basics of solar cell
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Basics Of Solar Cell
Presented By :-Aman Chopra
Deepak Verma
ww.powerpointpresentationon.blogspot.com
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About solar cell. Generation of solar cell. Types of semiconductor used in solar cell. Photo Voltaic Effect. Solar cell Efficiency factor.
Equivalent circuit ofS
olar cell. I-V characteristics of Zno. Losses in solar cell. Opportunities forImprovement. Applications Conclusion.
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A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts
sunlight directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.
Solar Cell is made of monocrystalline silicon wafer.
Treated to be positive on one side and negative on the
other.
When light energy hits the cell, electrons are knocked loose
from the atoms in the semiconductor material.
If electrical conductors are attached to the positive and
negative sides, forming an electrical circuit, the electronscan be captured in the form of an electric current.
Solar Cell
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1. First Generation :First generation cells consist of large-
area, high quality and single junction devices and reducing
production cost.
2. Second Generation:Second generation materials have been
developed to address energy requirements and production
costs of solar cells.As vapour deposition , electroplating
and Ultrasonic Nozzles,they reduce high temperature
processing significantly.
3. Third Generation :Third generation technologies aim toenhance poor electrical performance of second generation
(thin-film technologies) while maintaining very low
production costs.
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Inorganic semiconductor
Organic semiconductor
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Photovoltaic Effect
Photovoltaic effect is generatedphotons hit a semi-conductor
Material with a higher energythan the gap between its ValenceandConduction bands.
Free electrons move on one side (n-side) while holes move on the other side (p-side) A difference of potential is created
between n-side and p-side allowing current through a load outside of the semi-conductor.
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Solar panels, inverters and other major equipment must
be new and meet the latest safety standards
Each project must be pre-approved by the Program
Manager and must meet requirements forinterconnection of distributed generation
Every installation must be locally permitted and must
pass inspection by the local jurisdiction having authority
Systems are required to meet an 80% of optimal design
threshold in order to qualify for an incentive
Systems must be designed to offset customer
consumption.
INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
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Solar cell Efficiency factor
Energy conversion efficiency
Quantum efficiency
Maximum power point
Fill factor
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Characteristicofsolarcell
1.Effect of physical size2.Cell temperature
3.Series resistance4.Shunt resistance
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High Efficiency Cells
Monocrystaline si
Polycrystaline si
a)Multiple junction solar cell
b) Thin film solar cells
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MonoCrystalline silicon solar cell
Silicon cell
development.
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Siliconsolarcell devicemanufacture
Solarcellaresemiconductordevicetheysharemanyofthesameprocessinganmanufacturingtechniqueasother
semiconductordevicesuchascomputerandmemorychip
Antireflectioncoatingwhichincreasetheamountoflightcoupled intothesolarcellare
typicallynextapplied overthepast decadesiliconnitridehasgraduallyreplacetitaniumdioxideastheantireflectioncoatingofchoicebecauseofitsexcellentsurfacepassivation
quality
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Junction(ZnO based diode)
1.Introduction
2.Structure 3.Characterstics
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Junction(ZnO based diode)
Reflection
Maximal generated voltage
Maximal current
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Light Absorbing Material
Bulk film
Crystalline silicon
Thin film
1.Cadmium telluride solar cell
2.Copper indium selenide
3.Gallium arsenide multi junction
4.Light absorbing dyes
5.Organic polymer solar cell
6.S
ilicon thin films(nano crystalline solar cell)
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1) Losses for the Top Solar Cell
a) Optical Losses
b) Electrical Losses
2) Losses for the Bottom Solar Cell
a) Optical Losses
Losses in cell:
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Opportunities ForImprovement
Commercial Cell.
1.Efficiency-15%
2.Wafers-CZ
3.Current value of available products 11%.
Laboratory Cell.
1.Efficiency-24%
2.Wafers-FZ
3.Current value of available products19
%.
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Application of solar cell
Solarcellsproduce Electricityand mainlyused as RenewableEnergy.
Itcanbeused in Residentialareas,governmentbuildings. Averageoutputis 1150-1400 kilowatthoursannuallyperKW
installed
SolarCells ProduceCleanamountofelectricity,and itcanbeeasilytakenfromthegrid.
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Advantages and Disadvantages.
Advantages:-1.Solar cell having low Running cost.2.No Carbondiaoxide Emission to add the Green House Effect.3. Equipments having long life.4.Very Good feasible cell efficiency.
Disadvantages:-1.The initial cost of solar cell is very high.2.The output is independent on weather condition and the day timing.
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Current research on materials & devices
Silicon processing
Thin film processing
Metamorphic multijunction solar cell
Polymers processing
Transparent conductors Photovoltaic thermal hybrid
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FUTURE EFFICIENCY
Technical aspects: The majority of experts have responded
that the efficiency of the photovoltaic cells will be 95% of the
theoretical efficiency sometime in the period 2020-2050.
A flat crystalline silicon module will reach to 23 % of
efficiency by the year 2050. The crystalline silicon
photovoltaic panels are already reliable (reliability more than
98%).
According to the R&D status, experts thought that USA is in
the first position and Europe and Japan are in the second and
third position respectively. The expectations of the experts for
the R&D status of these three regions are that they are going
to achieve the same R&D level by the year 2020.
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THANKS.