History of Computer

Introduction to Computer and ProgrammingBasics of Computers: Definition, Computer Generations, ClassificationsLecture ByManesh TWhat is a computer ?

MonitorFloppy Disk DriveSystem UnitKeyboardCD-ROM / DVD-ROM DriveMouse A computer is an electronic device that receives input, stores and automatically manipulates date, and provides output in a useful format(Information)Functions-Accept, Store, Process, Retrieve and DisplayGenerations Of ComputersGenerationYearsCharacteristic1st1944-59Use Valves (Vacuum tubes)-ENIAC2nd1959-64Use transistors EDVAC,UNIVAC3rd1964-75Large Scale Integrated Circuits- ALTAIR4th1975-Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits- APPLE5thUnder developmentArtificial Intelligence based computers- INTEL-Microprocessor3I- Ancient Counting Machines1- The Abacus (base 5)(in ancient Babylon,China, Europe)

Ancient TimeII- Mechanical Counting Machines2- The Pascaline is a mechanical calculating device invented by the French mathematician Blaise Pascal in 1642. (+)

1642II- Mechanical Counting Machines16733- The Leibniz Wheel was invented by the famous mathematician Leibniz in 1673.( + , - , * , / )

II- Mechanical Counting Machines4- Punched Cards were used by the French weaver Joseph Jacquard in 1810. The cards carried weaving instructions for the looms, later this idea offered a great use for storing info.1810

II- Mechanical Counting Machines5- Charles Babbages first computer - Difference Engines to produce tables of numbers.

1832This device had mechanical problems similar tothose that plagued Pascal and Leibniz.

Charles Babbage 2nd ComputerAnalytical enginegeneral-purposeused binary systempunched cards as inputbranch on result of previous instruction

Ada Lovelace (first programmer)machined parts not accurate enoughnever quite completed

1858The Invention of the Vacuum Tube6- Initially discovered by Thomas Edison, the vacuum tube formed the building block for the entire electronics industry.

*Vacuum tubes were later used as electron valves in the 20th century to build the first electronic computers.1883

III- Electrical Counting Machinesalong with punchedcards instead of mechanical gears. In US - Herman Hollerith invented a calculating machine that used electricity1888

III- Electrical Counting MachinesHolleriths machine was immensely successful. The general count of the population, then 63 million, took only 6 weeks to calculate!

Based on the success of his invention, Herman Hollerith and some friends formed a company that sold his invention all over the world. The company eventually became known as:

International Business Machines IBM1888III- Electrical Counting Machines11- MARK I was built by a team from IBM and Harvard University. Mark I used mechanical telephone switches to store information. It accepted data on punched cards, processed it and then output the new data.1943

51 feet long and weighed over 5 tonsIV- Electronic Counting Machines12- The ENIAC was the first US-built all-electronic computer built to perform ballistics calculations. (Away from IBM)1946

IV- Electronic Counting MachinesEDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Calculator)1951

Two Inventions that changedthe way computers are built!!19461- The Transistor

The most significant single invention of the modern era. It was invented by3 scsientists at At&Ts Bell Labs.

* Transistors are smaller (sometimes microscopic)* Fast and dont need to warm upTransistors on a circuit board

TransistorsCapacitorResistorsTwo Inventions that changedthe way computers are built!!1961The IC revolutionized the entire electronic technology. Ex: The Pentium Processor contains 3.1 Million Transistors in 1.5 inch square!

2- The (IC) Integrated Circuit1975 - 1981

The AltairThe Apple IThe FloppyDiskThe Hard DiskMS-DOS20What Is a Computer?ComputerPerforms computations and makes logical decisionsMillions / billions times faster than human beingsComputer programsSets of instructions by which a computer processes dataHardwarePhysical devices of computer systemSoftwarePrograms that run on computers 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.(modified by Evan Korth)21Computer OrganizationSix logical units of computer systemInput unitMouse, keyboardOutput unitPrinter, monitor, audio speakersMemory unitRetains input and processed informationArithmetic and logic unit (ALU)Performs calculationsCentral processing unit (CPU)Supervises operation of other devicesSecondary storage unitHard drives, floppy drives 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.Block Diagram of Computer

CPUStorageSystem UnitCOMPUTER APPLICATIONSRobotics & Industrial AutomationOffice AutomationTelecommunicationsElectronic Financial Transactions (Bank)Personal ComputersE-Mail & TeleconferencingArtificial Intelligence (AI) Robotics & Industrial AutomationInternet

Merits and Demerits of Computer Merits:-Speed- very high speed. Speed is measured in MIPS and BIPS.Accuracy -The results are very correct.Reliability-It gives correct and consistent result always Storage capability-Stores large amounts of data Versatility-Can do different types of jobs Diligence- It wont get tired De-Merits:-Non-Intelligent-It performs the given instructions only. It does not think on its own. It does not possess any intelligence for analyzing the problem on its ownInactive-If no power supply, it wont work.

Classifications of ComputersSupercomputersMainframe computersMinicomputers (or mid-range computers)Microcomputers

25There are four types of computersSupercomputers (key term) the most powerful; special high-capacity computers used in very large corporationsMainframe computers (key term) are capable of great processing speed and data storage; occupy specially wired, air-conditioned rooms; insurance companies use to process information about millions of policyholdersMinicomputers (key term) - known as midrange computers (key term), are refrigerator sized machines used in medium sized companies or departments in large companiesMicrocomputers (key term) least powerful but most widely used and fastest-growing type of computersDesktop (key term) Laptop or notebook (key term) Tablet PC (key term) Handheld computers (Key Term)Palm computers (Key Term)Personal digital assistants (PDA) (Key Term)Microcomputer TypesDesktopMedia center system unitsNotebook or laptopNetbooksTablet PCHandheld

26Microcomputers DesktopNotebookMedia CenterTablet PCHandheld computersNetbookMini ComputersA mini computer faster than a microcomputer. High cost than microcomputersUses: Industries, Factories10 SQ Feet area10 Terminal connected to CPUEg: Prime 997

MainFrame ComputersA mainframe computer is faster than a mini computer. 1000 sq. feet area and the most expensive system100 Terminals+CPUGovenments,UniversitiesEg:IBM1401

Super ComputersThese computers are the fastest, most expensive the extremely powerful Complex mathematical calculationsGPSNuclear ResearchEg: Param

Machine Languages, Assembly Languages, and High-level LanguagesThree types of programming languagesMachine languages Strings of numbers giving machine specific instructionsExample:100001001011011010101010101010110Assembly languagesEnglish-like abbreviations representing elementary computer operations (translated via assemblers)Example:LOAD BASEPAYADD OVERPAYSTORE GROSSPAY 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.3030Machine Languages, Assembly Languages, and High-level LanguagesHigh-level languagesInstructions closer to everyday EnglishEnglish is a natural language. Although high level programming languages are closer to natural languages, it is difficult to get too close due to the ambiguities in natural languages (a statement in English can mean different things to different people obviously that is unacceptable for computer programming). However, this is a big research area of computer science.Use mathematical notations (translated via compilers)Example:grossPay = basePay + overTimePayInterpreter Executes high level language programs without compilation. 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.31(modified by Evan Korth)31THANKS