basic sociocultural sciences

8/8/2019 Basic Sociocultural Sciences

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ANTHROPOLOGY

man and culture

Culture ± are collective organ of

behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, beliefsand customs

How culture influences psychological

functioning



ANTHROPOLOGY

What are the contributions?

b. causes of mental illness:

primitive culture ± possession of evilspirits, violation of a taboo, destroying

temples

c. symptoms of mental illness:- culture bound syndromes ± e.g. koro,

amok



ANTHROPOLOGY

d. methods of social responses

- denial because of stigma

- role of shaman- therapeutic rituals: exorcism, therapeutic

rituals, rites of passage for men and

women



SOCIOLOGY Science of human relations, science that

studies interpersonal relationships (individual, organization, institution)

Family ± basic unit

CONTRIBUTIONS:

1. Faris and Dunham ± mental illness and

residence2. Hollingshead and Redlich ± mentalillness and socioeconomic status



SOCIOLOGYHOLLINGHEAD AND REDLICH

- social class structure in relation to the

frequency, nature of mental illness

the amount of mental illness increased as one

descend the class structure in the community

The type of mental illness class linked, upper

and lower classTreatment accorded to patient was also class

linked



SOCIOLOGY

FARIS AND DUNHAM

- postulated the

relationship betweencommunity

disorganization and

mental illness



Culture and psychopathology

Cultural traditions determine, in part, how

individuals view their mental and physical

health. What is considered healthy in one

society may be viewed as unhealthy in

another. Although psychiatric disorders

appear in all cultures, their form and

expression may vary often in a way that islinked to cultural belief systems




Overview of Chinese culture

- major religion is Confucian

- Chinese values are based on Confucianprinciples. Confucianism is a philosophy of human nature that considers proper human relationship as the basis of society

-Taoism ± central belief is the natural flowand progression of yang into yin or yin intoyang




Overview of mental illness in China

- Treatment include acupuncture especially for the

auditory hallucinations, Chinese traditional

medicine, antipsychotics but half the dosecompared to western countries

- Depression usually manifested through somatic

symptoms such as weakness and tiredness,headache and stomach problems

- Favorable prognosis compared to western




Culture bound syndrome:

KORO- primarily in China and someSoutheast Asian countries. Refers to acuteanxiety involving the fear that one¶sgenitals are shrinking and retracting intothe body and may result to death. Fears

about nocturnal emissions and impotencehelped to generate this belief. Primarilyidentified in young men (21-40)




Overview of mental illness in Japan

Before the 20th century ± mental illness wasprimarily treated with folk medicine andimprisonment at home. In 1950 ± confiningthe mental patients at home is illegal.

Today, long hospitalization are typical , it is

the family members who make the finaldecision regarding admission anddischarge




Overview of mental illness in Japan


TKS (Taijin-Kyofu-sho) characterized byexcessive fear and anxiety that a personwill behave in ways that will embarrass or offend people (e.g. blushing, emitting odor,

starring inappropriately) and results insocial withdrawal and avoidance. Primarilyaffects young Japanese men




Overview of Korean culture

- Historically, Chinese culture influenced

Korea. Confucianism is also a dominantphilosophy

Today, Korea is multi religious society with

Buddhism, Confucianism and Christianity




Overview of mental illness in Korea


SHIN-BYUNG (a divine illness) ± is apossession syndrome that often occurs inthe course of a prolonged psychosomaticillness. People believed that they are

possessed by a dead ancestor andthrough a dream or a hallucination theyare persuaded to become shaman




Overview of Indian culture

Hinduism ± all people have four legitimate

aims of human life:1. kama, pleasure or enjoyment

2. Artha, wealth or success

3. Dharma, righteousness, faithful duty or right of conduct

4. Moksha, liberation or salvation





DHAT ± is a disorder affecting Indian men.

Involves the intense fear or anxiety over the loss of semen through ejaculation or

through nocturnal emissions. In Indian

culture, there is a belief that loss of semen

depletes the man of his vital naturalenergy




Overview of Islamic cultures

³Islam´ means submission to the will of

God´ and a Muslim is ³one who submits´.Religion guides and effects Arabs entire

ways of life and thinking

Family is still of cardinal important in

Islamic society




Overview of mental illness in Islamic culture

The ability to experience depression is a mark of depth f personality and understanding. Thus

they rarely complain of depressed mood but if they do, it is manifested as somatic symptoms.Suicides in Islamic cultures is condemned

The type of hallucinations or delusions is more of

religious or superstitious in nature compared tothe west.

In Saudi, men seek help often than women




Overview of mental illness in Latino culture

Many Latino¶s believe that a mental disorder

(efermedad mental) is less severe thanbeing ³insane´ (estar loco). Nervios is

culturally acceptable and nonstigmatizing

term for distress and illness among

Latinos.





SUSTO or magical fright ± susto is Spanish for ³fright´ and is triggered by a frightening

experience that causes a person to fall to theground.

AMOK ± described as a type of dissociativeepisode or a sudden change in consciousness

or self-identity. It is marked by a violent or aggressive outburst following a period of brooding. During the episode, the person mayexperience amnesia




Overview of mental illness in Native American


WINDIGO(witiko) ± characterized assymptoms of melancholia, a delusion of transformation into a witiko (a man eating

monster) who has a heart of ice or whovomits ice, and who will turn them intohomicidal cannibals



PSYCHOSOCIALSCIENCES



11/26/2010

Jean PIAGET and his theory

A genetic epistemologist which is

the study of how human gain

knowledge He used naturalistic observation,

clinical interviews and

observations of older children



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SCHEMAS:

- These are the building blocks of

knowledge about how the worldworks

- Innate (inborn) which are reflexactions




THE SENSORIMOTOR STAGE

Less than a year old ± ³out of sight´literally means ³out of mind´

Further divided into 6 stages:

0-2mos ± early reflexes (sucking, grasping)

2-5mos ± primary circular reaction (smiling

to familiar faces)5-9mos ± secondary circular reaction, start

of intentional behavior




THE PREOPERATIONAL STAGE

Sense of immanent justice- the belief that

punishment for bad deeds is unavoidable Use magical thinking

Inability to conserve



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Stage 2 - pre-operational stage

classical conservation test stage 2

are there the same number of

counters in each row?



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conservation test

the child who says NO cannot

conserve number



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roll one out while child watches



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Another conservation test

2 containers of liquid - same

amount in A as in B?

A BBB



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Watch while pour B into C

Same amount in A as in C?

A B

C



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same amount in A as in C?

the child who says NO unable to

conserve VOLUME

A B

C



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According to Piaget - in all these

cases the child can only take into

consideration ONE aspect of thephysical world at a time (what it

looks like)

THUS if it LOOKS different it

MUST BE different!



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Stage 4 ± Formal operations

- 11 through the end of adolescence

- thinking operates in a formal,highly logical, systematic and symbolic

manner

- ability to think abstractly, to reason

deductively and define concepts




STAGE OF FORMAL OPERATION

Not all adolescence reached this stage

Moral development ± the development of self understanding and of interpersonalunderstanding

Egocentrism- has a strong belief that they

are the center of other¶s attention andinterests and is under constantobservation



ATTACHMENT THEORY

Sense of distress during separation ±

prototype of anxiety disorders

Separation anxiety ± common between 10 to

18 months and disappear at end of 3rd

year

Stranger anxiety ± anxiety response to

someone other than the caregiver occurring at about 8 months

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