basic windows stuff

8/4/2019 Basic Windows Stuff

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Basic Windows Stuff

9x

NT4

2k,XP

C:\windows\desktop

C:\winnt\profiles\%user%\desktop

C:\docs&set\%user%\desktop

[edit section]Win 9x

GDI 16bit, Kernel 32bit

VMM32bit Memory Manager

WDMWindows Device Manager

BIOS Post -> Real Mode (io.sys) -> Protected Mode (vmm32.vxd) -> rest

Ifshlp.sys16bit file access

Setverbackwards compatibility

CTRL alters startup

Primary partition1 logical drive (OS)

Extended partitionmany logical drives

Fdisk Format Setup

/mbr (fixes mbr)

/s (system disk)

/q (quick)

/f(floppy size)

/u (unconditional)

/autotext (totally automatic)

/d (if corrupt)

/ir (no mbr update)

/il (Logitech C mouse)

/ih (scandisk)

/in (no network steps)

/id (no disk space check)/is (no scandisk)
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Setuplog.txt

Detlog.txt (Detected hardware)

Msdos.sys

autoscan 0,1 (prompt),2 (auto) bootfailsafe Safe mode display

bootmulti 0,1 bootwarn Safe mode warning message

bootwin 0 (dos),1 (win) bootkeys Enables F keys

bootgui Dos, 9x network Safe mode w/network support

bootmenu No menu, menu logo Text, logo

bootdelay n loadtop Command.com to conventional

bootmenudefault 1-8 (startup menu)

Attribrhs msdos.sys (read, hidden, system)

Drivers = protected mode

[edit section]Win NT 4.0

Cannot access Fat32/HPFS (High performance)

Cannot upgrade from 9x (registry)

Fat16 = 2gb, Fat16(NT4) = 4gb

Boot Phase, Load Phase

PostMBRPrebootNTLDRBoot.ini (root dir/info), ntdetect.com, hal.dllOS Kernel

User Mode OS Support for applications


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Kernel Mode Isolates Hardware, Processor, IRQ, Exception Handling

HAL Hardware Platform Support

VDMVirtual Dos machine. Isolates application in a DOS-like environment

Uses ntvdm.exeNtvdm is 16 bit, ntio.sys, ntdos.sys.

Instruction execution unit (Non-intel processors)

Windows On Windows processeswowexec.exe (win 3.1 emulation), wow32.dll (dll emulation), krnl386, user.gdi. Rest are similar to 3.1 versions.

Hard for 16bit app to communicate out of ntvdm to a 32bit app.

Domainlogical group of computers

PDCPrimary Domain Controller

SAMSecurity Accounts Manager (database)

BDCBackup Domain Controller (Backup of SAM)

HCLHardware compatibility list

NTHQNT Hardware Qualifier

RISCReduced Instruction Set Chip (Fat16)

[edit section]Setup

Winnt.exeSetup from 16bit

Winnt32.exeSetup from 32bit


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/e:command Runs command after GUI bit

/s:path Source of files

/t:drive Temporary file directory

/u Unattended install

/udf Creates uniqueness database file

/rx:dir Creates a directory

DualbootWin9x running on a Fat16 drive. Set 2nd OS to Fat16, use same directory for programs. Boot.ini rdisk)

Ntvdm.exerunning 16bit applications. Separate one for each app.

dware wont run. VXD.

LKGCLast known good configuration (hkey_local_machine\hardware)


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[edit section]Win 2k

Server - 4gb max RAM, 2 processors max

Advanced Server2 computers combined, 64gb RAM, 8 processors

Datacentre16/32 processors

Has USB, PnP support. NTFS, EFS (Encrypted File system), 32bit Fat32.

Has MMCMicrosoft Management console

OnNowHibernation

WorkgroupSimple collection of computers sharing files and printers

DomainShare a security database

[edit section]Upgrade Paths

9x -> 2k

NT -> 2k

WforWgrp -> NT -> 2k

3.x -> 9x -> 2k

UseWin2k readiness analyzer tool

Winnt32 /checkupgradeonly

RISRemote installation service

CD Winnt (16), winnt32.exe (32)

Network Setup from shared network folder. Need i386 directory

Setup ManagerUses answer files.

* Fully automated, user specified
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* GUI attendedtext part automated

Disk Duplication Sysprep.exe, 3rd party imager used

RIS

Single location. Risetup.exe

Needs DNS, DHCP, Active Directory

Rbfg.exeremote bootdiskNeeds PXE, preboot execuation environment

Installation modes

winnt.exe

[edit section]Disk Preparation

Pro620mb free (boot partition)

Server671mb free

Need primary, active, system partitions.

Fat162gb. Only for DOS etc dualboot

Fat32

NTFSNTFS 5 . NT3.5 does NOT recognise 5.

9x/2000 dualboot.2k as 2nd OS. Upgrade -> Install new copy. Need 2 extended partitions. Use fat32.

[edit section]Boot Process

POST INTL3 checks for boot device


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Bootstrap Mbr to memory. 1st sector to 0x700h. Loads ntldr

OS

Ntdetect.com, boot.ini, bootsect.dos.

32bit mode. Minuture NTFS/FAT loads boot.ini (ARC path problem if this fails). ARISC (Advanced RISC).

Checks for ntoskrnl, HAL, video drivers.

Drivers Checks Currentcontrolset. Loads drivers & logo. Initialises ntoskrnl.

Kernel Hal, Bootvid, creates hardware hive. Calls session manager.

Services Runs boot programs. Sets up paging file. Loads console logon and services controller.

Logon Clone control set to LKGC

PBODKSLPeter Bought Orla DK StrangeLove.

[edit section]Safe Boot Options

Press F8

Safe mode Basic files only. Ntbtlog.txt

Boot logging Ntbtlog.txt

Directory Services Restore Restores sys vol, active directory service database

Debug mode Serial cable logs on another PC (com2). Component Object model.

[edit section]Win XP

Home, Pro (2x CPU), 64

More reliable, system restore.

Better 3d icons, 48x48

Account switching, help from support site


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Internet firewall, connection sharing

WMP 9, movie maker, scanner/camera

Network, remote desktop, IEEE 802.11b

Fat16NT

Fat329x

NTFSDualboot with 2k

Domain membership not in Home

Upgrade

98/ME upgradeneed to do convert d:/fs:ntfs

DualbootDifferent partition. Select "I want to choose" prevents format.

[edit section]Recovery Console

After safe mode tried.

Select WinCDROM at boot, or winnt32 /cmdcons

More/type Textfile display

Expand Unzips

rd Removes folder


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Disable/Enable Services/Devices

listsvc List of devices/services

Fixboot/fixmbr

Bootcfg /scan List of OSes

Bootcfg /rebuild Replaces it

Bootcfg /add Appends it

Format /diskpart

Has basic security only

[edit section]Applications etc

Computer Management Console (CMC)

to Computer & Event logs

Microsoft Management Console (MMC)

ls Host"

Device Manager

s

properties / CMC

d it. Black !, yellow O.

MSConfig.exe


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les

Sysedit.exe

s

Edit

Extract.exe

*.cab)

Format

Format c:, or from MMC/CMC/shortcut

/fs:ntfs NT4, 2k, XP /F:size FDD size

/v:label 11 chars /T:tracks Tracks per size

/q Quick /s Adds system files

/c Compressed NTFS /b Adds space for /s

/x Dismount /c Check/verify clusters


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/A:size Allocation unit size

cmd.exe

4, 2k, XP)

xe

R\SHELL\CMD HERE] @="Command &Prompt here"

R\SHELL\CMD HERE] @="cmd.exe /k pushd %L"

RdRemove directory (rmdir)

Attriba (a = backup archive bit)

Ver/setver

ogram

QUIET]No message

Mem*/clist of programs in memory

*/dDetails of memory areas /debug

*/flists free /free (9x)

*/mModule eg: command.com (9x)

*/pdir /p idea

Autoexec.bat* echoEchoes commands on screen* modePort settings etc

* pathSearch path for executables

* pause* prompthow c:\ displayed

* remcomment


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* setset blaster stuff

more (/p idea)

* Diskcopy a: a: /v (verify)

* Xcopy

Delete/Rename * del/erase

* del /p (one by one, no recycle)

* deltree

* ren/rename

Partitions

Primary

s active (C:)

Extended

rtup

max, 12 recommended.

Boot Any partition with a startup file. SystemPrimary with a startup file (Active Primary)

Creation

(diskmgmt.msc in run)

Defrag


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pace),/noprompt

Backup

e monthly (Child, Parent, Grandparent)

changed

iles, archive bit changed

very

Scandisk

Chkdsk

es etc

/fAutofix /iNot as rigorous (NTFS)

/vFAT displays paths. NTFS cleanup message /cNo cycles (NTFS)

/rRecover /LMax logfile size


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/xForced Dismount

[edit section]File Systems

[edit section]NTFS vs FAT

11mb. Use for FDD/small HDD

space

. Partition size change irrelevant

rmission, recovery.

haring on networks (FAT32,16 problems irrelevant)

mic cluster reassigning

ment

[edit section]Conversion

16 to 32, 16 -> NTFS

32 (cvt1.exe)

patible with 32

local_machine\system\currentcontrolset\control\SessionManager\CheckBadApps400
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inimum drive recommendation

letes hibernation stuff

32.

[edit section]File Naming convention

2 for general Properties info

[edit section]NTFS File Compression

be compressed

cessed

ion state of the destination

mpressed in Colour

[edit section]NTFS Encryption

horized admin who can also decrypt file)

er stays encrypted if moved to unencrypted folder

vancedEncryptApplyConfirm


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[edit section]Permissions

on server

roup

files

ange permissions

sions

folder permissions

[edit section]Drivers

.SYS /D:MSCD001

SCD001 /L:E /M:10

[edit section]Driver Updates

ies

[edit section]Driver Signing

ity Labs)
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ts

ers usually in System32 folder

txt created

totally blocks some drivers

eDriver Signing

DMWindows Driver Model). Older, no.

[edit section]Additional Windows Components

rd (Add/Remove programs)

rom some

[edit section]Error Messages

[edit section]Boot Errors

Dos compatibility mode Real mode drivers used to access/Outdated BIOS

Bad/missing file Config.sys c/gCorrupt/Gone

Error in config.sys One of the files referenced gone

Cannot open *.inf Insufficient memory

Missing System file Command.com/io.sys/msdos.sys

VXD Failure VXD missing

An error message containing Kernel32 Corrupt Kernel

Invalid System Disk Boot sector virus/io.sys corrupt

Bad/missing command.com c/g

System Registry files missing System.dat/user.datc/g

Insufficient Diskspace


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Invalid VXD Dynamic link call from IFSMGR Msdos.sys c/g

Msconfig shows boot problems

ASDAutomatic Skip Driver (Use safe mode)

[edit section]Startup Errors

Himem.sys c/g, check version

Config.sys line xx Check syntax & driver, do step-by-step

System.ini Rename, creating minimal version

Device not found System.ini, win.ini, registry

New device not working Safe mode

Failed to start device MMC event viewer

[edit section]Windows Protection Errors

Usually VXD load/unload failure

B card configured differently in Dos and Windows)

r an early version

r initialisation

CPU timing)


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d failure

[edit section]Safe Modes

fe mode with prompt

in.ini, boot, 386enh in system.ini

[edit section]ASD.exe

les it

te

.

agent.

[edit section]Troubleshooting


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[edit section]Dr.Watson

OS snapshot

in win\drwatson

, load at startup

r run drwatson.exe

[edit section]Event Viewer

erwrite options

log

omes from

e event

[edit section]Startup Disk

kcreate disk

ot compatible

le

lect "also backup registry"

very)

tion


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[edit section]Configsafe

ves, registry, etc.

[edit section]User Help Resources

extra utilities

icrosoft, forum

[edit section]Task Manager

tion

-Escape in NT4,2k, or rightclick desktop

applications)

ile use

y OS

[edit section]Device Manager

linesUSB

em/conflict but may be working


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m. Green ?Driver not the one designed but works

Report)

[edit section]WinMSD

ics

* /acomplete report * /fsend to file

* /ssummary report * /psend to printer

System reportBIOS/cpu Environmentvariable problem

Services "Startup values/errors Transporthardware MAC and protocols

DriversAll drivers FurtherMisc stuff

[edit section]Common Problems

[edit section]Printer

Print test page

PropertiesadvancedPrint directly to printer

1.txt

rmight be program


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cednew driver

[edit section]Printer Spool settings

inting

ooled

printer specific and takes longer)

[edit section]BSOD

rrupt

ode, modules, kernel debugger given

iles

Divide by 0

IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL Driver or IRQ crash

K_MODE_EXCEPTION_NOT_HANDLED Bad device or driver config

REGISTRY_ERROR

INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE Driver/SCSI terminator/Boot virus

UNEXPECTED_KERNEL_MODE_TRAP Memory problem

BAD_POOL_HEADER Most recent change causing problem

NTFS_FILE_SYSTEM HDD corruption

KERNEL_DATA_INPAGE_ERROR OS failed to read kernel data from page file

NMI_HARDWARE_FAILURE HAL cant find error. Corrupt memory. Parity/non parity RAM mix


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ults (reinstall components)

ant access working directory

[edit section]System Lockup

ling, cards, voltage, speed

gnise CPU, upgrade it

peration code. OS closed program

[edit section]Application install problem

tion

ce

for known issues.

[edit section]Service packs etc

gged off

p, turn off virus scanners


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[edit section]Viruses

[edit section]Types

Traditional Attact to exe, stay in RAM. Payload is action it does

Trojan Horse Appears as legit. Does expected task as well as bad. Cannot replicate.

Logic Bomb Secretly in host until trigger

Worm Self replicating virus. Doesn't need trigger

Macro Scripts. Application specific. MSword one wont do bad in MSexcel. Infects other MSWord (say) files

Boot sector

version

ood copy of boot sector if queried)

communication through itself.

[edit section]Virus Protection

Write protect

ow much to scan)

[edit section]OS Management


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[edit section]Registry components

.dat. policy.pol

p/etc. Hidden in win directory

application settings. ""

above. Not mandatory file.

efault, SAM, System, Software, Security

Passwords

up & ntdetect.com (hardware)

registry

y too

[edit section]Registry Structure

s (Name/data/value/type)

of the 5 hives.

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINEdata, specific to PC. Associated with HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, CURRENTCONFIG andDYN_DATA. (98system.dat, NT

Sam/Security/Sys/Hardware)

HKEY_USERS_DEFAULT

HKEY_CURRENT_USERProfiles. (98User.dat, NTdefault)

HKEY_CURRENT_USER 98stored on startup. NTAccount needed


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HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT

HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\software\classes

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\config

HKEY_DYN_DATA Dynamic info. 9x, stored in RAM.

[edit section]Registry Editor

on right.

work

[edit section]Registry Checker

s), Scanregw (Protected ModeWindows)

successful boot

backs up

m.dat. win.ini, system.ini backup. In \windows\sysbckup, for 5 days.

ith scanreg.

[edit section]Registry Restore

. Copy from backup.

[edit section]Windows 9x system files

d msdos.sys. Helps initial interaction between OS and PC hardware


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or io.sys. Windows directory, does both windows or dos mode.

t, executes commands.

[edit section]Legacy Files

TSRs, drivers

ak, buggers, device, files (max), install, rem, stack (interrupts). Sends info to io.sys files.

e deivers about how DOS applications are to be handled

wallpaper, data, fonts. Info usually stored in registry, here too for compatibility.

[edit section]NT4/2000 system files

selection

witches.

/basevideo Loads in VGA /noguiboot No graphic on boot

/crashdebug Only if Kernel error /sos Driver display when loading

/debug /maxmem

/debugport Port select

lled OSes previous to 2k4. Legacy dualboot

ses to ntldr

on on SCSI device

ivers.


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[edit section]x Memory

grams

loaded here

amount of memory available. 64k EMS window. Loaded here, then transferred to expanded. 32mb through a card.

ternal stuff more efficient

ace). Many programs in XMS. Creates Virtual Machines

urces.

[edit section]NT4, 2k, XP memory

al Computers

HDD

D)

transfers it to physical memory address

nt size)

RAM

st in there goes to HDD.


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M space.

[edit section]VM and the VMM

lt

gefile.sys


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[edit section]Adapter Configuration

SB/infrared

for legacy.

er

, status, location, troubleshooting

llback, uninstall

gs. I/O, DMA, IRQ, memory addys.

ake on LAN etc.

[edit section]TCP/IP Overview

nd destination network included

types (and PSTN)

ry (good for Internet)

[edit section]TCP/IPManual vs. Automatic

work only

or each computer manually.

utomatically)

reassigning them

[edit section]ISP Services


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tions.

[edit section]SMTP, Pop, IMAP

ocol

rotocol

P3/IMAP help

PC.

ote file server, basicially

[edit section]HTML

d

[edit section]HTTPS


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ayer)

erver about what it supports.

rypts with servers public key

e key

.

[edit section]SSL

P, SMTP

ication.

SA etc, and two random numbers. Client number and SSL session

tandardized version of SSL3.

t secure, but data is.

[edit section]Telnet

te device and run program

terminal

reen size, terminal type (ANSI, VT52/100/220/TM3270)


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(80 for webserver)

anagement

[edit section]FTP

se auto though.

[edit section]Configuring Networks

[edit section]DHCP & BootP

l

d default gateway.

d a UDP BootP request

with IP information

IP addresses

sting IP

DHCPDISCOVER Reply with DHCPOFFER. From many servers, computer picks one.

DHCPREQUEST Accepting offer. "Lease ID cookie"IP address committed

DHCPACK Completion of process

DHCPNAK If process fails

ARP Request Checks if IP address already used. If so, DHCPDECLINE sent.
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P server (Win 98+). IfAPIPA cant find DHCP it uses 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254. These aren't used on the Internet

5.255.0.0

DNS.

[edit section]DNS

P address with a name

tree structure. "Domain Name Space"

names and numbers.

es, protocol/port numbers, oversee stable operation of root DNS servers.

Domain

name server, or do a referral.

[edit section]WINS

etBios names to IP addresses)

. Manually done, bad for big network.

ond with their IPs. Will not work through routers.

st. Works through routers.

s

INS server. Multiple WINS servers in a big network, synchronizing their data tables.

B-Mode Broadcasts for NetBIOS


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P-Mode Name registered and resolved with WINS

M-Mode Tries B mode then P mode

H-Mode Tries P mode then B mode

patibility.

[edit section]TCP/IP Configuration

lly"

and host. Eg192.168.10.1

r external network (router)

IP from DHCP selected

[edit section]IPX/SPX

IPX(Internetwork Packet Exchange)routes packets through network for transparencySPX(Sequenced Packet Exchange)ensures packets are in correct sequence

NCP(Netware Call Protocol)satisfies application requests (e.g. security, synchronisation)

NLSP(Netware Link Service Protocol)reduces bandwidth wasted by RIP

RIP(Routing Information Protocol)dynamic exchange and updating of routing info

SAP(Service Advertising Protocol)SAP table. allows servers to advertise themselves every 60sec. Stored on each server and router.


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ress32bit 1 to FFFFFFE

48bit value from MAC

[edit section]Appletalk

127 servers.

ation

ne Zone.

n Cable Range.

P)

e. Socket in Node

es

ill be included.

ADSP(Appletalk Data Stream Protocol)Duplex. Ensures delivery of data

AEP(Appletalk Echo Protocol)Determines if node can be accessed and length of time for packet to get there

AFP(Appletalk Filing Protocol)App/Pres layer. Permits application to work with files on servers and sharing.

ASP(Appletalk Session Protocol)Transport/Session layers. Asymmetric, Session of OSI. Establishes sessions between client and server

ATP(Appletalk Transaction Protocol)Sequencing, resending lost packetsDDP(Datagram Delivery Protocol)Network layer. Forwards packets between sockets. Relies on others.

LAP(Link Access Protocol)Data Link layer. Selects from and switches hardware.

RTMP(Routing Table Maintenance Protocol)Keeps routing table and determines best way to forward frameZIP(Zone Information Protocol)Lets apps get the zone name and network detailsETHERtalk, TOKENtalk, LOCALtalk, FDDItalk. Various implementations.

[edit section]NetBEUI


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.

memory.

P/IP

NetBEUI.

ion, 8 bit NetBIOS.

MAC addresses

ons, which is bad.

[edit section]Internet Technologies

[edit section]Types of access

e CSU/DSU (Channel/data service unit)

g & Admin)

all Appearances)

ange)


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(23B+D)

1/E1 bandwidth

m

y homes

inch dish) and Ka bands.

s

igh bandwidth, continuous connectivity

ntermittent connectivity.

wired & wireless


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[edit section]Browser Script Support

"JIT compiler for VM enabled"

vancedSelect "Enable Java" and "Enable native object scripting"

[edit section]Proxy Servers

Use Proxy

vancedProxiesSet Auto Proxy Config URL

Security"

[edit section]Firewalls

ntry in its table

epted/denied or both)

nsPropertiesAdvanced"Protect my computer."

[edit section]Internet Software

[edit section]IPConfig & WINIPConfig

dapter infos

pe ID
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(Giving up IP)

upport tab, details.

/?Gives list of commands /displayDNSDisplays cache contents

/flushDNSPurges cache /showclassID

[edit section]Ping/Tracert

ck address" 127.0.0.1

sent back with IP, result given.

ck, result.


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[edit section]NSLookup

me.

(A) 32bit IP4 address

Canonical Name (CNAME) Alias DNS

Mail Xchanger (MX) Message Routing

Name Server (NS) Responsibilty for Zones "Authoritative"

Pointer (PTR) Location in DNS space

Start of Authority (SOA) Mailbox, serial number etc.

Service (SRV) Single DNS Domain. Designating Backups.

[edit section]Resource Sharing

[edit section]Folders

.

[edit section]Share Permissions


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sharing properties)

ns. If the two are not the same, the more restrictive is used.

[edit section]Printer Sharing

haring

[edit section]Miscellaneous

om

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