bring/thou bringest U miyâvarad he/she brings Mâ miyâvarim we bring �omâ miyâvarid you bring I�ân miyâvarand they bring

Present tense of the verbs:

Bordan To take away Man mibaram I take away To mibari you take away/thou takest away U mibarad he/she takes away Ma mibarim we take away �omâ mibarid you take away I�ân mibarand they take away

Exercise 9.2

1. Write the present tense of the following verbs:

1. Xordan = to eat 2. Raftan = to go

3. Istâdan = to stand 4. Kardan = to do

2. Write the equivalent of the following words in English:

mixaram - miyâvardid - mibarim - minevisim - mibaram mixarid - miyâvarid - minevisand

Lesson 10



ruye on âheste slowly tond fast zir under bâlaye over/above jelove/pi�e in front of kutâh short derâz long

1. Ketâbe ostâd ruye miz ast. The professor's book is on the table.

2. Qalame �omâ zire sandalist. Your pen is under the chair.

3. Medâde u derâz ast. His pencil is long. 4. Qalame �omâ kutâh ast. Your pen is short. 5. Man jelove mize ostâd istâdam. I stood in front of the professor's table. 6. Pâye man zire miz ast. My foot is under the table. 7. U tond miravad. He goes fast. 8. Man tond be xâne raftam. I went home fast. 9. U âheste be kelâs âmad. He/she came home slowly. 10. �omâ do medâde kutâh dârid. You have two short pencils.

Exercise 10.1

1. Write the following sentences in Persian:

1. This pencil is long. In medâd derâz ast.

2. That pen is short. In qalam kutâh ast.

3. My book is on the table. Ketâbe man ruye miz ast. 4. You have two long pencils. To do medâde derâz dâri. 5. I stood in front of your table. Man jelove mize �omâ istâdam. 6. She went to the class slowly. U âheste be kelâs raft. 7. Your pen is under your table. Qalame �omâ zire miz ast. 8. My hand is over the book. Daste man ruye ketâb ast. 9. Your book was under this table. Ketâbe to zire in miz ast. 10. Have you a red pencil? Ayâ yek qalame sorx dârid?




1. sandaliye - syâh - ostâd - yek - dârad. ostâd yek sandaliye syâh dârad.

2. yek - medâde - kutâh - dâram - man. man yek medâde kutâh dâram.

3. qalame - ruye - syâh - ast - miz. qalame syâh ruye miz ast. 4. sabz - medâde - zire - ast - sandali. medâde sabz zire sandali ast.

5. �âgerd - yek - taxteye syâh - râ - pâk kard. yek �âgerd taxteye syâh râ pâk kard.

6. u - marâ - daftare - âvard. u daftare marâ âvard. 7. medâd - in - ast - kutâh. in medâd kutâh ast. 8. ruye - taxtepâkkon - ast - sandali. taxtepâkkon ruye sandali ast. 9. man - �omâ - râ - ketâbe - miz - ruye - didam. man ketâbe �omâ râ ruye miz didam. 10. kelâs - �âgerdân - in - nadârand - daftar. �âgerdâne in kelâs daftar nadârand.

3. Write the equivalents of the following words in English:

1. dârim 11. bozorg

2. jâ 12. sabze

3. dud 13. qahveyiye sir 4. âsân 14. daftar

5. dars 15. banaf� 6. kâr 16. kâqaz 7. sag 17. �âgerdân 8. lab 18. bist 9. dast 19. nist 10. damâq 20. mu

4. Make a sentence for each of the following words:

1. jâme

2. deraxt

3. dâne�gâh 4. dom



5. gu� 6. bâzâr 7. zard 8. miz 9. asb 10. kâr

5. Answer the following questions:

1. Âyâ ketâbe �omâ ruye mize ostâd ast?

2. Âyâ �omâ �âgerde in kelâs hastid?

3. Âyâ �omâ qalame syah dârid? 4. Âyâ �omâ az xâne be dâne�gâh âmadid? 5. Cand ketâb ruye mize �omâ st? 6. �omâ cand daftar dârid? 7. Âyâ in medâd zard ast? 8. Âyâ �omâ zud be kelâs âmadid? 9. Âyâ range jâmeye �omâ xâkestarist? 10. Cand �âgerd dar in kelâs ast?

Lesson 11

1. di�ab last night

2. em�ab tonight

3. �ab night 4. diruz yesterday 5. emruz today 6. ruz day 7. ce? what? 8. daqiqe minute 9. sâat hour/o�clock

1. Em�ab sâate ha�t dar xâne hastam. I am home at 8 o�clock tonight.

2. Di�ab sâate cahâr az dâne�gâh be xâne raftam. I left the university for home at 4 o�clock last night.



3. Diruz sâate cahâr dar xâne budam. I was home at 4 o�clock yesterday. 4. Âyâ �abhâ zud be xâne miravid? Do you go home early every night?

5. Âyâ �omâ di�ab dar xâne budid? Were you at home last night? 6. Âyâ �omâ diruz sâate ha�t be dâne�gâh âmadid?

Did you come to the university at 8 o�clock last night?

7. Man emruz be dâne�gâh naraftam. I did not go to the university today.

8. Ruzhâ cand sâat dar dâne�gâh kâr mikonid? How many hours do you work at the university every day?

9. Man di�ab zud be xane raftam. I went home early last night. 10. Man emruz zud be dâne�gâh âmadam. I came to the university early today.

11. Dar yek ruz ha�t sâat kâr mikonid. You work 8 hours in a day.

12. �âgerdân ruye kâqaze sepid minevisand. The students write on white paper.

13. Man az bâzâr kâqazo daftar xaridam va be dâne�gâh bordam.

I bought a paper and a notebook from the market and took to the university.

14. Âyâ �omâ ketâbe marâ be xâne bordid? Did you take my book home?

15. Ostâde mâ emruz sâate ha�t be dâne�gâh âmad. Our professor came to the university at 8 o�clock.

16. Ce sâatist? What time is it? 17. sâat daho dah daqiqe ast. It is ten minutes past ten. 18. sâat noho bist daqiqe ast. It is twenty minutes past nine. 19. sâat ha�to pânzdah daqiqe ast. It is fifteen minutes past eight.

Numbers

21 bisto yek 30 si

22 bisto do 40 cehel

23 bisto se 50 panjâh 24 bisto cahâr 60 �ast 25 bisto panj 70 haftâd 26 bisto �e� 80 ha�tâd 27 bisto haft 90 navad 28 bisto ha�t 100 sad 29 bisto noh 1000 hezâr 30 si

Exercise 11.1



1. Answer the following questions:

1. Âyâ �omâ emruz be bâzâr raftid? 2. Âyâ �omâ diruz be dâne�gâh amadid? 3. Âyâ �omâ diruz az bâzâr sib xaridid? 4. Âyâ �omâ emruz az dâne�gâh be xâne miravid? 5. Âyâ ketâbe �omâ dar kelâs bud? 6. Âyâ �omâ dar xâne deraxte sib dârid? 7. Âyâ medâde man ruye miz ast? 8. Âyâ �omâ ostâd râ dar dâne�gâh didid? 9. Âyâ �omâ marâ diruz dar ke1âs nadidid? 10. Âyâ �omâ medâde marâ be xâne bordid? 11. Âyâ in dars âsân ast? 12. Âyâ �omâ medâde syâh dârid? 13. Âyâ medâde qermeze �omâ dar xâne ast? 14. Âyâ emruz zud be kelâs âmadid? 15. Âyâ muye man syâh ast?


1. kâqaze - i�ân - nadârand - sepid 2. mize - ostâd - ruye - ketâb - panj - ast 3. az - xâne - u - dâne�gâh - be - raft 4. miz - taxtepâkkon - ast ruye 5. �omâ - syâh - qalame - range - ast 6. sandali - nadârand - �âgerdân 7. ostâd - sandali - yek - miz - yek - dârad - va 8. man - zud - kelâs - be - âmadam - emruz 9. ostâd - râ - dar - diruz - nadidam - kelâs 10. âbi - ruye - miz - medâde - ast

3. Use each of the following words in simple sentences:

1. minevisam

2. �ab

3. bastani

4. ce

5. daqiqe

6. sepid

7. kutâh

8. rang

9. xâkestari

10. cehelo haft

4. Put the following verbs into negative:

1. bordam nabordam 2. didid nadidid



3. raftam naraftam 4. xordi naxordi 5. goft nagoft 6. xarid naxarid 7. mixaram nemixaram 8. mibaram nemibaram 9. miyâvaram nemiyâvaram 10. minevisand neminevisand

Lesson 12

bâ with

injâ here

ânjâ there yek rob� a quarter nimsâat half hour goza�te past sâniye second ham too/also hamân same

1. �âgerdân sâate ha�to nim be dâne�gâh miyâyand.

The students come to the university at eight thirty.

2. Ostâd ham hamân sâat be dâne�gâh miyâyad. The professor arrives at the university at the same time.

3. Ostâdo �âgerdân yek sâat dar kelâs hastand. The professor and the students are in class for one hour.

4. Ostâd ruye taxteye syâh minevisad. The professor writes on the blackboard. 5. �âgerdân bâ medâd ruye kâqaz minevisand. The students write on paper with pencil. 6. Sâate davâzdah az dâne�gâh be xâne miravim. I go home at twelve o�clock from the university. 7. Emruz yek rob� be �e� be xâneye �omâ miyâyam. I come to your home at quarter to six today.

8. Sâate ha�to nim az xâne be dâne�gâh miravim. I go to the university from home at half past eight.

9. Ketâbe �omâ injâ nist. Your book is not here.

10. Medâde �omâ diruz ânjâ bud. Your pencil was there yesterday.



11. Yek rob� az ha�t goza�te ast. It is a quarter past eight. 12. Dah daqiqe az dah goza�te ast. It is ten minutes past ten. 13. Bist daqiqe az dah gosa�te ast. It is twenty minutes past ten. 14. Yek sâat �ast daqiqe ast. An hour is sixty minutes long. 15. Yek daqiqe �ast sâniye ast. A minute is sixty seconds long. 16. Yek ruz bisto cahâr sâat ast. A day is twenty four hours long. 17. �omâ be dâne�gâh beravid, man ham miyâyam. Go to the university, I will also go.

18. �âgerdân sâate ha�t âmadand, ostâd ham hamân sâat âmad.

The students came at eight, the professor came at the same time.

Exercise 12.1


1. Ce sâatist? Sâat hafto nim ast. 2. Cand sâat dar ruz kâr mikonid? Ha�t sâat dar ruz kâr mikonam. 3. Âyâ nimsâat si daqiqe ast? Bale, nimsâat si daqiqe ast. 4. Âyâ yek rob� pânzdah daqiqe ast? Bale, yek rob� pânzdah daqiqe ast. 5. Âyâ �omâ sâate ha�to nim be dâne�gâh miravid?

Na, man sâate ha�to nim be dâne�gâh nemiravam.

6. Cand sâat dar hafte kâr mikonid? Cehel sâat dar hafte kâr mikonam. 7. Âyâ em�ab sâate ha�t dar xâne hastid? Bale, em�ab sâate ha�t dar xâne hastam. 8. Âyâ �omâ diruz be dâne�gâh âmadid? Na, man diruz be dâne�gâh nayâmadam. 9. Âyâ ostâde mâ dar kelâs ast? Bale, ostâde mâ dar kelâs ast. 10. Âyâ �âgerdân be kelâs raftand? Na, �âgerdân be kelâs naraftand.

Verb Conjugation

Present tense of the verb "to be":

Budan To be Man hastam I am To hasti You are/thou art U hast He/she is Ma hastim We are �omâ hastid You are I�ân hastand They are



Negative:

Man nistam I am not To nisti You are not/thou are not U nist He/she is not Mâ nistim We are not �omâ nistid You are not I�ân nistand They are not

Past tense:

Man budam I was To budi you were/thou wert U bud He/she was Mâ budim We were �omâ budid You were I�ân budand They were

Present tense of the verb "to come":

Âmadan To come Man miyâyam I come To miyâyi thou comest U miyâyad he/she comes Ma miyâyim we come �omâ miyâyid you come I�ân miyâyand they come

Past tense:

Man âmadam I came

To âmadi You came/thou comest

U âmad He/she came Mâ âmadim We came �omâ âmadid You came I�ân âmadand They came

Negative:

Man nayâmadam I did not come

To nayâmadi You did not come/thou didest not come



U nayâmad He/she did not come Mâ nayâmadim We did not come �omâ nayâmadid You did not come I�ân nayâmadand They did not come

Present tense of the verb "to go":

Raftan To go Man miravam I go To miravi You go/thou goest U miravid he/she goes Mâ miravim we go �omâ miravid you go

I�ân miravand they go

Past tense:

Man raftam I went To rafti You went/thou went U raft He/she went Mâ raftim We went �omâ raftid You went I�ân raftand They went

Exercise 11.2

Conjugate the present and past tense of the following verbs:

âvardan - bordan - didan - xordan - xaridan - goftan - neve�tan

Exercise 11.3

Put the following verbs into the negative:

bord - didam - xordam - xaridand - goftim - neve�tand - rafti - hastim - budam - âmadand - miravam - raft - hast - didand - xordim - xarid - goftand - neve�tand - bordim - âvardand - âvard - xordi - xaridam - did - didam - neve�tim - âvardim

Lesson 13

�anbe Saturday Yek�anbe Sunday Do�anbe Monday



Se�anbe Tuesday Cahâr�anbe Wednesday Panj�anbe Thursday Âdine/Jom'e Friday mâh moon/month sâl year

1. Yek hafte haft ruz ast. 1. A week is seven days long. 2. Yek mâh si ruz ast. 2. A month is thirty days long.

3. Yek sâl sisado �asto panj ruz ast. 3. A year is three hundred and sixty five days long.

4. Yek sâl davâzdah mâh yâ panjâho do hafte ast. 4. A year is twelve months or fifty two weeks long.

5. Jom�ehâ mâ be dâne�gâh nemiyâyim. 5. We do not go to the university on Fridays.

6. Jom�ehâ ostâdân be dâne�gâh nemiyâyand. 6. Professors do not go to the university on Fridays.

7. Ruze �anbe �âgerdân be dâne�gâh miyâyand. 7. Students go to the university on Saturdays. 8. Emruz Yek�anbe ast. 8. Today is Sunday. 9. Diruz �anbe bud. 9. Yesterday was Saturday. 10. Man ruzhâye Jom�e dar xâne hastam. 10. I am home on Fridays. 11. Man ruzhâye �anbe dar dane�gâh hastam. 11. I am at the university on Saturdays. 12. Man ruzhâye Do�anbe va Cahâr�anbe be dâne�gah miyâyam.

12. I go to the university on Mondays and Wednesdays.

Exercise 13.1


1. �âgerdân - dar - sâat - yek - kelâs - hastand �âgerdân sâate yek dar kelâs hastand. 2. kâqaz - �âgerdân - medâd - ruye - minevisand - bâ �âgerdân bâ medâd ruye kâqaz minevisand.

3. �omâ - injâ - ketâbe - nist ketâbe �omâ injâ nist. 4. �ast - yek - sâat - ast - daqiqe yek sâat �ast daqiqe ast. 5. dâne�gâh - miravim - be - �anbehâ - mâ ma �anbehâ be dane�gah miravim. 6. bud - diruz - Cahâr�anbe diruz Cahâr�anbe bud. 7. dar - ruzhâye - Panj�anbe - nistam - dâne�gâh ruzhaye Panj�anbe dar dâne�gâh nistam. 8. sâat - yekruz - ast - davâzdah yek ruz bisto cahâr sâat ast. 9. sâl - yek - mâh - davâzdah - ast yek sâl davâzdah mâh ast. 10. �âgerdân - medâd - bâ - kâqaz - ruye - minevisand �âgerdân bâ medâd ruye kâqaz minevisand.



Exercise 13.2


1. Emruz cand �anbe ast? 2. Diruz cand �anbe bud? 3. Hafte cand ruz ast? 4. Yek ruz cand sâat ast? 5. Yek sâat cand daqiqe ast? 6. Yek daqiqe cand sâniye ast? 7. Âyâ �omâ ruzhaye Do�anbe be dâne�gâh miravid? 8. Âyâ �omâ ruzhâye Jom�e dar xâne hastid? 9. Yek sâl cand ruz ast? 10. Yek sâl cand hafte ast?

Exercise 13.3

Find the negative form of the following sentences:

1. Emruz sâate ha�t az xâne be bâzâr raftam. 2. Az bâzâr kâqazo medâdo qalam xaridam. 3. Sâate noh az bâzâr be xâne âmadam. 4. Dar xâne darse kelâs râ bâ medâd neve�tam. 5. Sâate daho nim az xâne be dâne�gâh raftam. 6. Sâate yâzdah ostâde mâ âmad. 7. �âgerdân va ostâd be kelâs raftand. 8. Dar kelâs ostâd dars râ ruye taxteye syâh neve�t. 9. Mâ ham dars râ bâ medâd ruye kâqaz neve�tim.

ADJECTIVES

positive degree: bozorg, kutâh, zibâ, bad comparative degree: bozorgtar, kutâhtar, zibâtar, badtar superlative degree: bozorgtarin, kutâhtarin, zibâtarin, badtarin

Lesson 14

zohr/nimruz noon kond slow



dorost just/right/exact kuk kardan to wind up sobh/bâmdâd morning qorub evening xarâb out of order xub well/good xâbidan to sleep

1. Dorost zohr ast. It is exactly noon. 2. Dorost sâat dah ast. It is exactly ten o�clock. 3. Sâate �omâ dah daqiqe tond ast. You clock/watch is ten minutes fast. 4. Sâate man dar bisto cahar sâat panj daqiqe kond kar mikonad.

My clock/watch runs five minutes slow during twenty four hours

5. Man zohr sâatam râ kuk kardam. I wound up my clock/watch at noon. 6. Man diruz sâatam râ kuk kardam. I wound up my clock/watch yesterday. 7. Man �abhâ sâate dah mixâbam. I sleep at ten o�clock every night.

8. Dar yek ruz ha�t sâat kâr mikonam. I work eight hours per day.

9. Yek sâat �ast daqiqevo yek daqiqe �ast sâniye ast.

An hour is sixty minutes, and a minute is sixty seconds.

10. In sâat kond kâr mikonad. This clock/watch runs slow. 11. Sâate �omâ dar bisto cahâr sâat yek rob� tond kâr mikonad.

You clock/watch runs fifteen minutes too fast during twenty four hours.

12. Sobhhâ be dâne�gâh miyâyamo zohrhâ be xâne miravam.

I go to the university in the morning and I come home every noon.

13. In sâat xarâb asto kâr nemikonad. This clock is out of order and does not work. 14. In sâat xarâb ast va dar bisto cahâr sâat panj sâat kond kâr mikonad.

This clock is out of order and runs five hours slow during twenty four hours.

15. Âyâ �omâ �abhâ sâate ha�t mixâbid? Do you sleep at eight o�clock every night?

16. Sâate �omâ xub kâr mikonad. Your clock/watch works well.

17. Sâate man diruz bad kâr mikard. My clock worked poorly yesterday. 18. Sâate man dorost asto bâ sâate dâne�gâh yeki st.

My clock/watch is right and is the same as the university's.

19. Sâate �omâ dorost nist. You clock/watch is not right. 20. Sâate man kucak ast. My clock/watch is small.

Exercise 14.1




1. Cand sâat dar ruz kâr mikonid? Man ha�t sâat dar ruz kâr mikonam. 2. Âyâ �omâ �abhâ sâate noh mixâbid? Na, man �abhâ sâate dah mixâbam. 3. Âyâ �omâ ruzhâ mixâbid? Na, man ruzhâ nemixâbam. 4. Ce sâati mixâbid? Sâate dah mixâbam. 5. Âyâ sâate �omâ dorost kâr mikonad? Bale, sâate man dorost kâr mikonad. 6. Âyâ sâate �omâ kond kâr mikonad? Na, sâate mâ kond kâr nemikonad. 7. Âyâ sâate �omâ tond kâr mikonad? Na, sâate man dorost kâr mikonad. 8. Ce sâati ast? Sâat panj ast. 9. Âyâ sobhhâ be dâne�gâh miyayid? Bale, sobhhâ sâate ha�t be dâne�gâh miravam. 10. Âyâ zohrhâ be xane miravid? Bale, dorost zohr be xane miravam. 11. Yek sâat cand daqiqe ast? Yek sâat �ast daqiqe ast. 12. Yek rob�e sâat cand daqiqe ast? Yek rob�e sâat pânzdah daqiqe ast. 13. Nimsâat cand dadiqe ast? Nimsâat si dadiqe ast. 14. Yek sâl cand ruz ast? Yek sâl sisado �asto panj ruz ast 15. Yek ruz cand sâat ast? Yek ruz bisto cahâr sâat ast.

Exercise 14.2

Compare and categorize the following adjectives:

xo�gel/zibâ pretty bozorg large/big arzân cheap ze�t ugly gerân expensive dur far

Exercise 14.3

Put the following sentences into Persian:

1. Did you see us in the market? Âyâ mâ râ dar bâzâr didid? 2. I have a red pen and two blue pencils. Man yek qalame sorxo do medâde âbi dâram.

3. I am at home today. Man emruz dar xâne hastam.



4. I did not see him yesterday. Man u râ diruz nadidam. 5. The students are in the class. �âgerdân dar kelâs hastand. 6. Our professor came to the class at half past eight. Ostâde mâ sâate ha�to nim be kelâs âmad.

7. I went home at a quarter past four yesterday. Man diruz sâate cahâro rob' be xâne raftam.

8. It is ten minutes past six. Sâat �e�o dah daqiqe ast.

9. We do not come to the university on Fridays. Mâ ruzhâye Âdine be dâne�gâh nemiyâyim. 10. There are sixty seconds in one hour. Yek sâat �ast daqiqe ast.

Exercise 14.4

Learn the following combinations that denote possessive case:

ketâbam my book ketâbat your book/thy book ketâba� his/her book ketâbaman our book ketâbatân your book ketâba�ân their book

Exercise 14.5

Write the possessive cases of these nouns:

medâd medâdam (my pencil) sar sarat (your head) dast dasta� (his/her hand) dars darsamân (our lesson) dar daratân (your door) sag saga�ân (their dog) kâqaz kâqazam (my paper)

Lesson 15

Fasl season bahâr spring



zemestân winter tâbestân summer pâyiz autumn/fall emsâl this year pârsâl last year bax� kardan to divide �odan to become

1. Yek mâh si ruz ast. A month is thirty days long. 2. Yek sâl davâzdah mâh ast. A year is twelve months long. 3. Panjâho do hafte yek sâl mi�avad. A year is fifty two weeks long. 4. Emsâl tabestân dar Tehrân nabudam. I was not in Tehran this summer. 5. Tâbestâne pârsâl dar Tehrân budam. I was in Tehran this past summer. 6. Sisado �asto panj ruz ham yek sâl ast. Three hundred sixty five days makes up a year. 7. Yek sâl râ be davâzdah mâh bax� kardeand. A year is divided into twelve months. 8. Har fasl se mâh ast. A season is three months long. 9. Bahâr, tâbestân, pâyiz, zemestân, cahâr fasle sâl hastand.

Spring, summer, autumn, and winter are the four seasons of the year.

10. Pârsâ1, tâbestân az Tehrân be Espahân raftam. I went from Tehran to Ispahan last summer.

Exercise 15.1

Make a sentence for each of the following words:

1. �anbe 2. hafte 4. ruz 5. daqiqe 7. emsâl 8. fasl 10. diruz 3. bahâr 6. mâh 9. mi�avad

Exercise 15.2


1. Yek sâl cand fasl ast? 2. Yek ruz cand sâat ast? 3. Yek hafte cand ruz ast? 4. Sal râ be cand fasl bax� kardeand? 5. Har fasl cand mâh ast? 6. Har sal cand hafte ast? 7. Yek sâl cand ruz ast? 8. Emruz cand �anbe ast? 9. Diruz cand �anbe bud? 10. In fasl ce faslist (= fasli ast)?



Exercise 15.3


1. dar - Tehrân - nabudam - pârsâl 2. emsâl - az Tehrân - tâbestân - miravam - be Espahân 3. cahâr - yek - fasl - sâl - ast 4. dar - xâne - sâat - hastam - yek 5. sâat - di�ab - xâbidam - noh 6. in âsântar - diruz - dars - az - ast - dars 7. yek - se - mâh - fasl - ast 8. diruz - ketâb - dah - bâzâr - az - xaridam 9. in - hafte - dâne�gâh - sobhhâ - dar - dâram - kâr 10. man - sâat - sobhhâ - ha�t - xâne - dar - nistam

Lesson 16

Mâhhâye sâl The months of the year Farvardin Mehr Ordibehe�t Âbân Xordâd Âzar Tir Dey Amordâd Bahman �ahrivar Espand

Nowruz Iranian new year

garm warm sard cold havâ air/weather

1. Farvardin, Ordibehe�t, Xordâd, se mâhe bahâr hastand.

Farvardin, Ordibehe�t, and Xordâd are the 3 months of spring.

2. Tir, Amordâd, �ahrivar, se mâhe Tâbestân hastand.

Tir, Amordâd, and �ahrivar, are the 3 months of summer.

3. Dey, Bahman, Espand, se mâhe zemestân hastand.

Dey, Bahman, and Espand, are the 3 months of winter

4. Mehr, Âbân, Âzar, se mâhe pâyiz hastand. Mehr, Âbân, and Âzar, are the 3 months of autumn.

5. Nowruz, naxostin ruze Farvardin ast. Nowruz, is the first day of Farvardin.



6. Bisto yekome mâhe Mârc ham naxostin ruze Farvardin ast.

The twenty first of March is also the first day of Farvardin.

7. Zemestânhâ havâ sard ast. The weather is cold in the winter. 8. Tâbestânhâ havâ garm ast. The weather is warm in the summer.

9. Dar mâhe Amordâd havâye Tehrân, garm ast. The weather of Tehran is warm in the month of Amordâd.

10. Dar mâhe Bahman havâye Tehrân, sard ast. The weather of Tehran is cold in the month of Bahman.

11. Yek sâl be cahâr fasl bax� mi�avad. A year is divided into four seasons. 12. Har fasl se mâh ast. Every season is three months long.

13. �e� mâhe naxoste sâl siyo yek ruz hastand. The first six months of the year are thirty one days long.

14.�e� mâhe dovome sâl si ruz ast. The second six months of the year are thirty days long.

15. Har yek az mâhhâye bahâr siyo yek ruz ast. Each of the spring months is thirty one days long. 16. Har yek az mâhhâye tâbestân siyo yek ruz ast.

Each of the summer months is thirty one days long.

17. Har yek az mâhhaye pâyiz si ruz ast. Each of the autumn months is thirty days long. 18. Har yek az mâhhâye zemestân si ruz ast. Each of the winter months is thirty days long. 19. Dar fasle bahâro pâyiz, havâye Tehrân, xub ast.

Tehran's weather is good during the spring and autumn seasons.

20. Dar fasle tâbestâno zemestan, havâye Tehrân, xub nist.

Tehran's weather is not good during the summer and winter seasons.

Exercise 16.1

Put the following sentences into negative:

1. Emruz havâ sard ast. 2. Diruz havâ garm bud. 3. Emsâl tâbestân havâ garm bud. 4. Pârsâl zemestân havâ sard bud. 5. Dar tâbestân havâye Tehran garm ast. 6. Dar zemestân havâye Tehrân sard ast. 7. Zemestânhâ man dar Tehrân hastam. 8. Emsâl tâbestân az Tehrân be Espahân raftam. 9. Diruz havâye xubi bud. 10. Emruz sâate �e� havâ sard bud.

Exercise 16.2




1. Âyâ emruz sard ast? 2. Âyâ diruz garm bud? 3. Âyâ dar Amordâdmâh havâye Tehrân garm ast? 4. Âyâ dar Bahmanmâh havâye Tehrân sard ast? 5. Âyâ tâbestânhâ dar Tehrân hastid? 6. Âyâ nowruz naxostin ruze sâl ast? 7. Âyâ bisto yekome mâhe Mârc ruze naxoste Farvardin ast? 8. Farvardinmâh cand ruz ast? 9. Tirmâh cand ruz ast? 10. Deymâh cand ruz ast?

Exercise 16.3

Make sentences out of the following words:

1. havâ - dar - garm - tâbestân - ast. 2. ast - havâ - sard - zemestânhâ. 3. naxostin - Farvardin - ruz - Nowruz - ast. 4. fasl - har - mâh - se - ast. 5. mâh - ruz - si - ast - yek. 6. sal - fasl - yek - ast - cahâr. 7. sâl - yek - hafte - panjaho do - ast. 8. naxoste - �anbe - hafte - ruze - ast. 9. Tehrân - zemestânhâ - man - hastam - dar. 10. mâhe - naxoste - bahâr - Farvardin - aste.

Exercise 16.4

Write a sentence for each of the following words:

1. sard 2. naxost 3. sâat 4. zohr 5. garm 6. mâh 7. emsâl 8. havâ 9. sâl 10. emruz

Lesson 17

xor�id sun setâre star abr cloud aftab sunlight tâbidan to shine



zamin earth mahtab/mâhtâb moonlight abri cloudy âftâbi sunny âsmân sky

1. Xor�id be zamin mitâbad. The sun shines on the earth. 2. Xor�id az zamin dur ast. The sun is far from the earth. 3. Âftab zamin râ garm mikonad. The sun warms the earth. 4. Âftab mâ râ garm mikonad. The sun warms us up. 5. Mahtâb garm nist, va zamin râ garm nemikonad.

Moonlight is not warm, and does not warm the earth.

6. Xor�id bozorg asto setâregân kucak hastand. The sun is large and the stars are small. 7. Xor�ido mâho setâregân dar âsmân hastand. The sun, the moon, and the stars are in the sky. 8. �abhâ mâ xor�id râ nemibinim. We do not see the sun at night. 9. Ruzhâ mâ setâregân râ nemibinim. We do not see the stars during the day. 10. �abhâ setâregân râ dar âsmân mibinim. We see the stars in the sky at night. 11. Emruz havâ abrist, va xor�id râ nemibinim. It is cloudy today, and we do not see the sun. 12. Diruz havâ âftabiyo garm bud. Yesterday the weather was sunny and warm. 13. Zemestânhâ âftâb ziyâd garm nist. The sunlight is not very warm in the winter. 14. Ruzhâye zemestâno �abhâye tâbestân kutâh hastand. Winter days and summer nights are short.

15. �abhaye zemestâno ruzhâye tâbestân boland hastand. Winter nights and summer days are long.

Exercise 17.1

Put into Persian:

1. The sun is bigger than the earth. Xor�id bozorgtar az zamin ast. 2. It was sunny yesterday. Diruz âftâbi bud. 3. It is cloudy today and the sun does not shine. Emruz abristo xor�id nemitâbad. 4. The sky is blue. Âsmân âbist. 5. It is cold in winter. Zemestân sard ast. 6. It was warm last summer. Tâbestâne pi� garm bud. 7. Autumn is a beautiful season. Pâyiz fasle zibâyist. 8. There are four seasons in a year. Sâl cahâr fast ast. 9. It is not cloudy tonight. Em�ab abri nist.



10. Saturday is the first day of the week. �anbe ruze naxoste hafte ast.

Exercise 17.2

1. Name the days of the week. 2. Name the months of the year. 3. Count from twenty to a hundred. 4. Name the seasons of the year.

Exercise 17.3


1. Âyâ �abhâ xor�id râ mibunid? 2. Âyâ �omâ bozorgtar az man hastid? 3. Âyâ ruzhâ setâregân râ mibinid? 4. Âyâ di�ab havâ abri bud? 5. Âyâ emruz hava âftâbiyast? 6. Âyâ xor�id bozorgtar az zamin ast? 7. Abr ce rang ast? 8. Âyâ ruzhâ mâh ra mibinid? 9. Âyâ zamin, kucaktar az xor�id ast? 10. Âyâ Nowruz, naxoste sâl ast?

Exercise 17.4


1. setâre 2. naxost 3. Amordâd 4. abr 5. durtar 6. bahâr 7. cehel 8. pârsâl 9. xâbid 10. Do�anbe

Lesson 18

barf snow

tagarg hail

bâd wind

gâhi sometimes sâf cloudless/clear vazidan to blow



meh fog bârân rain baridan to rain besyâr/xeyli very/very much

1. Dar mâhe Amordâd havâye Tehrân besyâr garm ast.

Tehran's weather is very warm in the month of Amordâd.

2. Dar Bahmanmâh havâye Tehrân besyâr sard ast.

Tehran's weather is very cold in the month of Bahman.

3. Bârân dar bahâro pâyiz, va barf dar zemestân mibarad.

It rains in spring and autumn, and it snows in winter.

4. Bâd dar bahâro pâyiz va gâhi ham dar zemestân mivazad.

Wind blows in spring and autumn and sometimes in winter.

5. Emruz havâ kami abri ast. The weather is a little cloudy today.

6. Tabestâne Tehrân besyâr garm, va zemstâne ân, besyâr sard ast.

Tehran's summer is very warm, and its winter is very cold.

7. Emruz havâye Tehrân abri bud, bâd âmad, abrhâ râ bord, havâ sâf �od.

Tehran's weather today was cloudy, the wind blew the clouds away and it became clear.

8. Pârsâl bârân zyâd nayâmad; vali emsâl ham barfo ham barâne zyâdi âmad.

Last year it did not rain very much; but this year it rained and snowed a lot.

9. Pârsâl yek ruz sobh meh âmad, vali zud raft. Last year one morning it turned foggy, but it quickly cleared up.

10. Pârsâl, zemestân havâ besyâr sard na�od. Last year, winter the weather did not turn too cold.

Exercise 18.1

Answer these questions:

1. Amordâdmâh dar kodam fasl ast? 2. Ordibehe�tmâh dar kodâm fasl ast? 3. Kodâm fasl garmtar ast? 4. Sardtarin fasl kodâm ast? 5. Dar ce fasli bâran zyâd mibârad? 6. Dar ce fasli bâd zyâd mibârad? 7. Kodâm fasl havâ zyâd sard mi�avad? 8. Kodâm fasl havâ zyâd garm mi�avad? 9. Ayâ dar bahâr bârân zyâdtar mibârad yâ dar pâyiz? 10. Ayâ barf dar zemestân mibârad?

Exercise 18.2



Compare the following adjectives:

1. garm 2. sard 3. zyâd 4. arzân 5. gerân 6. boland 7. kutâh 8. zibâ 9. bad 10. bozorg

Exercise 18.3

Learn the following ordinal numbers:

yekom/naxost/avval first doyom/dovom second seyom/sevom third caharom fourth panjom fifth �e�om sixth haftom seventh ha�tom eighth

nohom ninth

dahom tenth yâzdahom eleventh davâzdahom twelveth sizdahom thirteenth cahardahom fourteenth panzdahom fifteenth �ânzdahom sixteenth hafdahom seventeenth hajdahom/ha�dahom/ha� dahom eighteenth nuzdahom nineteenth bistom twentieth bisto yekom twenty first bisto dovom twenty second siyo dovom thirty second cehelo sevom forty third panjaho cahârom fifty fourth �asto panjom sixty fifth haftâdo �e�om seventy sixth ha�tâdo haftam eighty seventh navado ha�tom ninety eighth sadom hundredth



hezârom thousandth

Exercise 18.4

Write five simple sentences about winter.

Exercise 18.5


1. ruz - Farvardin - naxoste - Nowruz - ast

2. havâ - tâbestânhâ - besyâr - mi�avad - garm

3. âftâb - mikonad - garm - mâ - râ

4. mahtâb - nist - garm - va - nemikonad - garm - mâ - râ 5. setâregân - râ - dar - �abhâ - mibinim - âsmân

6. nemibinim - setâregân - râ - ruzhâ

7. havâ - âftâbi - diruz - bud

8. mitâbad - be - xor�id - zamin 9. dovome - bahâr - Ordibehe�t - mâh - ast

10. mâh - Xordâd - bahâr - sevome - ast

Lesson 19

mâdar mother barâdar brother doxtar girl/daughter pedar father zan wife/woman pesar boy/son xâhar sister mard man �owhar husband

Pedaram �asto se sâl dârad va dar dâne�gâh dars midahad.

My father is sixty three years old and teaches at the university.

Mâdaram panjâhsâle asto dar xâne kâr mikonad. My mother is fifty three years old and works at



home. Har ruz sobh pedaram be dâne�gâh miravad, va dar ânjâ dars midahad ammâ mâdaram dar xâne asto kârhâye xâne râ mikonad.

Every morning my father goes to the university and teaches there, but my mother is at home taking care of the house work.

Man se xâharo do barâdar dâram. I have three sisters and two brothers. Xaharâne man har se az man kucaktarand. My sisters are all younger than me. Yeki az xâharâne man �owhar dârad. One of my sisters has a husband. Do xâhare digare man dar xâneye pedaro mâdaram hastand.

My two other sisters live at home with my parents.

Barâdarâne man har do az man bozorgtar hastand va dar xâneye xoda�ân hastand.

My brothers are all older than me and live in their own homes.

Man har ruz be dâne�gâh miravamo dar ânjâ dars mixânam. I go to the university every day and study there.

Ruzhâye Jom�e ostâdân be dâne�gâh nemiyâyand, man ham be ânjâ nemiravam.

On Fridays the professors do not go to the university and I do not go there either.

Dar dâne�gâhe mâ zanâno mardân, doxtarâno pesarân bâ ham dars mixânand.

In our university women and men, girls and boys all study together.

Exercise 19.1

Give negative and positive answers to the following questions:

1. Âyâ �omâ har ruz be dâne�gâh miravid? 2. Âyâ pedare �omâ dar dâne�gâh dars midahad? 3. Âyâ �omâ barâdar dârid? 4. Âyâ �omâ xâhar dârid? 5. Âyâ barâdare �omâ az �omâ bozorgtar ast? 6. Âyâ xâhare �omâ az �omâ kucaktar ast? 7. Âyâ xâhare �omâ dar xâneye pedaratân ast? 8. Âyâ barâdare bozorge �omâ kâr mikonad? 9. Âyâ xâhare kucake �omâ dar xâne ast? 10. Âyâ xâhare bozorge �omâ �owhar dârad?

Exercise 19.2


1. man - pedare - dar - xâne - nist - ruzhâ

2. dar - mâdaram - xâne - mikonad - kâr

3. mâdar - besyâr - bozorgtar - va - pedaram - az - man - hastand

4. az - xâharâne - yeki - �owhar - man - dârad



5. yeki - xâharân - kâr - man - az - xâne - râ - mikonad - e

Exercise 19.3

Learn the following pronouns:

pedaram = my father pedaramân = our father

pedarat = your father pedaratân = your father

pedara� = his/her father pedara�ân = their father

xodam = myself xodamân = ourselves

xodat = yourself xodatân = yourselves xoda� = himself/herself xoda�ân = themselves

ketâbe xodam = my own book ketâbe xodamân = our own book

ketâbe xodat = your own book ketâbe xodatân = your own book ketâbe xoda� = his/her own book ketâbe xoda�ân = their own book

Exercise 19.4

Correct these sentences:

1. i�ân az xâne be bâzâr raft.

2. man emruz sobh dar xâne hast.

3. u diruz be dâne�gâh miravad.

4. pedare man az man kucaktar ast.

5. man az mâdaram bozorgtar hastam.

Lesson 20

�âm = supper xorâk/qazâ = food nân = bread nâhâr = lunch �ir = milk panir = cheese sobhâne/câ�t = breakfast bidâr �odan = to wake �ostan = to wash

Sobhhâ sâate �e� az xâb bidâr mi�avam. I wake up at six o'clock every morning. Dasto suratam râ mi�uyam. I wash may hands and face.



Nâno paniro �ir mixoram, va be dâne�gâh miravam.

I eat bread with cheese and milk and head to the university.

Sâate ha�to nim dar kelâs hastam. I am in the classroom at eight thirty. Ostâd be kelâs miyâyad va dars midahad. The professor arrives at class and teaches. Sobhhâ se sâat dars mixânam. I study for three hours every morning. Sâate yâzdaho nim az dâne�gâh be xâne miravam. I leave the university for home at eleven thirty.

Dorost sâate davâzdah nâhâr mixoram. I eat lunch exactly at twelve o'clock. Sâate dovo nim dobâre be dâne�gâh miravam. I again go to the university at two thirty. Do sâat digar dars mixânam. I study another two hours. Pas az ân be xâne miravam. After that I go home. Dar xâne ham kami dars mixânamo kami kâr mikonam. At home I study and work a little.

Sâate ha�t �âm mixoramo sâate dah mixâbam. I eat supper at eight and sleep at ten.

Exercise 20.1


Sobhhâ ce sâati az xâb bidâr mi�avid? Âyâ �abhâ zud mixâbid? Âyâ dar zemestân dasto suratetân râ bâ âbe sard mi�uyid? Âyâ dar tâbestân dasto suratetân râ bâ âbe garm mi�uyid? Ce sâati sobhâne mixorid? Ce sâati nâhâr mixorid? Ce saati �âm mixorid? �ir ce rang ast? Dar zemestân xorâke sard behtar ast yâ xorâke garm? �abi cand sâat mixâbid?

Exercise 20.2

Make a sentence with each of the following words:

1. pedaratân 2. xoda� 3. pedaram 4. gâhi 5. ammâ 6. setâregân 7. pas az ân 8. dobâre 9. mixâbam

Exercise 20.3

Correct these sentences:

1. U xoda�ân be man goft.



2. Yeki az xaharâne man �owhar dârand. 3. Mahtâb mâ râ garm mikonad. 4. Nowruz, ruze naxoste Ordibehe�t ast. 5. Havâ besyâr sard bud, tagarg mivazido bâd mibârid. 6. Di�ab havâ sâf budo setâregân râ nemididim. 7. Emruz dorost sâate davâzdah �âm xordam. 8. �omâ ketâbe xodetân râ be xâne bordand. 9. Zemestân havâye Tehrân besyâr garm ast. 10. Tâbestânhâ dar Tehrân barf mibârad.

Lesson 21

otâqe ne�iman livingroom otâqe xâb bedroom otâqe nâhârxori dining room nowkar man-servant otâqe pazirâyi guestroom â�pazxâne kitchen â�paz cook ru�uyi lavatory kolfat maid-servant mehmân guest

Xâneye mâ panj otâq dârad, se otâqe ân bozorgo do otâqe an kucak ast.

Our house has five rooms, three of its rooms are large and two are small.

Yeki az otâqhâye bozorg, otâqe ne�iman ast ke mâ dar ân mine�inim.

One of its large rooms is the living room where we sit.

Yeki az otâqhâye kucak barâye xâb ast ke mâ dar an mixâbim.

One of the small rooms is the bedroom where we sleep.

Dar otâqe nâhârxori xorâk mixorim. We eat food in the dining room Dar otâqe pazirâyi az mehmân pazirâyi mikonim. We entertain a guest in the guestroom. Yeki az otâqhâye kucak barâye nowkaro kolfate mâst.

One of the small rooms is for the maid and the sevant.

Kolfato nowkare mâ zano �owhar hastand. Our maid and servant are husband and wife.

Mâ â�paz nadârim va xodemân â�pazi mikonim. We do not have a cook and must cook our own food.

Sobhhâ ke az xâb bidâr mi�avim har yek az mâ be ru�uyi miravad va dast o surate xod râ mi�uyad.

Every morning when we get up each one of us goes to the bathroom and washes his face and hands.



Sâate hafte sobh barâye xordane sobhâne be otâqe nâhârxori miravim.

At seven o'clock we go to the dining room to have breakfast.

Barâye xordane nâhâr va �âm hameye mâ dasthâye xodemân râ mi�uyim, pas az ân be otâqe nâhârxori barâye xordane xorâk miravim.

We wash our hands before lunch and dinner, then we go into the dining room to have our meals.

Pas az xordane nâhâr dobâre har yek be sare kâre xod miravim. After having lunch we return to our work.

�abhâ do sâat pas az xordane �âm hameye mâ mixâbim. Every night we go to bed two hours after dinner.

Exercise 21.1

Write five simple sentences about your family.

Exercise 21.2

Use each of the following words in simple sentences:

1. bozorgtar 2. haryek 3. hame 4. �ostam 5. mard 6. bidâr �odam 7. â�pazxâne 8. otâqe nowkar 9. pazirâyi kardam 10. sobhâne

Exercise 21.3


1. Sobhhâ ce sâati az xâb bidâr mi�avid? 2. �abhâ ce sâati mixâbid? 3. Nâhâr râ ce sâati mixorid? 4. Ce sâati �âm mixorid? 5. Sobhhâ ce sâati sare kâr miravid? 6. Âyâ �omâ â�paz dârid, yâ xodatân â�pazi mikonid? 7. Xâneye �omâ cand otâq dârad? 8. �abi cand sâat mixâbid? 9. Âyâ �omâ �abhâ dir mixâbid? 10. Zemestân râ bi�tar dust dârid yâ tâbestân râ?

Lesson 22

mândan to remain hendese geometry zabân language



pâkize clean târix history Pârsi Persian poxtan to cook joqrâfi geography âmâre�/hesâb arithmetic komak kardan to help

Pariyo Kuro� dar dabestân dars mixânand. Pari and Kurosh study at the elementary school.

Pari xâhare Kuro� ast va Kuro� barâdare Pari ast. Pari is Kurosh's sister, and Kurosh is Pari's brother.

Pari kelâse dovomo Kuro� cahârom ast. Pari is in second, and Kurosh is in fourth grade. Sobhhâ bâham az xâne be dabestân miravand. Every morning they go to school together. Kuro� do sâl bozorgtar az Pari ast. Kurosh is two years older than Pari. Dar dabestân har do zabâne Pârsi, âmâre�, hendese, târix, va joqrâfi mixânand.

At school they both study Persian, arithmetic, geometry, history, and geography.

�abhâ Kuro� dar xâne be Pari komak mikonad. Every night Kurosh helps Pari at home.

Pedara�ân ruzhâ sâate ha�t be sare kâr miravado �abhâ sâate haft be xâne miyâyad.

Their father goes to work every day at eight o'clock, and every night he goes comes home at seven o'clock.

Mâdara�ân dar xâne mimânado xâne râ pâkize mikonado barâye i�ân xorâk mipazad.

Their mother stays at home, cleans the house, and cooks meals for them.

Pariyo Kuro� pas az in ke kâre xod râ tamâm kardand be a�pazxâne miravando be mâdara�ân komak mikonand.

Pari and Kurosh go to the kitchen after finishing their work and help out their mother.

Exercise 22.1


1. Âyâ Pari xâhare Kuro� ast? 2. Âyâ Kuro� barâdare Pari ast? 3. Pari dar ce kelâsi ast? 4. Kuro� dar ce kelâsi ast? 5. Kuro� cand sâl bozorgtar an Pari ast? 6. Dar dabestân ce mixânand? 7. Âyâ �abhâ Kuro� be Pari komak mikonad? 8. Pedara�ân ce sâati be sare kar miravad? 9. Ce sâati pedara�ân be xâne bar migardad? 10. Madara�ân dar xâne ce mikonad?



Exercise 22.2

Write the infinitive of five different verbs.

Exercise 22.3

Conjugate the present tense of the verb �budan�. Exercise 22.4

Conjugate the past tense of the verb �xordan�. Exercise 22.5

Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Man u râ didam. 2. Ostâd dar kelâs dars midahad. 3. Sâate ha�to nim �âgerdân dar kelâs budand. 4. Mâdaram diruz be bâzâr raft. 5. Pedare �omâ di�ab be xâneye mâ âmad.

Numbers

100 sad 600 �e�sad 200 devist 700 haftsad 300 sisad 800 ha�tsad 400 cahârsad 900 nohsad 500 pânsad 1000 hezâr

Lesson 23

xo�hâl �odan to become happy bidâr kardan to waken piyâde on foot kif school bag bâz mi�avad opens hanuz yet xarideid you have bought xâstan to want rasidan to reach hardo both



Pariyo Kuro� di�ab be pedara�ân goftand: �Dabestâne mâ, ruze Cahâr�anbe bâz mi�avado hanuz �omâ barâye mâ ketâb, daftar, medâdo kâqaz naxarideid�.

Pari and Kurosh told their father last night: �Our school will open on Wednesday and you have not yet bought us any books, notebooks, pencils and papers.�

Pedara�ân goft: �Fardâ ke Do�anbe ast hame bâ ham be bâzâr xâhim raft�.

Their father said: �Tomorrow is Monday and we will all go to the market together�.

Bacehâ besyâr xo�hâl �odando be otâqe xâbe xod raftand.

The children became happy and went to their rooms.

Fardâ sobhe zud har do az xâb bidâr �odando pedaro mâdar râ bidâr kardand.

The next day they woke up early and awakened their mother and father.

Pas az xordane sobhâne piyâde be bâzâr raftand. After having breakfast they left for the market. Dar xiyâbânhâ daste Pari dar daste mâdar, va daste Kuro� dar daste pedar bud.

In the streets Pari's hand was in her mother's and Kurosh's was in his father's.

Pas az nim sâat be bâzâr rasidand. They reached the market after half hour. Pedar barâye har do ketâb, daftar, qalam, medâdo kâqaz xarid.

Their father bought books, notebooks, pens, pencils, and papers for both of them.

Pari goft: �Pedar jân, man yek kif mixâham�. Pari said: �Dear father, I want a school bag�. Pedar barâye Pari yek kife qahveiyo barâye Kuro� yek kife siyâh xarid.

Their father bought a brown school bag for Pari and a black one for Kurosh.

I�ân ketâb, daftar, qalam, medâdo kâqaze xod râ dar kifhâya�ân gozâ�tando be xâne âmadand.

They put their books, notebooks, pens, pencils, and papers in their bags and came home.

Exercise 23.1


1. Ce ruzi Pariyo Kuro� bâ pedara�ân be bâzâr raftand?

2. Âyâ �omâ bâzâre Tehrân râ dideid? 3. Âyâ Pariyo Kuro� piyâde be bâzâr raftand? 4. Pas az cand sâat be bâzâr rasidand? 5. Âyâ dar xiyâbânhâ daste Pari dar daste mâdara� bud? 6. Âyâ pedar barâye har do ketâb, daftar, medâdo qalam xarid? 7. Pari be pedar ce goft? 8. Âyâ kife Pari qahvei bud? 9. Âyâ kife Kuro� siyâh bud?

8. Âyâ Pariyo Kuro� ketâbo daftare xod râ dar kife xod gozâ�tand?

Exercise 23.2

Write the equivalent of the following words in English:

1. havâ 2. barâye 3. bace

4. zud 5. dir 6. xiyâbân



7. otâqe pazirâyi 8. rasidan 9. piyâde

10. âmâre� 11. hendese 12. mixâham

13. devist 14. komak mikonad 15. mândan 16. dust dâ�tan 17. bi�tar 18. Pârsi 19. poxtan 20. târix

Conjugation of Verbs

Perfect tense:

Xordan To eat man xordeam I have eaten to xordei you have eaten u xorde ast he/she has eaten mâ xordeim we have eaten �omâ xordeid you have eaten i�ân xordeand they have eaten

Perfect tense:

Rasidan To reach man rasideam I have reached to rasidei you have/thou hast reached u raside ast he/she has reached

mâ rasideim we have reached �omâ rasideid you have reached i�ân rasideand they have reached

Pefect tense:

Raftan To go man rafteam I have gone

to raftei you have/thou hast gone

u rafte ast he/she has gone mâ rafteim we have gone �oma rafteid you have gone

i�ân rafteand they have gone



Future tense:

Amadan To come man xâham âmad I shall come

to xâhi âmad you will come

u xâhad âmad he/she will come mâ xâhim �niad we shall come �omâ xâhid âmad you will come

i�ân xâhand âmad they will come

Future tense:

Didan To see

man xâham did I shall see to xâhi did you will see u xâhad did he/she will see mâ xâhim did we will see �omâ xâhid did you will see i�ân xâhand did they will see

Future tense:

Xaridan To buy

man xâham xarid I shall buy to xâhi xarid you will buy u xâhad xarid he/she will buy mâ xâhim xarid we shall buy �omâ xâhid xarid you will buy i�ân xâhand xarid they will buy

Lesson 24

dust friend

gi�e stamp window

hangâm when



nâme letter postxâne post office sâlem safe/healthy posti postman tambr stamp fahmidan to realize sandoqe post mailbox andâxtan to drop/to throw pâkat envelope �ahr city

Yeki az dustâne man, yek mâh ast ke be Landan rafte ast.

One of my friends has gone to London for a month.

Diruz sâate nohe sobh posti nâmeyi az Landan barâye man âvard.

The postman brought me a letter from London at nine o'clock yesterday morning.

In nâme râ duste man ferestâde bud. My friend had sent me the letter. Nâme râ xândam. I read the letter. Hangâmi ke fahmidam u sâlem be �ahre Landan raside ast, xo�hâl �odam.

I was happy when I realized he had safely reached the city of London.

Di�ab pâsoxe nâmeye u râ neve�tamo emruz sobh ân râ be postxâne bordam.

Last night I wrote an answer to his letter, and took it to the post office this morning.

Az yeki az gi�ehâ tambr xaridamo be pâkat casbândam, va nâme râ dar sandoqe post andâxtam.

I bought a stamp from a window, pasted it to an envelope, and dropped the letter in a mailbox.

Az postxâne be xâneye barâdaram raftam. I went to my brother's place after the post office. Barâdaram goft: �Sâate ha�te sobh be xâneye �omâ telefon kardam, �omâ dar xâne nabudid.�

�I called your home at eight o'clock this morning, and you were not home�, my brother said.

Goftam: �dorost ast, man be postxâne rafte budam.�

�That is correct, I had gone to the post office�, I said.

Exercise 24.1


1. Âyâ �omâ �ahre Landan râ dideid?

2. Postxâneye Tehrân dar ce xiyâbâni ast?

3. Âyâ �omâ postxâneye Tehrân râ dideid? 4. Tambre post râ az kojâ mixarid? 5. Âyâ �omâ dusti dar �ahre Landan dârid?

6. Hangâmi ke tambr râ be pâkat casbândid, pâkat râ kojâ miyandâzid?



7. Sobhhâ ce sâati az xâne birun miravid? 8. Âyâ �omâ sobhhâ dir be xâne bar migardid? 9. Âyâ �omâ be dustâne xod ke dar Irân nistand nâme minevisid? 10. Âyâ �omâ pâsoxe nâmehâ râ zud minevisid?

Exercise 24.2

Conjugate the future tense of the verb: To Go = �Raftan� Exercise 24.3

Conjugate the perfect tense of the verb: To See = �Didan� Exercise 24.4

Put the following verbs into negative:

man budeam man xâham goft man miravam to budei to xâhi goft to miravi u bude ast u xâhad goft u miravad mâ budeim mâ xâhim goft mâ miravim �omâ budeid �omâ xâhid goft �omâ miravid i�ân budeand i�ân xâhand goft i�ân miravand

Lesson 25

havâpeymâ airplane ne�astan to sit/to land forudgâh airport dast dâdan to shake hands tâksi taxi mosâfer passenger âqâ sir/Mr. digari the other didani worth seeing miyân among gomrok customs Âmrikâyi American miyâmad was coming



xodrow automobile

Âqâye Edvârd Jânson va âqâye Yegâne bâ ham dust hastand. Mr. Edward Johnson and Mr. Yeganeh are friends.

Âqâye Yegâne be mâ goft: �Emruz sobh sâate haft bâ yek tâksi az �ahr be forudgâhe Mehrâbâd raftam.

Mr. Yeganeh told us: �This morning at seven o'clock I took a taxi from the city to the Mehrabad airport.

Âqâye Edvârd Jânson, yeki az dustâne man, az Nyu York be Tehrân miyâmad.

One of my friends, Mr. Edward Johnson, was arriving in Tehran from New York.

Yek rob� be ha�t, yek havâpeymâye Âmrikâyi be zamin ne�ast, duste man dar in havâpeymâ bud.

At quarter to eight, an American airplane landed, and my friend was on board.

Dare havâpeymâ bâz �od. Mosâferân hame be gomrok raftand.

The airplane door opened. All passengers went through customs.

Pas az nim sâat birun âmadand. They came out after a half hour. Duste man ham birun âmad, bâ u dast dâdamo hâle u râ porsidam.

My friend came out as well, I shook his hand and greeted him.

Barâdare man ham be forudgâh âmade bud tâ duste marâ bebinad. Bâ xordove u be �ahr âmadim.

My brother had also come to the airport to see my friend. We left for the city in his car.

Âqâye Jânson yek hafte dar Tehrân mimânado dar xâneye mâ mehmân ast.

Mr. Johnson will stay in Tehran for a week, as a guest in our home.

Mâ az u pazirâyi xâhim kard. We will entertain him. Dar in hafte be jâhâye didaniye �ahre Tehrân xâhim raft.

This week we will visit the interesting sights of the city of Tehran.

Pas az yek hafte u be �ahrhâye digare Irân xâhad raft.� After a week he will visit other cities around Iran.�

Exercise 25.1


1. Âqâye Jânson az kodâm �ahr be Tehrân âmad? 2. Âqâye Jânson bâ otomobil be Tehrân âmad? 3. Âyâ âqâye Jânson bâ havâpeymâye Âmrikâyi be Tehrân âmad? 4. Ce sâati havâpeymâ be zamin ne�ast? 5. Mosaferân az havâpeymâ be kojâ raftand?

6. Âqâye Jânson dar Tehrân mehmâne kist?

7. Âqâye Jânson ce moddat dar Tehrân xâhad mand? 8. U pas az yek hafte be kojâ xâhad raft? 9. Âyâ Âqâye Jânson be jâhâye didaniye �ahre Tehrân xâhad raft? 10. Âqâye Jânson bâ xodrove ke be �ahr âmad?

Exercise 25.2



Conjugate the perfect tense of the verbs: �Dâdan� = To Give, �Gereftan� = To Take Exercise 25.3

Translate the following sentences into Persian:

1. What day is it today? 2. Today is Tuesday. 3. What day was yesterday? 4. Yesterday was Monday. 5. What day will tomorrow be?

6. Tomorrow will be Wednesday.

7. It was cold yesterday. 8. It was warm in summertime. 9. It is cold in winter. 10. It was cloudy last night.

Lesson 26

be suye towards zang zadan to ring

sedâ zadan to call

ru�uyi lavatory avaz kardan to change

taxte xâb bed

jâmedân suitcase andar/andarun �odan to enter râhnamâyi kardan to guide xo�âmad goftan to welcome ne�ân to show anjâm dâdan to finish e�kâf closet hammâm bathroom

Xâneye Âqâye Yegâne dar xiyâbâne Taxte Jam�id ast.

Mr. Yeganeh's house is on Takht-e Jamshid Avenue.

Xodrove barâdara� jelove xâne istâd. His brother's automobile stopped in front of the house.



Âqâye Jânson, Âqâye Yegânevo barâdarâ� az xodrow piyâde �odand va be suye dare xâne raftand.

Mr. Johnson, Mr. Yeganeh, and his brother got out of the automobile and went towards the door.

Âqâye Yegâne zang râ zad. Mr. Yeganeh rang the bell. Nowkara� dar râ bâz kard. His servant opened the door.

Âqâye Yegânevo barâdara� be Âqâye Jânson taârof kardand va u naxost andarune xâne �od.

Mr. Yeganeh and his brother gestured Mr. Johnson politely and he was the first to enter the house.

Âqâye Yegâne u râ be otâqi râhnamâyi kard va u andarune ân otâq �od.

Mr. Yeganeh directed him to a room which he entered.

Xânome Yegâne ham be in otâq âmad, be Âqâye Jânson xo�âmad gofto taxte xâb, e�kâf, hammâmo ru�uyi râ be u ne�ân dâd.

Mrs. Yeganeh also entered the room, welcomed Mr. Johnson, and showed him the bed, the closet, the bathroom.

Nowkar ham jâmedanhâye Âqâye Jânson râ âvard va dar otâq gozâ�t.

The servant brought Mr. Johnson's suitcases and placed them in the room.

Hame birun raftand tâ Âqâye Jânson dasto surate xod râ be�uyado jâmeye xod râ avaz konad.

Everyone left so that Mr. Johnson could wash up and change his clothes.

Pas az yek sâat Âqâye Jânson kârhâye xod râ anjâm dâdo duste xod Âqaye Yegâne râ sedâ zad. Har do be otâqe pazirâyi raftando ânjâ ne�astand.

After an hour Mr. Johnson was finshed, and called his friend Mr. Yeganeh. They both went to the livingroom and sat there.

Exercise 26.1


1. Xâneye Âqâye Yegâne kojâst? ( kojâ ast?) 2. Ke zange xâne râ zad? 3. Ke dar râ bâz kard? 4. Ke be Âqâye Jânson taârof kard? 5. Ke naxost andarune xâne �od?

6. Ke Âqâye Jânson râ be otâq râhnamâyi kard?

7. Xânome Yegâne be Âqâye Jânson ce goft va be u ce ne�ân dâd? 8. Ke jâmedânhâye Âqâye Jânson râ âvard? 9. Nowkar jâmedânhâ râ kojâ gozâ�t? 10. Pas az ce moddati Âqâye Jânson kârhâye xod râ anjâm dâd? 11. Âqâye Jânson ke râ sedâ zad? 12. Âqâye Jânsono Âqâye Yegâne be kojâ raftando ce kardand?

Exercise 26.2

Make a sentence with each of the following words:

1. xâne 2. xiyâbân



3. barâdaram 4. zang 5. bâz

6. andarun

7. e�kâf 8. xoda�

Exercise 26.3

Correct the following sentences:

1. Man Âqâye Yegâne râ dar xiyâban did. 2. Âqâye Jânson mehmânhâye Âqâye. 3. Havâpeymâ sâate ha�t be zamin ne�astand. 4. U daste xod râ dar kelâs nadidand. 5. Sâate nohe �ab posti nâmeyi barâye man âvardi. 6. Barâdaram nâme râ dar sandoqe post andâxtam. 7. Yeki az dustâne man yek mâh ast ke be Landan râfteand. 8. Xâharam dusti dar �ahre Tehrân dârid. 9. Pedaram sobhhâ sâate ha�t az xâne birun miravad. 10. Mâ kami zabâne Pârsi midânam.

Exercise 26.4

Learn the different parts of the following verbs:

Infinitive Present tense Past tense Past participle kardan kon kard karde budan bâ� bud bude âmadan ây âmad âmade âvardan âvar âvard âvarde bordan bar bord borde didan bin did dide xordan xor xord xorde raftan row raft rafte xaridan xar xarid xaride neve�tan nevis neve�t neve�te �odan �ow �od �ode tâbidan tâb tâbid tâbide



vazidan vaz vazid vazide dâdan deh dâd dâde xândan xân xând xânde

Lesson 27

aknun/inak now ne�asteand they are sitting ehterâm respect/honor boland �odand they raise up cây tea na�lbaki saucer gap mizadand they were talking pi�band apron qand sugar pi�/jelow in front of/before surat face �irini sweets fenjân cup mizbân host hangâm when �âne kard he/she combed kenâr beside mixordand they were eating

Âqâye Jânsono Âqâye Yegâne aknun dar otâqe pazirâyi ne�asteando bâham gap mizanand.

Mr. Johnson and Mr. Yeganeh are now seated in the livingroom and talking.

Xânome Yegâne dar in hangâm dar â�pazxâne bud. Mrs. Yeganeh was in the kitchen at this time.

Az â�pazxâne birun âmad, pi�bande xod râ baz kard, dasto surate xod râ �ost, jâmeye xâne râ avaz kard, sare xod râ �âne kardo be otâqe pazirâyi raft.

She came out of the kitchen, took off her apron, washed up, changed her clothes, combed her hair and entered the livingroom.

Âqaye Jânsono Âqâye Yegâne be ehterâme u az jâye xod boland �odand.

Mr. Johnson and Mr. Yeganeh rose up from their seats as a sign of respect for her.

Hangâmi ke Xânome Yegâne ne�ast, i�ân ham dobâre ne�astand.

They sat down again when Mrs. Yeganeh took her seat.

Nowkare xâne câyo �irini âvardo pi�e Âqâye Jânson bord.

The servant brought some tea and sweets and offered them to Mr. Johnson.

Âqâye Johnson yek fenjân cây bardâ�to do tekke Mr. Johnson picked up a cup of tea and dropped



qand dar ân andâxt. two pieces of sugar in it. Pas az ân yek �irini ham bardâ�to kenâre na�lbaki gozâ�t.

Then he picked up a sweet and placed it on the saucer.

Âqâvo xânome Yegâne ham câyo �iriniye xod râ bardâ�tand va nowkar az otâq birun raft.

Mr. and Mrs. Yeganeh took their tea and sweets and the servant left the room.

Mehmâno do mizbân cây mixordando gap mizadand.

The guest and the two hosts drank tea and talked.

Exercise 27.1

Without referring to the translation tell what you read in your own words.

Exercise 27.2

Answer the following questions with complete sentences:

1. Âqâye Jânson va Âqâye Yegâne aknun dar kojâ ne�asteand? 2. Âqâye Jânsono Âqâye Yegâne ce mikonand? 3. Âya Xânome Yegâne jâmevo kaf�hâvo jurâbhâye xod râ avaz kard? 4. Hangâmi ke âqâye Jânsono Âqâye Yegâne, Xânome Yegâne râ didand ce kardand? 5. Hangâmi ke Xânome Yegâne ne�ast i�ân ce kardand?

6. Nowkare xâne ce âvard?

7. Nowkare xâne câyo �irini râ pi�e ke bord? 8. Âqâye Jânson ce bar dâ�t? 9. Âqâye Jânson dar fenjâne cây ce andâxt? 10. Âqâye Jânson �irini râ kojâ gozâ�t?

Exercise 27.3

Put all the verbs in the sentences into present tense.

Exercise 27.4


1. In doxtare man ast. 2. Doxtare man yâzdah sâle ast. 3. Pesare �omâ cand sâle ast? 4. Emruz havâ besyâr sard ast. 5. Âyâ �omâ dar Tehrân zendegi mikonid?

6. Yeki az barâdarâne man dar Espahân zendegi mikonad.

7. Di�ab dir be xâne raftam.



8. Nowruz, ruze naxoste sâle Iraniyân ast. 9. Havâye in otâq garm ast, yeki az panjarehâ râ bâz konid. 10. Yeki az dustânam be dâne�gâhhâye Englestân rafte ast.

Lesson 28

gerd âmadand they gathered deh village dehne�in villager dowr around pir old da�vat kard he/she invited garde� kardan to take a walk/browse/wander mânand like nâpâk dirty ke�tzâr field jow barley kâ�te budand they had sown guspand sheep boz goat xorus cock negahdâri kardan to take care jânvar animal sudmand useful nâm name porsid he/she asked âmâde kardan to prepare tang narrow gandom wheat gâv cow xar donkey morq hen zirâ because



Âqâye Yegâne bâ pesare bozorgo Xânoma� va Âqâye Jânson ruze Âdine bâ xodrow az Tehrân birun raftand.

Mr. Yeganeh, his eldest son, his wife, and Mr. Johnson, left Tehran by car on Friday.

Pas az do sâat be yek deh rasidand. They reached a village after two hours. Dehne�inân ke didand xodrow andarune deh �ode ast, dowre ân gerd âmadand.

The villagers gathered around the automobile after they saw it enter the village.

Yeki az i�ân ke pirmardi bud, i�ân râ be xâneye xod da�vat kard.

One of them, an old man, invited them to his home.

I�ân ham xodrow râ dar kenâri gozâ�tando be xâneye pirmard raftand.

They left the automobile in a corner and went to the old man's house.

Âqâye Yegâne nâme pirmard râ porsid, pir-mard goft: �Nâme man Kuro� ast�.

Mr. Yeganeh asked the old man for his name, the old man replied: �My name is Kurosh�.

Pas az rasidan be xâne zane Kuro� i�ân râ be otâqi râhnamâyi kardo pas az nim sâat cây âmâde kardo barâye i�ân âvard.

After reaching the house, Kurosh's wife directed them to a room and after a half hour prepared tea and brought it inside.

I�ân pas az xordane cây dar deh garde� kardand. They browsed around village after drinking their teas.

Âqâye Jânson goft: �Xânehâye deh mânande xânehâye �ahr bozorgo zibâ nistand va kuce ham tango nâpâk ast�.

Mr. Johnson said: �The village houses are not as large and beautiful as the one's in the city, and the alley is narrow and dirty�.

Pas az dah daqiqe az deh birun raftando be ke�tzâr rasidand.

After ten minutes they left the village and reached a field.

Bi�tare zaminhâ râ gandomo jow kâ�te budand. Most of the field was planted with barley and wheat.

Dehne�inân az gâv, guspand, boz, xar, asb, morqo xorus negahdâri mikonand, zirâ in janvarân sudmand hastand.

The villagers take care of cows, sheep, goats, donkeys, horses, hens and cocks, because these are useful animals.

Exercise 28.1


1. Âqâye Yegâne bâ ke az Tehrân birun raft? 2. Ce ruzi Âqâye Yegâne az Tehrân birun raft? 3. Pas az cand sâat be deh rasidand? 4. Ce kasâni dowre mâ�in gerd âmadand? 5. Ke i�ân râ be xâneye xod da�vat kard?

6. Âyâ i�ân be xâneye an pirmard raftand?

7. Nâme ân pirmard ce bud? 8. Zane Kuro� ce kard? 9. I�ân pas az xordane cây ce kardand? 10. Âqâye Jânson dar bâreye xânehâye deh ce goft?



11. Âqâye Jânson dar bâreye kucehâye deh ce goft? 12. Âqâye Yegânevo digarân az deh ke birun raftand be kojâ rasidand? 13. Dar zaminhâ bi�tar ce kâ�te budand? 14. Jânvarâni râ ke dar deh budand nâm bebarid? 15. Âyâ gâvo guspand sudmand hastand?

Exercise 28.2


1. deh 5. rasidan 9. sudmand 2. pir 6. râhnamâyi kardan 10. bozorgtar 3. da�vat 7. �ahr 4. nâm 8. daqiqe

Exercise 28.3

Explain what you read in your own words without refering to the previous pages.

Exercise 28.4

Put the sentences you created in Exercise 28.2 into negative.

Exercise 28.5

Name five villages around Tehran.

Lesson 29

asr evening hamrâhân companions xo� goza�tan to have a good time âsude comfortable bâyad must mixâham I want safar trip/voyage xâvar east jonubi southern bâxtar west markazi central taqriban nearly



nâcâram I�m obliged gunâgun different ya�ni it means dur far xânevâde family �omâl north bax� part sepas afterwards bedrud goftan to say goodby

Asre Âdine Âqâye Yegânevo hamrâhân az garde� bar ga�tand va sâlem be xâne rasidand.

Mr. Yeganeh and companions returned home fine on Friday evening.

Hame barâye xordane cây be otâqe pazirâyi raftand. They all went to the livingroom for tea.

Âqâye Jânson be xânevâdeye Yegâne goft: �Man dar xâneye �omâ besyâr âsude hastamo dar injâ be man xo� migozarad.

Mr Johnson said to the Yeganeh family: �I am very comfortable at your home and am having a good time.

Vali man bâyad �ahrhâye digare Irân râ ham bebinam. But I have to visit other cities around Iran.

Naxost be �omâle Irân mixâham beravam va Âzarbâyjân, Gilâno Mânzandarân râ bâ Gorgân bebinam.

First I want to go north of Iran and visit Azerbaijan, Gilan, Mazandaran, and Gorgan.

Sepas mixâham safari be xâvare Irân ya�ni xorâsân beravam.

Then I want to take a trip to Khorasan in eastern Iran.

Pas az ân be bax�hâye jonubiye Irân mânande Kermân, Ba1ucestân, Pârso Xuzestân xâham raft va safari ham be bâxtare Irân xâham kard tâ Kordestân râ bebinam.

Then I will visit the southern regions like Kerman, Baluchistan, Pars and Khuzistan, and also take a trip to see Kurdistan in western Iran.

Sepas �ahrhâye markazi, mânande Qom, Kâ�ân, Espahâno Arâk râ xâham did, tâ taqriban hameye Irân râ dide bâ�am.

Then I will see the cities in the central region, like Qom, Kashan, Espahan and Arak, so that I would have visited the entire Iran.

Man gomân dâram yek ketâbe joqrâfi be zabâne Englisi dar bâreye Irân benevisamo barâye neve�tane in ketâb nâcâram bax�hâye gunâgune Irân râ bebinam.

I have in mind to write a geographical book on Iran, and in order to do that I am obliged to visit the different parts of the country.

Fardâ sobh bâ �omâ bedrud xâham goft va bâ pâreyi dustâne Englisiye xod in safare duro derâz râ âqâz xâham kard.

Tomorrow morning I will say goodby to you all, and leave on this long trip with several of my English friends.

Exercise 29.1


1. Key âqaye Yegâne va hamrâhâna� az safar bar ga�tand? 2. Vaqti be xâne rasidand be kodâm otâq raftand? 3. Âyâ Âqâye Jânson dar xâneye Âqâye Yegâne âsude bud va be u xo� migoza�t?



4. Âyâ âqâye Jânson mixâst �ahrhâye digare Iran râ bebinad? 5. Âyâ Âqâye Jânson mixâst naxost be �omâe Irân beravad? 6. Âyâ Âzarbâyjân dar �omâe Irân ast? 7. Âyâ Pârs dar jonube Irân ast? 8. Yeki az �ahrhâye bâxtare Irân râ nâm bebarid? 9. Âyâ Âqâye Jânson mixâst yek ketâbe joqrâfi dar bâreye Irân benevisad? 10. Âyâ Âqâye Jânson mixâst bax�hâye gunâgune Irân râ bebinad?

Exercise 29.2

Fill in the missing words:

1. Cand ruz ast havâye Tehrân sard .......... ? 2. Diruz hâlam xub .......... va natavânestam be kelâs ..........

3. Emruz be bâzâr .......... va yek .......... kaf� ..........

4. Dehne�inân dar .......... zendegi .......... 5. Diruz sâate �e�o nim be xâneye �omâ .......... ammâ �oma .......... 6. Di�ab .......... abri .......... 7. Espahân yeki az �ahrhâye .......... Irân .......... 8. Tâbestânhâ havâye Tehrân .......... 9. Yek hafte .......... ruz .......... 10. Yek sâl .......... ruz ast.

Exercise 29.3

Write the plural form of the following sentences:

1. Man be Espahân raftam. 2. Âyâ barâdare �omâ dar Tehrân ast? 3. Ketâbe man ruye mize �omâ nabud? 4. Kuceye deh tang ast? 5. Man daste xod râ �ostam. 6. U pas az xordane nâhâr az xâne birun raft. 7. Pâye man yax karde ast. 8. �ahrne�in dar �ahr zendegi mikonad. 9. Sandaliye man qahveyi ast. 10. Daro panjareye in otâq bâz asto havâye otâq sard �ode ast.

Lesson 30



naxostin first molâyem mild golâbi pears beh quinces anâr pomegranate gowje plum holu peaches pu�ândan to cover tondar thunder �okufe kardan to blossom rudxâne river bâq garden ke�âvarz farmer zardâlu apricot gilâs cherry mive fruit âlbâlu black cherry portoqâl orange nârangi tangerine limu lemon barq lightening darax�idan to shine por full farâvardehâ crops sedâ sound/noise

Bahâr naxostin fasle sâl ast. Spring is the first season of the year. Havâye in fasl molâyem ast. The weather is mild during this season. Na ziyâd sardo na ziyâd garm ast. It is not too cold and not too warm. Deraxtâne mive mânande sib, beh, anâr, holu, gilâs, âlbâlu, gowje, zardâlu, portoqâl, nârangiyo limu �okufe mikonand.

Fruit trees like apples, quinces, pomegranates, peaches, cherries, black cherries, plums, apricots, oranges, tangerines, and lemons blossom.

�okufehâ, mivehâye tâbestâniyo pâyizi mi�avand. Blossoms turn into summer and autumn fruits.

Dar in fasl barfhâye kuh âb mi�avad. In this season snow on the mountains melt. Âbe in barfhâ rudxânehâ râ por mikonad. Water from the snow fills the rivers. Ke�âvarzân âbe in rudxânehâ râ be zaminhâye ke�to bâqhâ mibarand va farâvardehâye xod râ âb midahand.

Farmers take the water from these rivers to their fields and gardens and water their crops.



Gâhi abre siyâhi âsmân râ mipu�ânad, barq mizanad, sedâye tondar be gu� mirasado pas az ân bârâne tondi mibârad, sepas havâ sâf mi�avado xor�id dobâre midarax�ad.

Sometimes a dark cloud covers the sky, lightning strikes, and the sound of thunder is heard; then there is a shower and finally it clears and the sun shines again.

Exercise 30.1


1. Âyâ bahâr naxostin fasle sal ast? 2. Havâye in fasl cegune ast? 3. Âyâ havâye in fasl ziyâd garm ast? 4. Havâye ce fasli ziyâd garm ast? 5. Havâye ce fasli ziyâd sard ast? 6. Deraxtâne mive dar ce fasli �okufe mikonand? 7. Âyâ deraxtâne portoqâl, narangiyo limu ham dar bahâr �okufe mikonand? 8. Rudxânehâ dar ce fasli por âb hastand? 9. Ke�âvarzan âbe rudxânehâ râ ce mikonand? 10. Sedâye tondar dar ce fasli bi�tar be gu� mirasad?

Exercise 30.2

Learn the following ordinal numbers:

naxostin - dovomin - sevomin - cahâromin - panjomin - �e�omin - haftomin - ha�tomin - nohomin - dahomin

Exercise 30.3

Write five simple sentences about summer.

Exercise 30.4


1. Xordâd mâhe .......... bahâr ast. 2. �ahrivar mâhe .......... tâbestân ast. 3. Mehr mâhe .......... pâyiz ast. 4. Dey mâhe .......... zemestân ast. 5. U .......... be xâneye man âmado mâ montazer .......... budim. 6. Zemestân fasle .......... asto .......... ziyâd mibârad. 7. Xor�id be zamin .......... va zamin râ .......... mikonad. 8. Setâregân .......... �abhâ dar .......... mibinam.



9. Mahtâb .......... nisto mâ râ garm .......... . 10. Zamin .......... az xor�id ast. 11. Zemestân .......... fasl ast. 12 .......... garmtarin fasl ast. 13. Mâ .......... xor�id râ nemibinim. 14. Ruzhâ mâ setâregân râ .......... 15. Ruzhâye zemestâno �abhâye tâbestân .......... ast. 16. Yek sâat �ast ..........o yek daqiqe .......... ast. 17. Yek �abâne .......... ruz sâat ast. 18. Man bâ gac .......... taxte syah neve�tam va bâ .......... pâk kardam. 19. Yek sâl .......... ruz ast. 20. .......... ruze naxoste sâl ast.

Exercise 30.5


1. My pencil is longer than yours. 2. This room is the largest. 3. This boy is the tallest student in the school. 4. Shahreza is the widest street in Tehran. 5. My hand is bigger than yours. 6. I�m the shortest girl in the class. 7. Mount Damavand is higher than Alvand. 8. Please close this window, I feel a little cold. 9. The people mostly catch cold in winter. 10. This shoe is tight for me.

Lesson 31

�oxm zadan to plough xu�e ear of corn kam kam by and by rasidan to ripen sabz �odan to peep out dâs sickle âbyâri kardan to irrigate



derow kardan to cut xarman kardan to heap up (corn) bâd dâdan to air kubidan to thresh dâne seed kâh straw âsyâb mill âsyâbân miller ârd kardan to grind into flour jodâ kardan to separate nânvâyi bakery xamir kardan to make dough nânvâ baker dokân shop

Ke�âvarzân dar pâyiz zamine ke�t râ �oxm mizanando gandom mikârand. Gandom kam kam sabz mi�avad. Barfe zemestâno bârâne pâyizo bahâr ân râ âbyâri mikonad. Gandom boland mi�avad, xu�e mikonado dar tâbestan mirasad. Ke�âvarz bâ dâs gandom râ derow mikonad, va gandome derow �ode râ xarman mikonad, tâ xub xo�k �avad. Sepas ân râ mikubad, bâd midahado dânehâ râ az kâhhâ jodâ mikonad. Sepas gandomhâ râ pâk mikonado be âsyâb mibarad. Âsyâbân gandom râ ârd mikonando, ârd râ be nânvâyi mibarad. Xamirgir ân râ xamir mikonado mipazad. Mâ be dokâne nânvâyi miravim, pul midahimo nân mixarim, nân râ be xâne miyâvarimo bâ xorâkhâye gunâgun mixorim.

Exercise 31.1

Explain in your own words what you read.

Exercise 31.2


1. Ke�âvarz ce hangâm zamin ra �oxm mizanad? 2. Pas az �oxm zadan ce mikonad? 3. Âyâ barfe zemestân barâye gandome xu�e �ode sudmand ast? 4. Âyâ ke�âvarz dar zemestân gandom râ âbyâri mikonad?



5. Gandom key boland mi�avad? 6. Gandom key xu�e mikonad? 7. Âyâ gandom dar tâbestân mirasad? 8. Bâ ce ciz ke�âvarz gandom râ derow mikonad? 9. Dâne râ az kâh cegune jodâ mikonad? 10. Âsyâbân kist? 11. Âyâ âsyâbân gandom râ ârd mikonad? 12. Ârd râ be kojâ mibarad? 13. Xamirgir kist? 14. Nân râ ce mikonad? 15. Mâ nân râ az kojâ mixarim?

Exercise 31.3

Write a sentence for each of the following words:

1. pul 2. xorâk 3. kâh 4. xu�e 5. mive 6. nânvâyi 7. âsyâb 8. bârân 9. kam kam 10. xaridan

Exercise 31.4


1. dar - Tehrân - �omâl - dâne�gâh - ast 2. az - dur - dâne�gâh - xâneye - ast - man 3. di�ab - xâbidân - bâd - man 4. di�ab - xâne - âmadam - dir - be 5. diruz - havâ - sard - �od - asr 6. ast - mz - do - ke - garm - �ode ast 7. man - barâdar - pariruz - raft - Espahân - be 8. do - digar - mali - Englestân - be - miravam 9. xâhe� - an - panjare - - mikonam - bebandid 10. ostâd - dir - be - mâ - kelâs - âmad

Exercise 31.5


1. Kaf�hâye man kohne �odeand, mixâham yek joft kaf�e now bexaram. 2. Pâye man bozorgo in kaf� barâye pâye man tang ast.



3. Agar be bâzâr raftid dah varaqe kâqaz barâye man bexarid. 4. Pesare �omâ dah ruz ast ke be dabestân nemiyâyad. 5. Yeki az dustâne xod râ pârsâl dar Âmrikâ didam.

Lesson 32

âxar end miyâne middle garmâ heat daraje degree tan body angur grapes estaxr pool daryâ sea �en sand foruxte mi�avand they are sold ta�til holiday xonak cool otobus bus tâlebi persian melon garmak a kind of melon kenâr side �enâ kardan to swim hendevâne water melon

Tâbestân, dovomin fasle sâl ast. Summer is the second season of the year.

Az âxare bahâr havâ kam kam garm mi�avado miyâneye tâbestan havâ besyâr garm ast.

Little by little it starts getting warmer at the end of summer, and the weather is very warm in the middle of summer.

Garmâye Tehrân gâhi be cehel darajeye sântigrâd mirasad.

The temperature in Tehran can sometimes reach forty degrees Celsius.

Dar tâbestân dabestânhâ, dabirestânhâvo dâne�gâhhâye Irân ta�til mi�avand.

The elementary schools, secondary schools, and universities of Iran close down.

Bi�tare �âgerdâno ostâdân az Tehrân be �ahrhâye digar yâ be jâhâye xonak miravand.

Most students and professors leave Tehran for other cities or cooler places.

Âdinehâvo ruzhâye digar ke ta�til ast mardome Tehrân bâ xodrow yâ otobus be kenâre daryâ miravand.

Fridays and holidays people of Tehran leave for the seaside by car or bus.

Dar âb �enâ mikonand, ruye �enhâ mixâbando They swim in the water, lie on the sand, and get



tanhâya�ân râ âftab midahand. some sun. Dar �ahre Tehrân ham estaxrhâyi barâye �enâ sâxteand va har kas mitavand bâ pule kami az in extaxrhâ bahremand �avad.

There have been pools built in the city of Tehran for swimming and anyone can use these pools for very little money.

Dar in fasl tâlebi, garmak, hendevâne, gilâs, gowje, zardâluvo angurhâye gunâgun mirasando dar bâzâr foruxte mi�avand.

In this season there are melons, watermelons, cherries, plums, apricots, and various grapes sold in the market.

Mardom dar fasle tâbestân ziyad mive mixorand. Everyone eats a lot of fruits in the summertime. Âxare �ahrivarmâh havâ kam kam ru be xonaki miravado pâyize zibâ âqâz mi�avad.

At the end of the month of Shahrivar the weather slowly cools off and the beautiful autumn begins.

Exercise 32.1


1. Kodâm fasl garmtarin fasle sâl ast? 2. Kodâm fasl sardtarin fasle sâl ast? 3. Âyâ dar bahâr havâ molâyem ast? 4. Garmâye Tehrân dar tâbestân be cand daraje mirasad? 5. Barâye ce dabestânhâ va dabirestânhâ dar tâbestân ta�til mi�avand? 6. Âyâ �omâ dar tâbestân dar Tehrân mimânid? 7. Mardome Tehrân tâbestânhâ be kojâ miravand? 8. Âyâ �omâ bâ otobus mosâferat kardeid? 9. Âyâ �omâ xub �enâ mikonid? 10. Âyâ �omâ daryâye Mâzandarân ra dideid? 11. Zardâlu ce rang ast? 12. Ce miveyi râ bi�tar az hame dust dârid? 13. Pâyiz zibâtar ast yâ tâbestân? 14. Tâbestân râ bi�tar dust dârid yâ zemestân râ? 15. Key havâ ru be xonaki miravad?

Exercise 32.2

Name the months of the year.

Exercise 32.3


1. Man emruz xasteam va nemitavânam dars bexânam. 2. Darshâye Pârsi kam kam do�vâr mi�avand. 3. Emruz sardtar az diruz ast. 4. Xâhe� mikonam yek varaqe kâqaz be man bedahid.



5. Diruz hâlam xub nabud va be kelâse Pârsi nayâmadam.

Exercise 32.4


1. Ostâd bâ .......... ruye taxteye syâh neve�t. 2. Man bâ .......... taxteye syâh râ pak kardam. 3. Pedaram si sâl az man .......... ast. 4. Man yeke pas az nimruz .......... mixoram. 5. .......... dar deh zendegi mikonad. 6. Havâye bahâr va pâyiz .......... ast. 7. Daryâaye Mâzandarân dar .......... Irân ast. 8. Tehrân pâyetaxt .......... ast. 9. Mâ mitavânim kam .......... Pârsi bexânim. 10. Sobhhâ zud az xâb.......... .

Lesson 33

ke�var country mellat nation xo�ki land bax� part din religion Kalimi Jewish Budâyi Buddhist � âponi Japanese Mosalmân Moslem kore globe Englisi English Rusi Russian Frânsavi French Âlmâni German Âmrikayi American Torkiye Turkey Cini Chinese Masihi Christian Brahman Brahman



Zarto�ti Zoroastrian

Xo�kihâye koreye zamin râ be panj bax� kardeand.

The land masses of the globe have been divided into five continents.

Nâme in panj bax� az in qarâr ast: 1. Asyâ 2. Orupâ 3. Âfriqâ 4. Âmrikâye �omâli va Âmrikâye Jonubi. 5. Ostrâlyâ.

The names of these five divisions are: 1. Asia 2. Europe 3. Africa 4. North America and South America 5. Oceania.

Har yek az in bax�hâ be ke�varhâye gunâgun bax� �odeando dar har ke�vari, mellati ke dârâye zabâno dine jodâ ast zendegi mikonad.

Every one of these divisions has been divided into different countries, and in each country lives a nation with its separate language and religion.

Irâni dar Irân zendegi mikonado zabâna� Pârsi ast.

An Iranian lives in Iran and his language is Persian.

Englisi dar Englestân zendegi mikonado zabâna� Englisi ast.

An Englishman lives in England and his language in English.

Frânsavi dar Frânse zendegi mikonado zabâna� Frânsavi ast.

A Frenchman lives in France and his language is French.

Rusi dar Rusiye zendegi mikonado zabâna� Rusi ast.

A Russian lives in Russia and his language is Russian.

Âlmâni dar Âlmân zendegi mikonado zabâna� Âlmâni ast.

A German lives in Germany and his language is German.

Âmrikâyi dar Âmrikâ zendegi mikonado zab�na� Englisi ast.

An American lives in America and his language is English.

Tork dar Torkiye zendegi mikonado zabâna� Torki ast. A Turk lives in Turkey and his language is Turkish.

Cini dar Cin zendegi mikonado zabâna� Cini ast. A Chinese lives in China and his language is Chinese.

� âponi dar � âpon zendegi mikonado zabâna� � âponi ast.

A Japanese lives in Japan and his language is Japanese.

Mardome jahân dinhâye gunâgun dârand, be in �arh: Masihi, Zarto�ti, Brahman, Budâyi, Kalimiyo Mosalmân.

People of the world belong to different religions, as listed here: Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Brahman, Buddhism, Jewish and Muslim.

Exercise 33.1


1. �omâ ahle kodâm ke�var hastid? 2. Zabâne �omâ cist? 3. Ce dini dârid? 4. Âyâ �omâ zabâne Englisi midânid? 5. Âyâ �omâ zabâne fârsi râ mitavânid bexanid? 6. Âlmâni kojâ zendegi mikonad? 7. Englisi kojâ zendegi mikonad? 8. Zabâne mardome Cin cist? 9. Zabâne mardome Âmrikâ cist?



10. Mardome Irân ce dinhâyi dârand?

Exercise 33.2

Write five simple sentences about the climate of Iran.

Exercise 33.3


1. He is an Iranian, but he lives in U.S.A. 2. I learned Persian in Iran. 3. Is this the road to Isfahan? 4. His servant brought a letter for me yesterday. 5. We have studied thirty-three parts of this text.


Subjunctive mood of the verb: Xordan (To eat)

Present Perfect agar bexoram agar xorde bâ�am agar bexori agar xorde bâ�i agar bexorad agar xorde bâ�ad agar bexorim agar xorde bâ�im agar bexorid agar xorde bâ�id agar bexorand agar xorde bâ�and

Negative

agar naxoram agar naxorde bâ�am agar naxori agar naxorde bâ�i agar naxorad agar naxorde bâ�ad agar naxorim agar naxorde bâ�im

agar naxorid agar naxorde bâ�id agar naxorand agar naxorde bâ�and

Lesson 34

kamâbi� nearly anjir fig farâvân abundant



barg leaf mirizad falls down micinand they pluck pâreyi a number âdame barfi snowman boxâri stove anbâr storage sabok light pa�m wool pa�mi woollen mipu�and they wear ravâ usually bâzi play dorost mikonand they make pâyân yâft it is finished

Pâyiz fasle zibâyi ast. Autumn is a beautiful season. Dar in fasl kamâbi� hameye mivehâ mirasand. In this season nearly all fruits ripen. Mivehâye pâyizi mânande anâr, anjir, sib, portoqâl, nârangiyo limu farâvân ast.

Autumn fruits like pomegranates, figs, apples, oranges, tangerines, and lemons are abundant.

Barghâye deraxtân kam kam zard mi�avando mirizand. The leaves slowly turn yellow and fall down.

Ke�âvarzan mivehâ râ az deraxtâne bâqhâye xod micinando dar anbâr negah midârand tâ az sarmâ xarâb na�avand.

Farmers pluck the fruits off the trees in their gardens and keep them in storage so that they do not spoil.

Mardom jâmehâye pa�miye zemestâni mipu�and. People wear woollen winter clothes. Mâhe âxare pâyiz havâ sardtar mi�avado sepas zemestâne sard miyâyad.

It gets colder the last month of autumn and then the cold winter arrives.

Dar zemestân barf bâridan ravâ asto hame jâ râ sepid mikonad.

It usually snows in the wintertime and white covers everywhere.

Bacehâ barfbâzi râ dust dârando az barf, âdame barfi dorost mikonand.

Children love to play with snow, and make snowmen.

�abhâye zemestân mardom kamtar dar xiyâbânhâye �ahr dide mi�avand.

People are seldom seen in the streets on winter nights.

Naxoste �ab be xânehâye xod miravando kenâre boxâri mine�inand.

At the beginning of the night they go to their homes and sit by the heater.

Pâreyi niz be sinemâ yâ teâtr miravand. A number go to the movies or the theater.

Mâhe Espand havâ ziyâd sard nist. The weather is not cold during the month of Espand.

Espand ke pâyân yâft havâ molâyem mi�avado bâ By the end of Espand the weather is milder, and



âmadane bahâr deraxtân dobâre sabz mi�âvand. with the arrival of spring the trees turn green again.

Exercise 34.1


1. Havâye pâyiz behtar ast yâ havâye bahâr? 2. Nâme cahâr miveye pâyizi râ beguyid? 3. Barge deraxtân key mirizand? 4. Ke�avarzân mivehâyi râ ke cidand kojâ migozârand? 5. Cerâ mivehâ râ pâyiz micinand? 6. Jâmehâye tâbestâni ce rang ast? 7. Ce hangâm jâmeye pa�mi mipu�im? 8. Ayâ havâye zemestân sardtar ast yâ havâye pâyiz? 9. Dar ce fasli bi�tar bâd miyâyad? 10. Ayâ �omâ zemestân râ dust dârid?

Exercise 34.2

Explain your daily program in Persian.

Exercise 34.3

Write the future tense of the verb �goftan�.


Passive Voice - Indicative mood

Present Perfect Imperfect xaste mi�avam xaste �odeam xaste mi�odam xaste mi�avi xaste �odei xaste mi�odi xaste mi�avad xaste �ode ast xaste mi�od xaste mi�avim xaste �odeim xaste mi�odim xaste mi�avid xaste �odeid xaste mi�odid xaste mi�avand xaste �odeand xaste mi�odand

Pluperfect Preterite Future xaste �ode budam xaste �odam xaste xâham �od xaste �ode budi xaste �odi xaste xâhi �od xaste �ode bud xaste �od xaste xâhad �od



xaste �ode budim xaste �odim xaste xâhim �od xaste �ode budid xaste �odid xaste xâhid �od xaste �ode budand xaste �odand xaste xâhand �od

Lesson 35

vâpasin the last sepâs thank xodâ god bahre bebarim to make use of/take advantage of dâne�mand authority/learned pâyân dâdim we finished harf/gap zadan to speak �irin sweet/nice �âerân poets re�te branch dâstân fable xândani worth reading â�nâ �odan to become familiar with âqâz kardan to begin be âsâni easily mitavânim we can neve�te �ode ast has been written andi�e thoughts farjâm result/fruit dâne� science

In dars vâpasin darse ketâbe naxost ast. This is the last lesson of the basic text. Sepâs xodâ râ ke in ketâb râ pâyân dâdimo aknun mitavânim kami Pârsi râ bexânimo benevisimo harf bezanim.

Thank God that we finished this textbook and can now somewhat read, write, and speak in Persian.

Pârsi zabâne �irini asto, har kas mitavânad be âsâni ân râ yâd begirad.

Persian is a nice language, and anyone can easily learn it.

Agar yeki do sâle digar in zabân râ bexânim, mitavânim az ketâbhâyi ke be zabâne Pârsi neve�te �odeand bahre bebarim.

If we continue studying this language for another two years, we would be able to take advantage of the books written in the Persian language.

�âerâne Irâni �e�rhâye ziyâdi be zabâne Pârsi gofteand; dâne�mandâne Irâni ketâbhâye ziyâdi dar re�tehâye gunâgune dâne� be in zabân neve�teand; dâstânhâye Pârsi �irino xândani

Iranian poets have written many poems in Persian; learned Iranians have written various scientific books in this language; Persian stories are nice and worth reading.



hastand. Agar in zabân râ dorost yâd begirim, mitavânim hameye in ketâbhâ râ bexânimo bâ andi�eye Irâniyân âsnâ �avim.

If we learn this language properly, we could read all these books and become familiar with Iranian thoughts.

Omidvârim betavânim cizi râ ke âqâz kardeim be anjâm rasânim tâ ku�e�e mâ bi farjâm namânad.

I hope we can finish what we have begun, so that our efforts would not be fruitless.

Exercise 35.1


1. Cand mâh Pârsi xândeid? 2. Pârsi zabâne kodâm mellat ast? 3. Âyâ �omâ mitavânid Pârsi râ tond benivisid? 4. Âyâ �omâ mitavanid Pârsi harf bezanid? 5. Âyâ �e�re Pârsi râ mitavânid bexânid? 6. Zabâne Englisi râ zudtar yâd gereftid yâ Pârsi? 7. Âyâ zabâne âlmâni az zabâne farsi do�vârtar ast? 8. Âyâ �omâ Frânsavi hastid? 9. Do�vârtarin zabân kodam ast? 10. Ce zabâni az hame âsântar ast?

Exercise 35.2


1. do�vâri - ziyâd - Pârsi - zabân - nist 2. Englisi - zabân - do�vârtar - az - Pârsi - zabân - ast 3. u - Englisi - ast - pedar 4. zabân - man - Frânsavi - nemidânam - xub 5. xâharam - Pârsi - zabân - râ - behtar - man - az - harf - mizanad 6. Cini - zabâne - do�vâri - besyâr - ast 7. hend - mardom - be - zabânhâye - harf - gunâgun - mizanand 8. mardom - hame - Englisi - Âmrikâ - harf - mizanand 9. zabâne - Pârsi - ast - �irin 10. Rusi - zabâne - besyâr - do�vâri - ast

Exercise 35.3

Write five simple sentences about the class room.

Exercise 35.4



Explain the difficulties you had in learning Persian.

PERSIAN VERBS Persian verbs like the verbs of English and German languages have three Principal Parts:

I) Present root II) Past root III) Past participle

All different tenses of the verbs are derived from the above three parts; and the auxiliary verbs used in conjugating the different tenses are: �odan, budan, xâstan. Let us take the verb �xordan� (to eat) as an example and show its different tenses.

I) Present root: xor II) Past root: xord III) Past participle: xordei

I) Verbs Formed from the Present Root: xor 1. Subjunctive Mood Let me eat I may eat If I eat

agar bexoram = ( be + xor + im ) agar bexori = ( be + xor + i ) agar bexorad = ( be + xor + ad ) agar bexorim = ( be + xor + im ) agar bexorid = ( be + xor + id ) agar bexorand = ( be + xor + and )

2. Indicative Mood I eat I am eating I shall eat

mixoram = ( mi + xor + am ) mixori = ( mi + xor + i )



moxorad = ( mi + xor + ad ) mixorim = ( mi + xor + im ) mixorid = ( mi + xor + id ) mixorand = = ( mi + xor + and )

Imperative Singular: xor/bexor Imperative Plural: xorid/bexorid Present participle: xorân

II) Verbs Formed from the Past Root: xord 3. Indicative mood: Preterite I ate

xordam = ( xord + am )

xordi = ( xord + i ) xord xordim = ( xord + im ) xordid = ( xord + id ) xordand = ( xord + and )

4. Indicative mood: Imperfect I was eating/I used to eat

mixordam = ( mi + xord + am ) moxordi = ( mi + xord + i ) mixord = ( mi + xord ) mixordim = ( mi + xord + im ) mixordid = ( mi + xord + id ) mixordand = ( mi + xord + and )

5. Indicative Mood: Future I shall eat



xâham xord = ( xâh + am + xord ) xâhi xord = ( xâh + i + xord ) xâhad xord = ( xâh + ad + xord ) xâhim xord = ( xâh + im + xord ) xâhid xord = ( xâh + id + xord ) xâhand xord = ( xâh + and + xord )

Infinitive mood: xordan Infinitive mood shortened form: xord Gerundive (adjective): xordani

III) Verbs Fomed from the Past Participle: xorde 6. Indicatice mood: Present I have eaten

xordeam = ( xorde + am )

xordei = ( xorde + i ) xorde ast = ( xorde + ast ) xordeim = ( xorde + im ) xordeid = ( xorde + id ) xordeand = ( xorde + and )

7. Indicatice mood: Pluperfect (Past Perfect) I had eaten

xorde budam = ( xorde + bud + am )

xorde budi = ( xorde + bud + i ) xorde bud = ( xorde + bud) xorde budim = ( xorde + bud + im ) xorde budid = ( xorde + bud + id ) xorde budand = ( xorde + bud + and )



8. Subjunctive mood: Perfect I may have eaten

xorde bâ�am = ( xorde + bâ� + am )

xorde bâ�i = ( xorde + bâ� + i ) xorde bâ� = ( xorde + bâ�) xorde bâ�im = ( xorde + bâ� + im ) xorde bâ�id = ( xorde + bâ� + id ) xorde bâ�and = ( xorde + bâ� + and )

Passive Voice Infinitive: xorde �odan ( to be eaten )

9. Indicative mood: Present

xorde mi�avam = ( xorde + mi + �av + am )

xorde mi�avi = ( xorde + mi + �av + i ) xorde mi�avad = ( xorde + mi + �av + ad ) xorde mi�avim = ( xorde + mi + �av + im ) xorde mi�avid = ( xorde + mi + �av + id ) xorde mi�avand = ( xorde + mi + �av + and )

10. Indicative mood: Perfect I have been eaten

xorde �odeam = ( xorde + �ode + am )

xorde �odei = ( xorde + �ode + i ) xorde �ode ast = ( xorde + �ode + ast ) xorde �odeim = ( xorde + �ode + im ) xorde �odeid = ( xorde + �ode + id ) xorde �odeand = ( xorde + �ode + and )



11. Indicative mood: Imperfect I would be eaten

xorde mi�odam = ( xorde + mi + �od + am )

xorde mi�odi = ( xorde + mi + �od + i ) xorde mi�od = ( xorde + mi + �od ) xorde mi�odim = ( xorde + mi + �od + im ) xorde mi�odid = ( xorde + mi + �od + id ) xorde mi�odand = ( xorde + mi + �od + and )

12. Indicative mood: Pluperfect (Past Perfect) I had been eaten

xorde �ode budam = ( xorde + �ode + bud + am )

xorde �ode budi = ( xorde + �ode + bud + i ) xorde �ode bud = ( xorde + �ode + bud ) xorde �ode budim = ( xorde + �ode + bud + im ) xorde �ode budid = ( xorde + �ode + bud + id ) xorde �ode budand = ( xorde + �ode + bud + and )

13. Indicative mood: Preterite (Past Participle) I was eaten

xorde �odam = ( xorde + �od + am )

xorde �odi = ( xorde + �od + i ) xorde �od = ( xorde + �od ) xorde �odim = ( xorde + �od + im ) xorde �odid = ( xorde + �od + id ) xorde �odand = ( xorde + �od + and )



14. Indicative mood: Future I will be eaten

xorde xâham �od = ( xorde + �od + am )

xorde xâhi �od = ( xorde + �od + i ) xorde xâhad �od = ( xorde + �od ) xorde xâhim �od = ( xorde + �od + im ) xorde xâhid �od = ( xorde + �od + id ) xorde xâhand �od = ( xorde + �od + and )

15. Subjunctive mood: Present I may be eaten

xorde �avam = ( xorde + �av + am )

xorde �avi = ( xorde + �av + i ) xorde �avad = ( xorde + �av + ad ) xorde �avim = ( xorde + �av + im ) xorde �avid = ( xorde + �av + id ) xorde �avand = ( xorde + �av + and )

16. Subjunctive mood: Perfect I may have been eaten

xorde �ode bâ�am = ( xorde + �ode + bâ� + am )

xorde �ode bâ�i = ( xorde + �ode + bâ� + i ) xorde �ode bâ�ad = ( xorde + �ode + bâ� + ad ) xorde �ode bâ�im = ( xorde + �ode + bâ� + im ) xorde �ode bâ�id = ( xorde + �ode + bâ� + id ) xorde �ode bâ�and = ( xorde + �ode + bâ� + and )



Active Voice

Negative

17. Indicative mood

Present nemixoram Perfect naxordeam Imprefect nemixordam Pluperfect naxorde budam Preterite naxordam Future naxâham xord

Subjunctive mood

Present naxoram Perfect naxorde bâ�am

Passive Voice

18. Indicative mood

Present xorde nemi�avam Perfect xorde na�odeam Imprefect xorde nemi�odam Pluperfect xorde na�ode budam Preterite xorde na�odam Future xorde naxâham �od

19. Subjunctive mood

Present xorde na�avam Perfect xorde na�ode bâ�am

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