battery electric buses smart deployment · 2016-12-08 · beb’s are great battery electric buses...
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Battery Electric Buses Smart Deployment
Zero Emission Bus Conference November 30, 2016
Jason Hanlin
Director of Technology Development
• 500+ total sold/awarded since 2010 • 65 deployments
– 61 transit agencies – 4 universities
CTE involved in 21 deployments as technical project manager/consultant/planning
Current/Planned BEB Deployments
BEB’s Are Great Battery Electric Buses have a lot of benefits ü Emissions ü Efficiency ü Operation/
Maintenance Costs
BUT….
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5
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CNG Diesel Parallel Hybrid Hydrogen Fuel Cell
All-‐Electric
Sources: Fuel Cell Bus in U.S. Transit Fleets: Current Status 2012; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; “Comparison of Modern CNG, Diesel, and Diesel Hybrid-Electric Transit Buses, Efficiency and Environmental Performance, MJB&A 11/2013; “Clean Diesel vs. CNG Buses: Cost, Air Quality, & Climate Impacts, MJB&A 2/2013; CTE TIGGER analysis
Miles per DG(E)
Our Challenge 1. Range and fueling margins are much tighter 2. And multiple variables can have a big effect!
All things considered, there is currently no single zero emission technology that best fits all fleets or all routes. Future fleets will likely be a mix of technologies.
But this can be managed by being prepared!
Technology Assessment Provide transit agencies with information that allows their personnel to make data-driven procurement and deployment decisions regarding electric bus technology.
Explore end-user implementation questions, such as: 1. Which electric-drive technology is the best fit for my route? 2. What are the key differences between electric buses on the market today? 3. How do extreme weather conditions affect bus performance? 4. How do passenger loads affect bus performance? 5. How will driving range change as the batteries age? 6. How often will my bus need to charge? How long will charging take? 7. Should I charge my bus at our depot, or at an on-route location? 8. What happens if I miss a scheduled charge? 9. Which utility rate structure is best suited for my charge strategy? 10. How will electrical utility costs compare to my current fuel costs? 11. What is the total cost of ownership for the different available technologies?
Smart Deployments
Technology Assessment
Life Cycle Cost
Modeling
Annual Fuel Costs
Capital Costs
Maintenance Costs
12 Year Cost
Analysis
Energy Consumption And Charging
Profile
Bus & Route Modeling
Electricity Rate
Modeling
Route Requirement/ Environment
Bus Type & Charge Scheme
Electricity Rate Schedules
OEM Product Approaches/Variables Bus Manufacturer Model Style Infrastructure Energy Storage
BYD K7 30' transit bus Depot Charge 182 kWh
K9, K9S 40', 35' transit bus Depot Charge 324 kWh K11 60'arMc. transit bus Depot Charge 547 kWh
CCW ZEPS 40' transit bus Depot Charge 213 kWh Double K Villager 30' Trolley Depot Charge
Ebus Ebus 22' city bus Depot Charge Ebus 40' transit bus On Route Charge 89 kWh
Gillig Standard LF 29’ transit bus Depot/On Route 100 kWh
Green Power varies 30'-‐45' Depot Charge 210-‐478 kWh
New Flyer Excelsior 40' transit bus Depot/On Route
99 kWh 198 kWh 297 kWh
60' transit bus Depot/On Route 250 kWh Nova Bus LFSe 40' transit bus On Route Charge 76 kWh
Proterra
Catalyst FC 40' transit bus On Route Charge 79 kWh 105 kWh
Catalyst XR 40' transit bus Depot/On Route Charge 220 kWh 330 kWh
Catalyst E2 40' transit bus Depot Charge 440 kWh 550 kWh 660 kWh
1. Depot – Plug-In Overnight Charging – Large battery pack – 70 – 220 miles range – 50 – 252 kW charger – Recharge in ~4 hours
2. On-Route Charging – Overhead Conductive – Smaller battery pack – 20 – 30 miles range – 300 – 500 kW charger – Full charge in ~ 10 mins
3. On-Route Charging – Inductive or Wireless – Range extender – Medium to Large battery pack – 50 kW charger (up to 250kW planned)
Battery Electric Bus Charging Options
Variables Affecting Performance and Costs
Route Logistics ¤ Length ¤ Duration ¤ Schedule ¤ Bus Blocking
Duty Cycle ¤ Speed ¤ Grade ¤ Deadhead Miles
Operating Environment ¤ Environmental Conditions ¤ Passenger Loads
Bus Model ¤ Bus Configuration ¤ Powertrain Architecture ¤ Component Models ¤ Charge Methods/Power ¤ Battery Degradation
All of these variables will affect range, charge time, lifecycle costs and must be accounted for early in the process.
Bus Modeling and Simulation
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Informed Decisions Energy consumption over time, while incorporating on-route charge events:
Bus Speed Layover
On-Route Charging Events Battery SOC
Report battery depletion, energy consumption, driving range, charge strategy.
Results Compared to Expectations
BEB efficiency expectations are typically 1.7 to 2.0 kWh/mile.
Simulation Results [kWh/mile]
Range Using a 500kWh Battery [mile]
Route A (summer, no passengers) 1.72 233
Route A (summer, avg. passengers) 2.11 190
Route A (summer, max passengers) 2.46 163
Route A (winter, no passengers) 1.91 209
Route A (winter, avg. passengers) 2.64 152
Route A (winter, max passengers) 3.10 129
Route B (fall, no passengers) 1.68 238
Route B (fall, avg. passengers) 2.06 194
Route B (fall, max passengers) 2.20 182
Worst Route, Worst Case 6.17 65
• Utility cost estimates are often over-simplified • Multiple price structures are usually available to the customer • Need to match charge strategy to price structure to minimize cost
Rate Structure A* B C D Eλ F Allowable Max Demand Range below 20kW 20kW - 200kW 200kW - 500kW 200kW - 500kW above 500kW 20kW - 500kW
Fixed Charges Customer Charge [$/Meter/Month] $ 25.92 $ 198.79 $ 441.93 $ 441.93 $ 319.47 $ 198.79 Three Phase Service [$/Month] $ 18.60 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 Demand Charges Facility Demand Charge [$/kW] $ 0 $13.20 $16.37 $16.37 $14.88 $13.20 TOU Demand Charge [$/kW]
Summer On-Peak $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $18.86 $24.15 $ 0
Summer Mid-Peak $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $5.53 $6.66 $ 0
Summer Off-Peak $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0
Winter On-Peak $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0
Winter Mid-Peak $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 Winter Off-Peak $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 Energy Charges [$/kWh]
Summer On-Peak $0.23542 $0.36206 $0.35823 $0.13768 $0.13908 $0.29033
Summer Mid-Peak $0.19093 $0.14580 $0.13881 $0.08672 $0.08411 $0.12248
Summer Off-Peak $0.16135 $0.06620 $0.06246 $0.06246 $0.06000 $0.05356
Winter On-Peak N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a $0.10763
Winter Mid-Peak $0.16168 $0.09435 $0.08839 $0.08839 $0.08593 $0.09402
Winter Off-Peak $0.15033 $0.07148 $0.06746 $0.06746 $0.06544 $0.06244 !
Utility Rate Structures Example
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
• Initial Capital Costs – Buses – Fueling and Power Infrastructure – Upgrades to Service Bays
• Construction Costs – Site Prep, Civil, Mechanical, Electrical,
Installation, etc.
• Annual Fuel Cost • Maintenance Costs
• Major Component Replacement
12-Year assessment of operating & capital costs
Summary - Be Prepared Accounting for all the variables is critical when estimating range and operating costs:
• bus configuration and charge scheme • duty cycle & grades • seasonal affects • passenger loads • battery state of health (new,
used, end of life?) • utility rates and structures
Once these effects are known, use for • Technology selection/fleet mixing • Infrastructure deployment
– type and location • Establishing layover times • Operations planning • Day to day assignment
Life Cycle Cost
Modeling
Annual Fuel Costs
Capital Costs
Maintenance Costs
12 Year Cost
Analysis
Energy Consumption And Charging
Profile
Bus & Route Modeling
Electricity Rate
Modeling
Route Requirement/ Environment
Bus Type & Charge Scheme
Electricity Rate
Schedules
1. Technology Assessment 2. Infrastructure Planning 3. Deployment Planning 4. Performance Validation 5. Implementation 6. Evaluation (Key Performance Indicators)
We should expect improved technical support, tools, and services at every stage of zero emission bus deployment.
Smart Deployment is Necessary
