Basque Body Parts and Basque Body Parts and their Conceptual Structuretheir Conceptual Structure

Iraide Ibarretxe & Koldo J. Iraide Ibarretxe & Koldo J. GaraiGarai

U.Deusto & U. Basque U.Deusto & U. Basque CountryCountry

iraidei@euskalnet.net iraidei@euskalnet.net

Ezponda@inicia.esEzponda@inicia.es

Body parts and DictionariesBody parts and Dictionaries Lists of meanings for each lexical entryLists of meanings for each lexical entry

– OinOin ‘‘foot’, ‘lower part’, ‘floor’, ‘syllabic group’, ‘basis’, ‘foundation’, foot’, ‘lower part’, ‘floor’, ‘syllabic group’, ‘basis’, ‘foundation’,

‘start up capital’, ‘old measurement’, ‘generation’, ‘different ‘start up capital’, ‘old measurement’, ‘generation’, ‘different degrees of relationship’, ‘settlement, place’, ‘cost’, ‘rate’, ‘step, degrees of relationship’, ‘settlement, place’, ‘cost’, ‘rate’, ‘step, walk’, ‘humiliate’, ‘subject to sb’s will’, ‘keep one’s status’, walk’, ‘humiliate’, ‘subject to sb’s will’, ‘keep one’s status’, ‘measure’, ‘shoes’‘measure’, ‘shoes’

– BegiBegi ‘‘eye’, ‘sight’, ‘state of mind’, ‘cavity’, ‘hole’, ‘eye of a needle’, ‘hive eye’, ‘sight’, ‘state of mind’, ‘cavity’, ‘hole’, ‘eye of a needle’, ‘hive

entrance’, ‘eyelet’, ‘bridge arches’, ‘oil drop in a liquid’, ‘bubble in a entrance’, ‘eyelet’, ‘bridge arches’, ‘oil drop in a liquid’, ‘bubble in a liquid’, ‘hole for handles in tools’, ‘chain links’, ‘sprout’, ‘shoot’, liquid’, ‘hole for handles in tools’, ‘chain links’, ‘sprout’, ‘shoot’, ‘spring’, ‘a little bit’, ‘sun beam’, ‘sympathy’, ‘axle’, ‘care’, ‘sight ‘spring’, ‘a little bit’, ‘sun beam’, ‘sympathy’, ‘axle’, ‘care’, ‘sight direction’, ‘holes in cheese’, ‘lacing’, ‘hate’, ‘eyelid’, ‘in the direction’, ‘holes in cheese’, ‘lacing’, ‘hate’, ‘eyelid’, ‘in the direction of’…direction of’…

Dictionaries consulted: Azkue (1905), Mitxelena Dictionaries consulted: Azkue (1905), Mitxelena (1987-), Mugika (1981), Retana (1976), Sarasola (1987-), Mugika (1981), Retana (1976), Sarasola (1984-95), Mokoroa (1990), Garate (1998)(1984-95), Mokoroa (1990), Garate (1998)

Research questionsResearch questions

Are these semantic extensions Are these semantic extensions related? How?related? How?

Do these semantic extensions share Do these semantic extensions share the same conceptual structure?the same conceptual structure?

Is this conceptual structure reflected Is this conceptual structure reflected in the idiomatic expressions with in the idiomatic expressions with these body parts?these body parts?

Theoretical FrameworkTheoretical Framework

Lexical networks and prototypical meaning Lexical networks and prototypical meaning (Lakoff 1987, Langacker 1991)

Metaphor and metonymy Metaphor and metonymy (Kövecses and Radden 1998, Lakoff

1993)

Metonymy-based metaphors Metonymy-based metaphors (Barcelona 2000, Radden 2000)

Compositional Polysemy Compositional Polysemy (Ibarretxe-Antuñano 1999)

Construction grammar Construction grammar (Goldberg 1995, Fillmore and Kay 1995)

OinOin What do the following meanings have in common?What do the following meanings have in common?

– ‘‘floor’floor’ Bigarren Bigarren oinoina a ‘second floor’‘second floor’

– ‘‘basis’, ‘foundation’basis’, ‘foundation’ Kilinkolonga ibili dabil Kilinkolonga ibili dabil oinoinarri sendo gabearri sendo gabe

‘‘it swings, without a strong basis’it swings, without a strong basis’ OinOin makalak ditu uste horrek makalak ditu uste horrek

’’that idea has a weak basis’that idea has a weak basis’

– ‘‘start up capital’start up capital’ OinOinak egiten duen irabaziaren erdia…ak egiten duen irabaziaren erdia…

‘‘half of the winnings correspond to the start up capital’half of the winnings correspond to the start up capital’

– ‘‘place, settlement’place, settlement’ OinOin oneko soroka dira gureak oneko soroka dira gureak

‘‘our fields are in a good location’our fields are in a good location’

– ‘‘generation’, ‘different degrees of relationship’generation’, ‘different degrees of relationship’ OinOinetik etik oinoineraera

‘‘from generation to generation’from generation to generation’ ……Matusalen seigarren Matusalen seigarren oinoineko ilobarekin bizi izan zaneko ilobarekin bizi izan zan

‘‘Matusalen lived with his sixth generation niece’Matusalen lived with his sixth generation niece’

– ‘‘keep one’s position, status, attitude…’keep one’s position, status, attitude…’ ......mantendu gura da bere mantendu gura da bere oinoinean andikeriaean andikeria

‘‘He wanted to keep his arrogance’He wanted to keep his arrogance’

– ‘‘step, walk’step, walk’ Egun sentian zuzendu zuan Egun sentian zuzendu zuan oñaoña erriruntz erriruntz

‘‘At dawn he went towards the town’At dawn he went towards the town’ OineOine oineoine

‘‘step by step’step by step’

Oin as functionOin as function

Metonymy: Metonymy: ENTITY FOR FUNCTION ENTITY FOR FUNCTION ““an entity provides access to or stands for the function it an entity provides access to or stands for the function it

performs”performs” BODY-PART FOR FUNCTION BODY-PART FOR FUNCTION FOOT FOR FUNCTION FOOT FOR FUNCTION

Three subgroups:Three subgroups:

– FOOT FOR MOTIONFOOT FOR MOTION

– FOOT FOR SUPPORTFOOT FOR SUPPORT

– FOOT FOR MOTION+SUPPORTFOOT FOR MOTION+SUPPORT

FOOT FOR SUPPORTFOOT FOR SUPPORT

Metaphor: Metaphor: BASIS, FOUNDATION IS BASIS, FOUNDATION IS SUPPORTSUPPORT

– Ohearen oinakOhearen oinak ‘bed legs’ ‘bed legs’ – Mendiaren oinak ‘Mendiaren oinak ‘mountain feet’mountain feet’– Oinarrizko teoriaOinarrizko teoria ‘basic theory’ ‘basic theory’– Oinarrizko galderak Oinarrizko galderak ‘basic questions’‘basic questions’– Ekonomiaren oinarriaEkonomiaren oinarria ‘the basis of economy’ ‘the basis of economy’– ‘‘start up capital’start up capital’

+

+

CO

MPO

SIT

ION

AC

OM

PO

SIT

ION

ALL

PO

LYS

EM

YPO

LYS

EM

Y

Metaphor: Metaphor: PERSISTING IS REMAINING PERSISTING IS REMAINING ERECTERECT

– ‘ ‘keep one’s position, attitude, status’keep one’s position, attitude, status’

FOOT FOR MOTIONFOOT FOR MOTION– ‘‘step, walk’step, walk’

Egun sentian zuzendu zuan Egun sentian zuzendu zuan oñaoña erriruntz erriruntz‘‘At dawn he went towards the town’At dawn he went towards the town’FOOT FOR FOOT FOR MOTION+SUPPORTMOTION+SUPPORT

– ‘‘floor’ floor’ Bigarren Bigarren oinoina a ‘second floor’‘second floor’

– ‘‘generation’, ‘different degrees of relationship’generation’, ‘different degrees of relationship’ OinOinetik etik oinoineraera

‘‘from generation to generation’from generation to generation’ ……Matusalen seigarren Matusalen seigarren oinoineko ilobarekin bizi izan zaneko ilobarekin bizi izan zan

‘‘Matusalen lived with his sixth generation niece’Matusalen lived with his sixth generation niece’

CO

MPO

SIT

ION

CO

MPO

SIT

ION

AL

PO

LYS

EM

Y

AL

PO

LYS

EM

Y

+ M

ETA

PH

OR

+ M

ETA

PH

OR

OIN AS FUNCTION

Metonymy: entity for function(body-part foot for function)

FOOT FOR SUPPORT

Compositional Polysemy

‘keep one’s position, status’

oinarrizko ‘fundamental’oinarria ‘basis’mendiaren oina ‘foot of the mountain’‘start-up capital’‘main idea, argument’

Oine-oine ‘walk’

Metaphor: persisting is remaining erect

FOOT FOR MOTION

+

FOOT FOR MOTION + SUPPORT

‘generation’‘floor’

Compositional Polysemy+

Metaphor

Metaphor: basis, foundation is support

BegiBegi What do the following meanings have in common?What do the following meanings have in common?

– ‘‘hole’hole’ gaztagaztabegibegi ‘holes in cheese’, ‘holes in cheese’, ogiogibegibegi ‘holes in bread’, ‘holes in bread’, ipuripurbegibegi ‘asshole’‘asshole’

– ‘‘eye of a needle’eye of a needle’ orratzaren orratzaren begiabegia ‘eye of a needle’ ‘eye of a needle’

– ‘‘oil drop in liquid’oil drop in liquid’ Esnearen Esnearen begiakbegiak ‘oil drops in milk’ ‘oil drops in milk’

– ‘‘hive entrance’hive entrance’ erlategiaren erlategiaren begiakbegiak ‘hive entrance’ ‘hive entrance’

– ‘‘bridge arches’bridge arches’ zubiaren zubiaren begiakbegiak ‘bridge arches’ ‘bridge arches’

– ‘‘hole for handles in tools’hole for handles in tools’ aitzuraitzurbegibegi ‘hoe’, ‘hoe’, aizkol aizkol begiabegia ‘axe’ ‘axe’

– ‘‘chain links’chain links’ katearen katearen begiakbegiak ‘chain links’ ‘chain links’

– ‘‘bubble in liquid’bubble in liquid’ Ur-gaineko Ur-gaineko begiakbegiak ‘bubble in water’ ‘bubble in water’

– ‘‘spring’spring’ ituriturbegibegi

– ‘‘in the direction of’in the direction of’ eguzki-begitaneguzki-begitan ‘in the direction of the sun’ ‘in the direction of the sun’

– ‘‘a little bit’a little bit’ Zurizta Zurizta begiabegia ‘whitish’, ‘whitish’, andi andi begiabegia ‘biggish’ ‘biggish’ BegiBegi bete (bat) ardao emon eusten bete (bat) ardao emon eusten ‘he gave me ‘he gave me

a little bit of wine’a little bit of wine’

Begi as physical Begi as physical characteristicscharacteristics

Metonymy: Metonymy: ENTITY FOR PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICSENTITY FOR PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

““an entity provides access to or stands for its characteristics”an entity provides access to or stands for its characteristics”

BODY-PART FOR PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICSBODY-PART FOR PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS EYE FOR PHYSICAL EYE FOR PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS

Several subgroups:Several subgroups:– EYE FOR SHAPEEYE FOR SHAPE

– EYE FOR CAVITY (EYE FOR HOLE, EYE FOR HOOK, EYE FOR EYE FOR CAVITY (EYE FOR HOLE, EYE FOR HOOK, EYE FOR CONTAINER CAPACITY)CONTAINER CAPACITY)

– EYE FOR CLOSING CAPACITYEYE FOR CLOSING CAPACITY

– EYE FOR DIRECTING AND FOCUSING CAPACITYEYE FOR DIRECTING AND FOCUSING CAPACITY

EYE FOR CAVITYEYE FOR CAVITY EYE FOR HOLEEYE FOR HOLE

– ‘‘hole’: hole’: gaztagaztabegibegi ‘holes in cheese’, ‘holes in cheese’, ogiogibegibegi ‘holes in bread’ ‘holes in bread’

– erlategiaren erlategiaren begiabegia ‘hive entrance’ ‘hive entrance’– ituriturbegi ‘begi ‘’spring’’spring’

ENTITY FOR ENTITY FOR FUNCTIONFUNCTIONHOLE FOR EXIT/ENTERHOLE FOR EXIT/ENTER

EYE FOR HOOKEYE FOR HOOK– ‘‘hole for handles in tools’: hole for handles in tools’: aitzuraitzurbegibegi ‘hoe’, ‘hoe’, aizkol aizkol begiabegia ‘axe’ ‘axe’

– katearen katearen begiakbegiak ‘chain links’ ‘chain links’– orratzaren orratzaren begiabegia ‘eye of a needle’ ‘eye of a needle’– zubiaren zubiaren begiak begiak ‘bridge arches’‘bridge arches’

aho vs.

begi

EYE FOR CONTAINER CAPACITYEYE FOR CONTAINER CAPACITY– ‘‘a little bit’a little bit’

Zurizta Zurizta begiabegia ‘whitish’, ‘whitish’, andi andi begiabegia ‘biggish’ ‘biggish’ BegiBegi bete (bat) ardao emon eusten bete (bat) ardao emon eusten ‘he gave me a little bit of ‘he gave me a little bit of

wine’wine’

Two different cases:Two different cases:– Metaphor Metaphor QUANTITY IS SIZE QUANTITY IS SIZE SMALL QUANTITY IS EYE SMALL QUANTITY IS EYE

Zurizta Zurizta begiabegia ‘whitish’, ‘whitish’, andi andi begiabegia ‘biggish’ ‘biggish’

– X X batbat Y construction Y construction ‘X quantity of Y’ ‘X quantity of Y’

X=container X=container (CONTAINER FOR CAPACITY)(CONTAINER FOR CAPACITY) Y=thing contained Y=thing contained (to be measured)(to be measured) batbat=numeral=numeral

Meaning of X,Y = Meaning of X,Y = Compositional Compositional PolysemyPolysemy

Examples: Examples: gela bat ikaslegela bat ikasle esku bat lanesku bat lan begibegi bat ardaubat ardau

X bat YX bat Y X bat YX bat Y X bat Y X bat Y

EYE FOR CAVITY

Gaztabegi ‘cheese holes’,ipurbegi ‘asshole’

Metonymy: entity for function (hole for enterting/exiting)

EYE FOR HOLE

‘beehive entrance’, iturbegi ‘spring’

Aitzurbegi ‘hoe hole’Katearen begiak ‘chain links’Orratzbegia ‘eye of needdle’Zubiaren begiak ‘bridge arches’

EYE FOR HOOK

X bat Y construction +

Begi bat ardao‘a little bit of wine’

Zurizta begia ‘whitish’andi begia ‘biggish’

Metaphor: quantity is size

small quantity is an eye

EYE FOR CONTAINER CAPACITY

EYE FOR FOCUSING EYE FOR FOCUSING CAPACITYCAPACITY

– Begiak zuzenduBegiak zuzendu ‘direct one’s eyes’ ‘direct one’s eyes’ – ‘‘in the direction of’in the direction of’

eguzki-begitaneguzki-begitan ‘in the direction of the sun’ ‘in the direction of the sun’ haize-begitanhaize-begitan ‘in the direction of the sun’ ‘in the direction of the sun’

ORIENTATION ORIENTATION IS IS

EYE DIRECTIONEYE DIRECTION

– buruburu ‘head’ vs. ‘head’ vs. begibegi ‘eye’ ‘eye’ ‘in the direction of’ ‘in the direction of’ figure-ground reversalfigure-ground reversal

FigurFiguree

FigurFiguree

GrounGroundd

GrounGroundd

begibegiburburuu

Active Active zoneszones

BEGI AS PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Metonymy: entity for physical characteristics(body-part eye for physical characteristics)

‘oil drop in a liquid’

EYE FOR SHAPE (ROUNDED)

‘bubble in a liquid’

Begiak itxi ‘close eyes’

Metaphor

EYE FOR CLOSING CAPACITY

Begiak itxi batean ‘quickly, suddenly’

EYE FOR FOCUSING CAPACITY

Begiak zuzendu ‘direct eyes’

Metaphor: orientation for eyes direction

Eguzki begitan ‘sun direction’Haize begitan ‘wind direction’

Metaphor: considering is orientation‘consider’

EYE FOR CAVITY

Gaztabegi ‘cheese holes’ipurbegi ‘asshole’

Metonymy: entity for function (hole for enterting/exiting)

EYE FOR HOLE

‘beehive entrance’, iturbegi ‘spring’

Aitzurbegi ‘hoe hole’Katearen begiak ‘chain links’Orratzbegia ‘eye of needdle’Zubiaren begiak ‘bridge arches’

EYE FOR HOOK

X bat Y construction +

Begi bat ardao‘a little bit of wine’Zurizta begia ‘whitish’andi begia ‘biggish’

Metaphor: quantity is size

small quantity is small

EYE FOR CONTAINER CAPACITY

References.References. Barcelona, Antonio (ed.). 2000a. Barcelona, Antonio (ed.). 2000a. Metaphor and Metonymy at the Crossroads. A Cognitive PerspectiveMetaphor and Metonymy at the Crossroads. A Cognitive Perspective. Berlin and . Berlin and

New York: Mouton de Gruyter.New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Fillmore, Charles and Paul Kay. 1995. Fillmore, Charles and Paul Kay. 1995. Construction GrammarConstruction Grammar. Stanford: CSLI Publications (forthcoming).. Stanford: CSLI Publications (forthcoming). Kay, Paul. 1997. Kay, Paul. 1997. Words and the Grammar of ContextWords and the Grammar of Context. Stanford: CSLI.. Stanford: CSLI. Goldberg, Adele. 1995. Goldberg, Adele. 1995. Constructions. A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument StructureConstructions. A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago: . Chicago:

Chicago University Press.Chicago University Press. Ibarretxe-Antuñano, Iraide. 1999. Ibarretxe-Antuñano, Iraide. 1999. Polysemy and Metaphor in Perception Verbs: A Cross-linguistic StudyPolysemy and Metaphor in Perception Verbs: A Cross-linguistic Study. PhD . PhD

Thesis. University of Edinburgh.Thesis. University of Edinburgh. Ibarretxe-Antuñano, Iraide. 2002. ‘The conceptual structure of Basque Ibarretxe-Antuñano, Iraide. 2002. ‘The conceptual structure of Basque buruburu ‘head’. ‘head’. Fontes Linguae VasconumFontes Linguae Vasconum 91: 91:

463-491.463-491. Kövecses, Zoltán and Günter Radden. 1998 ‘Metonymy: Developing a cognitive linguistic approach’. Kövecses, Zoltán and Günter Radden. 1998 ‘Metonymy: Developing a cognitive linguistic approach’. Cognitive Cognitive

LinguisticsLinguistics 9.1:37-77. 9.1:37-77. Lakoff, George. 1987. Lakoff, George. 1987. Women, Fire and Dangerous Things. What Categories Reveal about the MindWomen, Fire and Dangerous Things. What Categories Reveal about the Mind. Chicago and . Chicago and

London: Chicago University Press.London: Chicago University Press. Lakoff, George. 1993. ‘The contemporary theory of metaphor’ In: Andrew Ortony (ed.), Lakoff, George. 1993. ‘The contemporary theory of metaphor’ In: Andrew Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and ThoughtMetaphor and Thought

202-251. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.202-251. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Langacker, Ronald W. 1991. Langacker, Ronald W. 1991. Concept, Image, and Symbol. The Cognitive Basis of GrammarConcept, Image, and Symbol. The Cognitive Basis of Grammar. Berlin and New York: . Berlin and New York:

Mouton de Gruyter.Mouton de Gruyter. Radden, Günter. 2000. ‘How metonymic are metaphors?’. In: Antonio Barcelona (ed.), Radden, Günter. 2000. ‘How metonymic are metaphors?’. In: Antonio Barcelona (ed.), Metaphor and Metonymy at Metaphor and Metonymy at

the Crossroads. A Cognitive Perspectivethe Crossroads. A Cognitive Perspective, 93-108. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter., 93-108. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Sandra, Dominiek and Sally Rice. 1995. ‘Network analyses of prepositional meaning: Mirroring whose mind- the Sandra, Dominiek and Sally Rice. 1995. ‘Network analyses of prepositional meaning: Mirroring whose mind- the

linguist’s or the language user’s?’. linguist’s or the language user’s?’. Cognitive LinguisticsCognitive Linguistics 6-1: 89-130. 6-1: 89-130.

DICTIONARIES:DICTIONARIES: Azkue, Resurrección María de. 1905. Azkue, Resurrección María de. 1905. Diccionario Vasco-Español-Francés I-IIDiccionario Vasco-Español-Francés I-II. Bilbao: La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca. . Bilbao: La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca.

(az).(az). Diccionario Hiru Mila Hiztegia. Adorez 7Diccionario Hiru Mila Hiztegia. Adorez 7. 1996. Bilbo: Bostak Bat. (hm).. 1996. Bilbo: Bostak Bat. (hm). Diccionario Retana de Autoridades del EuskeraDiccionario Retana de Autoridades del Euskera. 1976. Bilbao: Biblioteca de la Gran Enciclopedia Vasca. (ar).. 1976. Bilbao: Biblioteca de la Gran Enciclopedia Vasca. (ar). Michelena, Luis. 1987-. Michelena, Luis. 1987-. Diccionario General Vasco. Orotariko Euskal HiztegiaDiccionario General Vasco. Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia. Bilbao: Euskaltzaindia. (lm).. Bilbao: Euskaltzaindia. (lm). Morris, Mikel. 1998. Morris, Mikel. 1998. Morris Student Plus. Euskara-Ingelesa. English-BasqueMorris Student Plus. Euskara-Ingelesa. English-Basque .. Donostia: Klaudio Harluxet Fundazioa. Donostia: Klaudio Harluxet Fundazioa. Mugica Barrondo, Placido. 1981. Mugica Barrondo, Placido. 1981. Diccionario Vasco -Castellano I,IIDiccionario Vasco -Castellano I,II. Bilbao: Mensajero.. Bilbao: Mensajero. Sarasola, Ibon. 1984-95. Hauta-lanerako Euskal Hiztegia. Zarauz: Itxaropena. (is). Mokoroa Mugika, Justo M. 1990. “Ortik eta Emendik” Repertorio de Locuciones del Habla Popular Vasca, Oral y

Escrita, en sus diversas variedades. Bilbao: Labayru-Etor-Eusko Jaurlaritza.

entity for garment metonymy

foot for shoe

entity for function metonymy

Foot for support

Foot for motion

foot formotion + support

OIN

foot for lower part

entity for location metonymy

entity for size metonymy

foot for size

BEGI AS FUNCTION

Metonymy: entity for function(body-part eye for sight)

Metonymy: eye for sight

Begiratu, begitu ‘look’

begi argi ‘sharp-eye’

Metaphor: mind-as-body

Begiz jo ‘observe’

Metaphor: taking care is seeing

Metaphor: touching is seeing

Metaphor: understanding is seeing

Begia atxiki ‘take care of’

Metaphor: examining is seeing

Begietsi ‘visit’

Begietsi ‘visit’

Metaphor: socialising is seeing