basic structure of a cell
DESCRIPTION
Basic Structure of a Cell. History of Cells & the Cell Theory. Cell Specialization. Virchow. First to View Cells. In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork (dead plant cells) What he saw looked like small boxes. First to View Cells. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Basic Structure of a Cell
![Page 2: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
History of Cells & the History of Cells & the Cell TheoryCell Theory
VirchowCell
Specialization
![Page 3: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
First to View CellsFirst to View Cells• In 1665, Robert
Hooke used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork (dead plant cells)
•What he saw looked like small boxes
![Page 4: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
First to View CellsFirst to View Cells•Hooke is
responsible for naming cells
•Hooke called them “CELLS” because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in called Cells
![Page 5: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
• In 1673, Leeuwenhoek (a Dutch microscope maker), was first to view organism (living things)
• Leeuwenhoek used a simple, handheld microscope to view pond water & scrapings from his teeth
![Page 6: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Beginning of the Cell Beginning of the Cell TheoryTheory
• In 1838, a German botanist named Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants were made of cells
•Schleiden is a cofounder of the cell theory
![Page 7: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Beginning of the Cell Beginning of the Cell TheoryTheory
• In 1839, a German zoologist named Theodore Schwann concluded that all animals were made of cells
•Schwann also cofounded the cell theory
![Page 8: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Beginning of the Cell Beginning of the Cell TheoryTheory
• In 1855, a German medical doctor named Rudolph Virchow observed, under the microscope, cells dividing
• He reasoned that all cells come from other pre-existing cells by cell division
![Page 9: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
CELL THEORY
•All living things are made of cells
•Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life)
•Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division)
![Page 10: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Discoveries Discoveries SinceSince the the
Cell TheoryCell Theory
![Page 11: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Simple or Complex Simple or Complex CellsCells
![Page 12: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Prokaryotes – The first Prokaryotes – The first CellsCells
• Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
• Includes bacteria• Simplest type of cell• Single, circular chromosome
![Page 13: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
ProkaryotesProkaryotes
• Nucleoid region (center) contains the DNA
• Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall (peptidoglycan)
• Contain ribosomes (no membrane) in their cytoplasm to make proteins
![Page 14: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Eukaryotes
• Cells that HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals
• More complex type of cells
![Page 15: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Eukaryotic Cell
Contain 3 basic cell structures:
•Nucleus•Cell Membrane•Cytoplasm with
organelles
![Page 16: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
![Page 17: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
OrganellesOrganelles
![Page 18: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
OrganellesOrganelles
•Very small (Microscopic)•Perform various functions for
a cell•Found in the cytoplasm•May or may not be
membrane-bound
![Page 19: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Cell or Plasma MembraneCell or Plasma Membrane
Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
• Composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins
• Surrounds outside of ALL cells• Controls what enters or leaves the cell• Living layer
![Page 20: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
PhospholipidsPhospholipids• Heads contain glycerol &
phosphate and are hydrophilic (attract water)
• Tails are made of fatty acids and are hydrophobic (repel water)
• Make up a bilayer where tails point inward toward each other
• Can move laterally to allow small molecules (O2, CO2, & H2O to enter)
![Page 21: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
The Cell Membrane is The Cell Membrane is FluidFluid
Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing
![Page 22: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Cell Membrane ProteinsCell Membrane Proteins
• Proteins help move
large molecules or aid in cell recognition
• Peripheral proteins are attached on the surface (inner or outer)
• Integral proteins are embedded completely through the membrane
![Page 23: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
•Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells
•Pushes out against the cell wall to maintain cell shape
Cell Membrane in PlantsCell Membrane in PlantsCell membrane
![Page 24: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
• Found outside of the cell membrane
• Nonliving layer• Supports and
protects cell• Found in plants,
fungi, & bacteria
Cell wallCell WallCell Wall
![Page 25: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
•Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
•Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place
Cytoplasm of a Cytoplasm of a Cell Cell
cytoplasm
![Page 26: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
•Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs
More on CytoplasmMore on Cytoplasmcytoplasm
![Page 27: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
•Controls the normal activities of the cell
•Contains the DNA in chromosomes
•Bounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores
•Usually the largest organelle
The Control Organelle - The Control Organelle - NucleusNucleus
![Page 28: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
•Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes
•Genes control cell characteristics
Nucleus
More on the More on the NucleusNucleus
![Page 29: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Nuclear EnvelopeNuclear Envelope
• Double membrane surrounding nucleus
• Also called nuclear membrane
• Contains nuclear pores for materials to enter & leave nucleus
Nuclear pores
![Page 30: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Inside the Nucleus -The genetic material (DNA) is
found
DNA is spread out And appears as
CHROMATINin non-dividing cells
DNA is condensed & wrapped around proteins forming
as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells
![Page 31: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
What Does DNA do?What Does DNA do?DNA is the hereditary
material of the cell
Genes that make up the DNA molecule code for different proteins
![Page 32: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Nucleolus
• Inside nucleusInside nucleus• DisappearsDisappears
when cell when cell dividesdivides
• Makes Makes ribosomesribosomes that that make proteinsmake proteins
![Page 33: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
CytoskeletonCytoskeleton• Helps cell maintain
cell shape• Also help move
organelles around• Made of proteins• Microfilaments are
threadlike & made of ACTIN
• Microtubules are tubelike & made of TUBULIN
![Page 34: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
CytoskeletonCytoskeleton
MICROTUBULES
MICROFILAMENTS
![Page 35: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
CentriolesCentrioles• Found only in animal
cells• Paired structures
near nucleus• Made of bundle of
microtubules• Appear during cell
division forming mitotic spindle
• Help to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite ends of the cell
![Page 36: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
MitochondrionMitochondrion(plural = mitochondria)(plural = mitochondria)
• “Powerhouse” of the cell
• Generate cellular energy (ATP)
• More active cells like muscle cells have MORE mitochondria
• Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria
• Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (burning glucose)
![Page 37: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
MITOCHONDRIASurrounded by a
DOUBLE membrane
Folded inner membrane called CRISTAE (increases surface areafor more chemical Reactions)
Has its own DNA
Interior called MATRIX
![Page 38: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Interesting Fact ---Interesting Fact ---
• Mitochondria Come from cytoplasm in the EGG cell during fertilization
Therefore …• You inherit your
mitochondria from your mother!
![Page 39: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Endoplasmic Reticulum - EREndoplasmic Reticulum - ER
Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH
• Network of hollow membrane tubules• Connects to nuclear envelope & cell
membrane• Functions in Synthesis of cell products
& Transport
![Page 40: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)(Rough ER)
• Has ribosomes on its surface
• Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell
![Page 41: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Rough Endoplasmic Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)Reticulum (Rough ER)
• Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER surface
• They are then threaded into the interior of the Rough ER to be modified and transported
![Page 42: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Functions of the Smooth Functions of the Smooth ERER• Makes membrane
lipids (steroids)• Regulates calcium
(muscle cells)• Destroys toxic
substances (Liver)
![Page 43: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Endomembrane System
Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to cell membrane (transport)
![Page 44: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
RibosomesRibosomes• Made of PROTEINS and rRNA• “Protein factories” for cell• Join amino acids to make proteins
through protein synthesis
![Page 45: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
RibosomesRibosomes
Can be attached to Rough ER
OR
Be free (unattached
) in the cytoplasm
![Page 46: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
Golgi BodiesGolgi Bodies• Stacks of Stacks of flattened flattened
sacssacs• Have a shipping Have a shipping
side (side (cis facecis face) & a ) & a receiving side receiving side ((trans facetrans face))
• Receive Receive proteinsproteins made by ERmade by ER
• Transport vesiclesTransport vesicles with modified with modified proteins pinch off proteins pinch off the endsthe ends
Transport
vesicle
CIS
TRANS
![Page 47: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Golgi BodiesGolgi BodiesLook like a stack of pancakes
Modify, sort, & packagemolecules from ERfor storage OR transport out of cell
![Page 48: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
Golgi AnimationGolgi Animation
Materials are transported from Rough ER to Golgi to the cell membrane by
VESICLES
![Page 49: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
LysosomesLysosomes• Contain Contain digestive digestive
enzymesenzymes• Break down Break down food, food,
bacteria,bacteria, and and worn out worn out cell partscell parts for cells for cells
• Programmed forProgrammed for cell cell death (APOPTOSIS)death (APOPTOSIS)
• Lyse & Lyse & release release enzymesenzymes to break down to break down & recycle cell parts)& recycle cell parts)
![Page 50: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
Lysosome DigestionLysosome Digestion
• Cells take in food by phagocytosis
• Lysosomes digest the food & get rid of wastes
![Page 51: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Cilia & FlagellaCilia & Flagella
• Function in moving cells, in moving fluids, or in small particles across the cell surface
![Page 52: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
Cilia & FlagellaCilia & Flagella
• Cilia are shorter and more numerous on cells
• Flagella are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells
![Page 53: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
Cell Movement with Cilia Cell Movement with Cilia & Flagella& Flagella
![Page 54: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
Cilia Moving Away Dust Cilia Moving Away Dust Particles from the LungsParticles from the Lungs
![Page 55: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
VacuolesVacuoles• Fluid filled sacks for storage• Small or absent in animal cells• Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole
![Page 56: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
VacuolesVacuoles
• In plants, they store Cell Sap
• Includes storage of sugars, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes
![Page 57: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
ChloroplastsChloroplasts• Found only in producers (organisms
containing chlorophyll)• Use energy from sunlight to make
own food (glucose)• Energy from sun stored in the
Chemical Bonds of Sugars
![Page 58: Basic Structure of a Cell](https://reader037.vdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110101/56813141550346895d97bc36/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
ChloroplastsChloroplasts• Surrounded by DOUBLE
membrane• Outer membrane smooth• Inner membrane
modified into sacs called Thylakoids
• Thylakoids in stacks called Grana & interconnected
• Stroma – gel like material surrounding thylakoids