bba 3274 qm week 8 linear programming

Linear Programming ModelLinear Programming ModelLinear Programming ModelLinear Programming Model

BBA3274 / DBS1084 QUANTITATIVE METHODS for BUSINESSBBA3274 / DBS1084 QUANTITATIVE METHODS for BUSINESS

byStephen Ong

Visiting Fellow, Birmingham City University Business School, UK

Visiting Professor, Shenzhen University

Today’s Overview Today’s Overview

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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

1.1. Understand the basic assumptions and properties of Understand the basic assumptions and properties of linear programming (LP).linear programming (LP).

2.2. Graphically solve any LP problem that has only two Graphically solve any LP problem that has only two variables by both the corner point and isoprofit line variables by both the corner point and isoprofit line methods.methods.

3.3. Understand special issues in LP such as Understand special issues in LP such as infeasibility, unboundedness, redundancy, and infeasibility, unboundedness, redundancy, and alternative optimal solutions.alternative optimal solutions.

4.4. Understand the role of sensitivity analysis.Understand the role of sensitivity analysis.

5.5. Use Excel spreadsheets to solve LP problems.Use Excel spreadsheets to solve LP problems.

After this lecture, students will be able to:After this lecture, students will be able to:

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OutlineOutline7.17.1 IntroductionIntroduction7.27.2 Requirements of a Linear Programming Requirements of a Linear Programming

ProblemProblem7.37.3 Formulating LP ProblemsFormulating LP Problems7.47.4 Graphical Solution to an LP ProblemGraphical Solution to an LP Problem7.57.5 Solving Flair Furniture’s LP Problem Solving Flair Furniture’s LP Problem

using QM for Windows and Excelusing QM for Windows and Excel7.67.6 Solving Minimization ProblemsSolving Minimization Problems7.77.7 Four Special Cases in LPFour Special Cases in LP7.87.8 Sensitivity AnalysisSensitivity Analysis

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IntroductionIntroduction Many management decisions involve Many management decisions involve

trying to make the most effective use of trying to make the most effective use of limited resources.limited resources.

Linear programmingLinear programming ( (LPLP) is a widely used ) is a widely used mathematical modeling technique mathematical modeling technique designed to help managers in planning designed to help managers in planning and decision making relative to resource and decision making relative to resource allocation.allocation. This belongs to the broader field of This belongs to the broader field of

mathematical programming.mathematical programming. In this sense, In this sense, programmingprogramming refers to refers to

modeling and solving a problem modeling and solving a problem mathematically.mathematically.

Requirements of a Linear Requirements of a Linear Programming ProblemProgramming Problem

All LP problems have 4 properties in All LP problems have 4 properties in common:common:

1.1. All problems seek to All problems seek to maximizemaximize or or minimizeminimize some some quantity (the quantity (the objective functionobjective function).).

2.2. Restrictions or Restrictions or constraintsconstraints that limit the degree that limit the degree to which we can pursue our objective are to which we can pursue our objective are present.present.

3.3. There must be alternative courses of action from There must be alternative courses of action from which to choose.which to choose.

4.4. The objective and constraints in problems must The objective and constraints in problems must be expressed in terms of be expressed in terms of linearlinear equations or equations or inequalities.inequalities.

Basic Assumptions of LPBasic Assumptions of LP We assume conditions of We assume conditions of certaintycertainty exist and exist and

numbers in the objective and constraints are numbers in the objective and constraints are known with certainty and do not change known with certainty and do not change during the period being studied.during the period being studied.

We assume We assume proportionalityproportionality exists in the exists in the objective and constraints.objective and constraints.

We assume We assume additivityadditivity in that the total of all in that the total of all activities equals the sum of the individual activities equals the sum of the individual activities.activities.

We assume We assume divisibilitydivisibility in that solutions need in that solutions need not be whole numbers.not be whole numbers.

All answers or variables are All answers or variables are nonnegative.nonnegative.

LP Properties and LP Properties and AssumptionsAssumptions

PROPERTIES OF LINEAR PROGRAMSPROPERTIES OF LINEAR PROGRAMS1. One objective function1. One objective function2. One or more constraints2. One or more constraints3. Alternative courses of action3. Alternative courses of action4. Objective function and constraints are 4. Objective function and constraints are linear – proportionality and divisibilitylinear – proportionality and divisibility5. Certainty5. Certainty6. Divisibility6. Divisibility7. Nonnegative variables7. Nonnegative variablesTable 7.1

Formulating LP ProblemsFormulating LP Problems Formulating a linear program involves Formulating a linear program involves

developing a mathematical model to represent developing a mathematical model to represent the managerial problem.the managerial problem.

The steps in formulating a linear program are:The steps in formulating a linear program are:

1.1. Completely understand the managerial Completely understand the managerial problem being faced.problem being faced.

2.2. Identify the objective and the constraints.Identify the objective and the constraints.

3.3. Define the decision variables.Define the decision variables.

4.4. Use the decision variables to write Use the decision variables to write mathematical expressions for the objective mathematical expressions for the objective function and the constraints.function and the constraints.

Formulating LP ProblemsFormulating LP Problems One of the most common LP applications is One of the most common LP applications is

the the product mix problem.product mix problem. Two or more products are produced using Two or more products are produced using

limited resources such as personnel, limited resources such as personnel, machines, and raw materials.machines, and raw materials.

The profit that the firm seeks to maximize is The profit that the firm seeks to maximize is based on the profit contribution per unit of based on the profit contribution per unit of each product.each product.

The company would like to determine how The company would like to determine how many units of each product it should produce many units of each product it should produce so as to maximize overall profit given its so as to maximize overall profit given its limited resources.limited resources.

Flair Furniture CompanyFlair Furniture Company The Flair Furniture Company produces The Flair Furniture Company produces

inexpensive tables and chairs.inexpensive tables and chairs. Processes are similar in that both Processes are similar in that both

require a certain amount of hours of require a certain amount of hours of carpentry work and in the painting and carpentry work and in the painting and varnishing department.varnishing department.

Each table takes 4 hours of carpentry Each table takes 4 hours of carpentry and 2 hours of painting and varnishing.and 2 hours of painting and varnishing.

Each chair requires 3 of carpentry and 1 Each chair requires 3 of carpentry and 1 hour of painting and varnishing.hour of painting and varnishing.

There are 240 hours of carpentry time There are 240 hours of carpentry time available and 100 hours of painting and available and 100 hours of painting and varnishing.varnishing.

Each table yields a profit of $70 and Each table yields a profit of $70 and each chair a profit of $50.each chair a profit of $50.

Flair Furniture Company Flair Furniture Company DataData

The company wants to determine The company wants to determine the best combination of tables the best combination of tables and chairs to produce to reach and chairs to produce to reach the maximum profit.the maximum profit.

HOURS REQUIRED HOURS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE 1 TO PRODUCE 1 UNITUNIT

DEPARTMENTDEPARTMENT((TT) )

TABLESTABLES((CC) )

CHAIRSCHAIRS

AVAILABLE AVAILABLE HOURS THIS HOURS THIS WEEKWEEK

CarpentryCarpentry 44 33 240240

Painting and Painting and varnishingvarnishing 22 11 100100

Profit per unitProfit per unit $70$70 $50$50

Table 7.2

Flair Furniture CompanyFlair Furniture Company

The objective is to:The objective is to:

Maximize profitMaximize profit The constraints are:The constraints are:

1.1.The hours of carpentry time used The hours of carpentry time used cannot exceed 240 hours per week.cannot exceed 240 hours per week.

2.2.The hours of painting and varnishing The hours of painting and varnishing time used cannot exceed 100 hours time used cannot exceed 100 hours per week.per week.

The decision variables representing the The decision variables representing the actual decisions we will make are:actual decisions we will make are:TT = number of tables to be produced per = number of tables to be produced per

week.week.CC = number of chairs to be produced per = number of chairs to be produced per

week.week.

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We create the LP objective function in We create the LP objective function in

terms of terms of TT and and C: C: Maximize profit = Maximize profit = $70$70TT + $50 + $50CC

Develop mathematical relationships for Develop mathematical relationships for the two constraints:the two constraints: For carpentry, total time used is:For carpentry, total time used is:

(4 hours per table)(Number of tables (4 hours per table)(Number of tables produced) + (3 hours per chair)produced) + (3 hours per chair)(Number of chairs produced).(Number of chairs produced). We know that:We know that:Carpentry time used Carpentry time used ≤ Carpentry time ≤ Carpentry time

available.available.

44TT + 3 + 3CC ≤ 240 ≤ 240 (hours of (hours of carpentry timecarpentry time))


Similarly,Similarly,Painting and varnishing time Painting and varnishing time

used used ≤ Painting and varnishing time ≤ Painting and varnishing time

available.available.

2 2 TT + 1 + 1CC ≤ 100 ≤ 100 (hours of (hours of painting and varnishing time)painting and varnishing time)This means that each This means that each

table produced requires table produced requires two hours of painting and two hours of painting and varnishing time.varnishing time. Both of these constraints Both of these constraints

restrict production capacity restrict production capacity and affect total profit.and affect total profit.


The values for The values for TT and and CC must be must be nonnegative.nonnegative.TT ≥ 0 ≥ 0 (number of tables produced is (number of tables produced is

greater than or equal to 0)greater than or equal to 0)CC ≥ 0 ≥ 0 (number of chairs produced is (number of chairs produced is

greater than or equal to 0)greater than or equal to 0)The complete problem stated The complete problem stated mathematically:mathematically:Maximize profit = $70Maximize profit = $70TT

+ $50+ $50CCsubject tosubject to

44TT + 3+ 3CC ≤240 ≤240 (carpentry (carpentry constraint)constraint)22TT + 1 + 1CC ≤ ≤ 100100 (painting (painting and varnishing constraint)and varnishing constraint)TT, , CC ≥≥ 00 (nonnegativity (nonnegativity constraint)constraint)

Graphical Solution to an LP Graphical Solution to an LP ProblemProblem

The easiest way to solve a The easiest way to solve a small LP problems is small LP problems is graphically.graphically.

The graphical method only The graphical method only works when there are just two works when there are just two decision variables. decision variables.

When there are more than two When there are more than two variables, a more complex variables, a more complex approach is needed as it is not approach is needed as it is not possible to plot the solution possible to plot the solution on a two-dimensional graph.on a two-dimensional graph.

The graphical method The graphical method provides valuable insight into provides valuable insight into how other approaches work.how other approaches work.

Graphical Representation of a Graphical Representation of a ConstraintConstraint

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This Axis Represents This Axis Represents the Constraint the Constraint TT ≥ 0≥ 0

This Axis This Axis Represents the Represents the Constraint Constraint CC ≥ 0≥ 0

Figure 7.1

Quadrant Containing All Positive ValuesQuadrant Containing All Positive Values


The first step in solving the problem is The first step in solving the problem is to identify a set or region of feasible to identify a set or region of feasible solutions.solutions.

To do this we plot each constraint To do this we plot each constraint equation on a graph.equation on a graph.

We start by graphing the equality We start by graphing the equality portion of the constraint equations:portion of the constraint equations:

44TT + 3 + 3CC = 240 = 240 We solve for the axis intercepts and We solve for the axis intercepts and

draw the line.draw the line.


When Flair produces no tables, the When Flair produces no tables, the carpentry constraint is:carpentry constraint is:

4(0) + 34(0) + 3CC = 240 = 24033CC = 240 = 240

CC = 80 = 80 Similarly for no chairs:Similarly for no chairs:

44TT + 3(0) = 240 + 3(0) = 24044TT = 240 = 240

TT = 60 = 60 This line is shown on the following graph:This line is shown on the following graph:


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Figure 7.2

(T = 60, C = 0)

Graph of carpentry constraint Graph of carpentry constraint equationequation

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Figure 7.3

Any point on Any point on or below the or below the constraint plot constraint plot will not violate will not violate the the restriction.restriction.

Any point Any point above the plot above the plot will violate the will violate the restriction.restriction.

(30, 40)

(30, 20)(30, 20)

(70, 40)

Region that Satisfies the Carpentry ConstraintRegion that Satisfies the Carpentry Constraint


The point (30, 40) lies on the plot and exactly The point (30, 40) lies on the plot and exactly satisfies the constraintsatisfies the constraint

4(30) + 3(40) = 240.4(30) + 3(40) = 240.

The point (30, 20) lies below the plot and The point (30, 20) lies below the plot and satisfies the constraintsatisfies the constraint

4(30) + 3(20) = 180.4(30) + 3(20) = 180.

The point (70, 40) lies above the plot and does The point (70, 40) lies above the plot and does not satisfy the constraintnot satisfy the constraint

4(70) + 3(40) = 400.4(70) + 3(40) = 400.


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Figure 7.4

(T = 50, C = 0)

Region that Satisfies the Region that Satisfies the Painting and Varnishing Painting and Varnishing

ConstraintConstraint


To produce tables and chairs, both To produce tables and chairs, both departments must be used.departments must be used.

We need to find a solution that satisfies both We need to find a solution that satisfies both constraints constraints simultaneously.simultaneously.

A new graph shows both constraint plots.A new graph shows both constraint plots. The The feasible regionfeasible region (or (or area of feasible area of feasible

solutionssolutions) is where all constraints are ) is where all constraints are satisfied.satisfied.

Any point inside this region is a Any point inside this region is a feasiblefeasible solution.solution.

Any point outside the region is an Any point outside the region is an infeasibleinfeasible solution.solution.


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Figure 7.5

Feasible Solution Region for the Feasible Solution Region for the Flair Furniture Company ProblemFlair Furniture Company Problem

Painting/Varnishing ConstraintPainting/Varnishing Constraint

Carpentry ConstraintCarpentry ConstraintFeasiFeasible ble RegioRegionn


For the point (30, 20)For the point (30, 20)

Carpentry Carpentry constraintconstraint

44TT + 3 + 3CC ≤ 240 hours available ≤ 240 hours available(4)(30) + (3)(20) = 180 hours used(4)(30) + (3)(20) = 180 hours used

Painting Painting constraintconstraint

22TT + 1 + 1CC ≤ 100 hours available ≤ 100 hours available(2)(30) + (1)(20) = 80 hours used(2)(30) + (1)(20) = 80 hours used



44TT + 3 + 3CC ≤ 240 hours available ≤ 240 hours available(4)(70) + (3)(40) = 400 hours (4)(70) + (3)(40) = 400 hours usedused



Isoprofit Line Solution Isoprofit Line Solution MethodMethod

Once the feasible region has been graphed, we Once the feasible region has been graphed, we need to find the optimal solution from the many need to find the optimal solution from the many possible solutions.possible solutions.

The speediest way to do this is to use the The speediest way to do this is to use the isoprofit line method.isoprofit line method.

Starting with a small but possible profit value, Starting with a small but possible profit value, we graph the objective function.we graph the objective function.

We move the objective function line in the We move the objective function line in the direction of increasing profit while maintaining direction of increasing profit while maintaining the slope.the slope.

The last point it touches in the feasible region is The last point it touches in the feasible region is the optimal solution.the optimal solution.


For Flair Furniture, choose a profit of $2,100.For Flair Furniture, choose a profit of $2,100. The objective function is thenThe objective function is then

$2,100 = 70$2,100 = 70TT + 50 + 50CC Solving for the axis intercepts, we can draw the Solving for the axis intercepts, we can draw the

graph.graph. This is obviously not the best possible solution.This is obviously not the best possible solution. Further graphs can be created using larger profits.Further graphs can be created using larger profits. The further we move from the origin, the larger the The further we move from the origin, the larger the

profit will be.profit will be. The highest profit ($4,100) will be generated when The highest profit ($4,100) will be generated when

the isoprofit line passes through the point (30, 40).the isoprofit line passes through the point (30, 40).

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Figure 7.6

Profit line of $2,100 Plotted Profit line of $2,100 Plotted for the Flair Furniture for the Flair Furniture

CompanyCompany

$2,100 = $70$2,100 = $70TT + $50 + $50CC

(30, 0)(30, 0)

(0, 42)(0, 42)

Isoprofit Line Solution MethodIsoprofit Line Solution Method

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Figure 7.7

Four Isoprofit Lines Plotted for the Four Isoprofit Lines Plotted for the Flair Furniture CompanyFlair Furniture Company

$2,100 = $70$2,100 = $70TT + $50 + $50CC

$2,800 = $70$2,800 = $70TT + $50 + $50CC

$3,500 = $70$3,500 = $70TT + $50 + $50CC

$4,200 = $70$4,200 = $70TT + $50 + $50CC


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Figure 7.8

Optimal Solution to the Optimal Solution to the Flair Furniture problemFlair Furniture problem

Optimal Solution PointOptimal Solution Point((TT = 30, = 30, CC = 40) = 40)

Maximum Profit LineMaximum Profit Line

$4,100 = $70$4,100 = $70TT + $50 + $50CC

Isoprofit Line Solution MethodIsoprofit Line Solution Method

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A second approach to solving LP problems A second approach to solving LP problems employs the employs the corner point method.corner point method.

It involves looking at the profit at every It involves looking at the profit at every corner point of the feasible region.corner point of the feasible region.

The mathematical theory behind LP is that The mathematical theory behind LP is that the optimal solution must lie at one of the the optimal solution must lie at one of the corner pointscorner points, or , or extreme pointextreme point, in the , in the feasible region.feasible region.

For Flair Furniture, the feasible region is a For Flair Furniture, the feasible region is a four-sided polygon with four corner points four-sided polygon with four corner points labeled 1, 2, 3, and 4 on the graph.labeled 1, 2, 3, and 4 on the graph.

Corner Point Solution Corner Point Solution MethodMethod

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Figure 7.9

Four Corner Points Four Corner Points of the Feasible of the Feasible RegionRegion

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Corner Point Solution MethodCorner Point Solution Method


To find the coordinates for Point accurately we have To find the coordinates for Point accurately we have to solve for the intersection of the two constraint lines.to solve for the intersection of the two constraint lines.

Using the Using the simultaneous equations methodsimultaneous equations method, we multiply , we multiply the painting equation by –2 and add it to the carpentry the painting equation by –2 and add it to the carpentry equationequation

44TT + 3 + 3CC = =240240 (carpentry (carpentry line)line)– – 44TT – 2 – 2CC = =––200200 (painting (painting line)line)

CC = = 4040 Substituting 40 for Substituting 40 for CC in either of the in either of the

original equations allows us to original equations allows us to determine the value of determine the value of T.T.44TT + (3)(40) = + (3)(40) = 240240(carpentry line)(carpentry line)44TT + 120 = + 120 =240240

TT = = 3030

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3

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Point : (Point : (TT = 0, = 0, CC = 0) = 0) Profit = $70(0) + $50(0) = Profit = $70(0) + $50(0) = $0$0

Point : (Point : (TT = 0, = 0, CC = 80) = 80) Profit = $70(0) + $50(80) Profit = $70(0) + $50(80) = $4,000= $4,000



Because Point returns the highest profit, Because Point returns the highest profit, this is the optimal solution.this is the optimal solution.

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Slack and SurplusSlack and Surplus SlackSlack is the amount of a resource that is is the amount of a resource that is

not used. For a less-than-or-equal not used. For a less-than-or-equal constraint:constraint: SlackSlack = Amount of resource available – = Amount of resource available –

amount of resource used.amount of resource used. Surplus is used with a greater-than-or-Surplus is used with a greater-than-or-

equal constraint to indicate the amount by equal constraint to indicate the amount by which the right hand side of the constraint which the right hand side of the constraint is exceeded.is exceeded. SurplusSurplus = Actual amount – minimum amount. = Actual amount – minimum amount.

Summary of Graphical Summary of Graphical Solution MethodsSolution Methods

ISOPROFIT METHODISOPROFIT METHOD1.1. Graph all constraints and find the feasible region.Graph all constraints and find the feasible region.

2.2. Select a specific profit (or cost) line and graph it to find the slope.Select a specific profit (or cost) line and graph it to find the slope.

3.3. Move the objective function line in the direction of increasing Move the objective function line in the direction of increasing profit (or decreasing cost) while maintaining the slope. The last profit (or decreasing cost) while maintaining the slope. The last point it touches in the feasible region is the optimal solution.point it touches in the feasible region is the optimal solution.

4.4. Find the values of the decision variables at this last point and Find the values of the decision variables at this last point and compute the profit (or cost).compute the profit (or cost).

CORNER POINT METHODCORNER POINT METHOD1.1. Graph all constraints and find the feasible region.Graph all constraints and find the feasible region.

2.2. Find the corner points of the feasible reason.Find the corner points of the feasible reason.

3.3. Compute the profit (or cost) at each of the feasible corner points.Compute the profit (or cost) at each of the feasible corner points.

4.4. Select the corner point with the best value of the objective Select the corner point with the best value of the objective function found in Step 3. This is the optimal solution.function found in Step 3. This is the optimal solution.

Table 7.4

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as

Prentice Hall7-40

Solving Flair Furniture’s LP Problem Solving Flair Furniture’s LP Problem Using QM for Windows and ExcelUsing QM for Windows and Excel

Most organizations have access to software Most organizations have access to software to solve big LP problems.to solve big LP problems.

While there are differences between software While there are differences between software implementations, the approach each takes implementations, the approach each takes towards handling LP is basically the same.towards handling LP is basically the same.

Once you are experienced in dealing with Once you are experienced in dealing with computerized LP algorithms, you can easily computerized LP algorithms, you can easily adjust to minor changes.adjust to minor changes.

Using QM for WindowsUsing QM for Windows

First select the Linear First select the Linear Programming module.Programming module.

Specify the number of Specify the number of constraints (non-negativity is constraints (non-negativity is assumed).assumed).

Specify the number of decision Specify the number of decision variables.variables.

Specify whether the objective Specify whether the objective is to be maximized or is to be maximized or minimized.minimized.

For the Flair Furniture For the Flair Furniture problem there are two problem there are two constraints, two decision constraints, two decision variables, and the objective is variables, and the objective is to maximize profit.to maximize profit.

Using QM for WindowsUsing QM for Windows

QM for Windows Linear QM for Windows Linear Programming Computer screen Programming Computer screen

for Input of Datafor Input of Data

Program 7.1A

Using QM for WindowsUsing QM for WindowsQM for Windows Data Input for QM for Windows Data Input for

Flair Furniture ProblemFlair Furniture Problem

Program 7.1B

Using QM for WindowsUsing QM for WindowsQM for Windows Output for Flair Furniture Problem

Program 7.1C

Using QM for WindowsUsing QM for WindowsQM for Windows Graphical Output for QM for Windows Graphical Output for

Flair Furniture ProblemFlair Furniture Problem

Program 7.1D

Using Excel’s Solver Command to Using Excel’s Solver Command to Solve LP ProblemsSolve LP Problems

The Solver tool in Excel The Solver tool in Excel can be used to find can be used to find solutions to:solutions to:LP problems.LP problems.Integer programming Integer programming

problems.problems.Noninteger programming Noninteger programming

problems.problems.Solver is limited to 200 Solver is limited to 200 variables and 100 variables and 100 constraints.constraints.

Using Solver to Solve the Flair Using Solver to Solve the Flair Furniture ProblemFurniture Problem

Recall the model for Flair Recall the model for Flair Furniture is:Furniture is:Maximize profit =Maximize profit =$70$70TT + + $50$50CCSubject toSubject to 44TT + + 33CC ≤ 240≤ 240

22TT + + 11CC ≤ 100≤ 100

To use Solver, it is To use Solver, it is necessary to enter necessary to enter formulas based on the formulas based on the initial model.initial model.

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Using Solver to Solve the Using Solver to Solve the Flair Furniture ProblemFlair Furniture Problem

1.1.Enter the variable names, the Enter the variable names, the coefficients for the objective coefficients for the objective function and constraints, and function and constraints, and the right-hand-side values for the right-hand-side values for each of the constraints.each of the constraints.

2.2.Designate specific cells for Designate specific cells for the values of the decision the values of the decision variables.variables.

3.3.Write a formula to calculate Write a formula to calculate the value of the objective the value of the objective function.function.

4.4.Write a formula to compute Write a formula to compute the left-hand sides of each of the left-hand sides of each of the constraints.the constraints.


Program 7.2A

Excel Data Input for the Flair Furniture ExampleExcel Data Input for the Flair Furniture Example


Program 7.2B

Formulas for the Flair Furniture ExampleFormulas for the Flair Furniture Example


Program 7.2C

Excel Spreadsheet for the Flair Furniture ExampleExcel Spreadsheet for the Flair Furniture Example

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Once the model has been entered, Once the model has been entered, the following steps can be used to the following steps can be used to solve the problem.solve the problem.In Excel 2010, select In Excel 2010, select Data – Solver.Data – Solver.If Solver does not appear in the indicated If Solver does not appear in the indicated place, see Appendix F for instructions on place, see Appendix F for instructions on how to activate this add-in. how to activate this add-in.

1.1. In the Set Objective box, enter the cell In the Set Objective box, enter the cell address for the total profit.address for the total profit.

2.2. In the By Changing Cells box, enter the In the By Changing Cells box, enter the cell addresses for the variable values.cell addresses for the variable values.

3.3. Click Click MaxMax for a maximization problem and for a maximization problem and MinMin for a minimization problem. for a minimization problem.

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44. Check the box for . Check the box for Make Unconstrained Make Unconstrained Variables Non-negativeVariables Non-negative..55. Click the . Click the Select Solving Method Select Solving Method button button and select and select Simplex LP Simplex LP from the menu that from the menu that appears. appears. 6.6.Click Click AddAdd to add the constraints. to add the constraints.7.7.In the dialog box that appears, enter the cell In the dialog box that appears, enter the cell references for the left-hand-side values, the references for the left-hand-side values, the type of equation, and the right-hand-side type of equation, and the right-hand-side values.values.8.8.Click Click SolveSolve..

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Starting Solver

Figure 7.2D

7-55


Figure 7.2E

Solver Solver ParametParameters ers Dialog Dialog BoxBox

7-56


Figure 7.2F

Solver Add Constraint Solver Add Constraint Dialog BoxDialog Box

7-57


Figure 7.2G

Solver Results Dialog Solver Results Dialog BoxBox


Figure 7.2H

Solution Found by Solution Found by SolverSolver

7-59

Solving Minimization ProblemsSolving Minimization Problems

Many LP problems involve minimizing an Many LP problems involve minimizing an objective such as cost instead of maximizing objective such as cost instead of maximizing a profit function.a profit function.

Minimization problems can be solved Minimization problems can be solved graphically by first setting up the feasible graphically by first setting up the feasible solution region and then using either the solution region and then using either the corner point method or an isocost line corner point method or an isocost line approach (which is analogous to the isoprofit approach (which is analogous to the isoprofit approach in maximization problems) to find approach in maximization problems) to find the values of the decision variables (e.g., the values of the decision variables (e.g., XX11 and and XX22) that yield the minimum cost.) that yield the minimum cost.

7-60

The Holiday Meal Turkey Ranch is considering buying The Holiday Meal Turkey Ranch is considering buying two different brands of turkey feed and blending them to two different brands of turkey feed and blending them to provide a good, low-cost diet for its turkeys provide a good, low-cost diet for its turkeys

Minimize cost (in cents) = 2Minimize cost (in cents) = 2XX11 + + 33XX22

subject to:subject to:55XX11+ 10+ 10XX22 ≥≥ 90 ounces90 ounces

(ingredient constraint A)(ingredient constraint A)44XX11 + 3+ 3XX22 ≥≥ 48 ounces48 ounces (ingredient (ingredient

constraint B)constraint B)0.50.5XX11 ≥≥ 1.5 ounces1.5 ounces (ingredient (ingredient

constraint C)constraint C) XX11 ≥≥ 0 0 (nonnegativity (nonnegativity

constraint)constraint)XX22 ≥≥ 0 0 (nonnegativity (nonnegativity

constraint)constraint)

Holiday Meal Turkey RanchHoliday Meal Turkey Ranch

XX11 = number of pounds of brand 1 feed = number of pounds of brand 1 feed purchasedpurchased

XX22 = number of pounds of brand 2 feed = number of pounds of brand 2 feed purchasedpurchased

Let


INGREDIENTINGREDIENT

COMPOSITION OF COMPOSITION OF EACH POUND OF EACH POUND OF FEED (OZ.)FEED (OZ.)

MINIMUM MINIMUM MONTHLY MONTHLY REQUIREMENT REQUIREMENT PER TURKEY PER TURKEY (OZ.)(OZ.)

BRAND 1 BRAND 1 FEEDFEED

BRAND 2 BRAND 2 FEEDFEED

AA 55 1010 9090

BB 44 33 4848

CC 0.50.5 00 1.51.5Cost per Cost per poundpound

2 cents2 cents 3 cents3 cents

Holiday Meal Turkey Ranch dataHoliday Meal Turkey Ranch data

Table 7.5


Use the corner point method.Use the corner point method. First construct the feasible solution region.First construct the feasible solution region. The optimal solution will lie at one of the corners The optimal solution will lie at one of the corners

as it would in a maximization problem.as it would in a maximization problem.

Feasible Region for the Holiday Feasible Region for the Holiday Meal Turkey Ranch ProblemMeal Turkey Ranch Problem

–

20 –

15 –

10 –

5 –

0 –

X2

| | | | | |

5 10 15 20 25 X1

Pou

nd

s of

Bra

nd

2

Pounds of Brand 1

Ingredient C ConstraintIngredient C Constraint

Ingredient B ConstraintIngredient B Constraint

Ingredient A ConstraintIngredient A Constraint

Feasible RegionFeasible Regiona

b

cFigure 7.10


Solve for the values of the three corner points.Solve for the values of the three corner points. Point Point aa is the intersection of ingredient is the intersection of ingredient

constraints C and B.constraints C and B.

44XX11 + 3 + 3XX22 = 48 = 48

XX11 = 3 = 3 Substituting 3 in the first equation, we find Substituting 3 in the first equation, we find

XX22 = 12. = 12. Solving for point Solving for point bb with basic algebra we find with basic algebra we find

XX11 = 8.4 and = 8.4 and XX22 = 4.8. = 4.8.

Solving for point Solving for point cc we find we find XX11 = 18 and = 18 and XX22 = 0. = 0.

Substituting these value back into the Substituting these value back into the objective function we findobjective function we find

CostCost = 2= 2XX11 + 3 + 3XX22

Cost at point Cost at point aa = 2(3) + 3(12) = = 2(3) + 3(12) = 4242Cost at point Cost at point bb = 2(8.4) + 3(4.8) = 2(8.4) + 3(4.8) = 31.2= 31.2Cost at point Cost at point cc = 2(18) + 3(0) = = 2(18) + 3(0) = 3636


The lowest cost solution is to The lowest cost solution is to purchase 8.4 pounds of brand 1 purchase 8.4 pounds of brand 1 feed and 4.8 pounds of brand 2 feed and 4.8 pounds of brand 2 feed for a total cost of 31.2 cents feed for a total cost of 31.2 cents per turkey.per turkey.

Graphical Solution to the Holiday Meal Turkey Ranch Graphical Solution to the Holiday Meal Turkey Ranch Problem Using the Isocost ApproachProblem Using the Isocost Approach


–

20 –

15 –

10 –

5 –

0 –

X2

| | | | | |

5 10 15 20 25 X1

Pou

nd

s of

Bra

nd

2

Pounds of Brand 1

Figure 7.11

Feasible RegionFeasible Region5454¢ = 2

¢ = 2XX11 + 3 + 3XX

22 Isocost Line

Isocost Line

Direction of Decreasing Cost

Direction of Decreasing Cost

31.2¢ = 2X1 + 3X

2(X1 = 8.4, X2 = 4.8)

7-67

Solving the Holiday Meal Turkey Ranch Problem Solving the Holiday Meal Turkey Ranch Problem Using QM for WindowsUsing QM for Windows


Program 7.3


Program 7.4A

Excel 2010 Spreadsheet for the Holiday Meal Excel 2010 Spreadsheet for the Holiday Meal Turkey Ranch problemTurkey Ranch problem

7-69


Program 7.4B

Excel 2010 Solution to the Holiday Meal Turkey Excel 2010 Solution to the Holiday Meal Turkey Ranch ProblemRanch Problem

7-70

Four Special Cases in LPFour Special Cases in LP

Four special cases and difficulties Four special cases and difficulties arise at times when using the arise at times when using the graphical approach to solving LP graphical approach to solving LP problems.problems. No feasible solutionNo feasible solution UnboundednessUnboundedness RedundancyRedundancy Alternate Optimal SolutionsAlternate Optimal Solutions

7-71


No feasible solutionNo feasible solution This exists when there is no solution to This exists when there is no solution to

the problem that satisfies all the the problem that satisfies all the constraint equations.constraint equations.

No feasible solution region exists.No feasible solution region exists. This is a common occurrence in the real This is a common occurrence in the real

world.world. Generally one or more constraints are Generally one or more constraints are

relaxed until a solution is found.relaxed until a solution is found.


A problem with no feasible solutionA problem with no feasible solution

8 ––

6 ––

4 ––

2 ––

0 –

X2

| | | | | | | | | |

2 4 6 8 X1

Region Satisfying First Two ConstraintsRegion Satisfying First Two Constraints

Figure 7.12

Region Region Satisfying Satisfying Third Third ConstraintConstraint

7-73


UnboundednessUnboundedness Sometimes a linear program will not have Sometimes a linear program will not have

a finite solution.a finite solution. In a maximization problem, one or more In a maximization problem, one or more

solution variables, and the profit, can be solution variables, and the profit, can be made infinitely large without violating made infinitely large without violating any constraints.any constraints.

In a graphical solution, the feasible In a graphical solution, the feasible region will be open ended.region will be open ended.

This usually means the problem has been This usually means the problem has been formulated improperly.formulated improperly.


A Feasible Region That is Unbounded to the A Feasible Region That is Unbounded to the RightRight

15 –

10 –

5 –

0 –

X2

| | | | |

5 10 15 X1

Figure 7.13

Feasible Feasible RegionRegion

XX11 ≥ 5≥ 5

XX22 ≤ 10≤ 10

XX11 + 2 + 2XX22 ≥ 15≥ 15


RedundancyRedundancy A redundant constraint is one that does A redundant constraint is one that does

not affect the feasible solution region.not affect the feasible solution region. One or more constraints may be binding.One or more constraints may be binding. This is a very common occurrence in the This is a very common occurrence in the

real world.real world. It causes no particular problems, but It causes no particular problems, but

eliminating redundant constraints eliminating redundant constraints simplifies the model.simplifies the model.

7-76


Problem with a Redundant ConstraintProblem with a Redundant Constraint

30 –

25 –

20 –

15 –

10 –

5 –

0 –

X2

| | | | | |

5 10 15 20 25 30 X1

Figure 7.14

Redundant Redundant ConstraintConstraint

FeasiblFeasible e RegionRegion

X1 ≤ 25

22XX11 + + XX22 ≤ 30≤ 30

XX11 + + XX22 ≤ 20≤ 20


Alternate Optimal SolutionsAlternate Optimal Solutions Occasionally two or more optimal Occasionally two or more optimal

solutions may exist.solutions may exist. Graphically this occurs when the Graphically this occurs when the

objective function’s isoprofit or objective function’s isoprofit or isocost line runs perfectly parallel to isocost line runs perfectly parallel to one of the constraints.one of the constraints.

This actually allows management great This actually allows management great flexibility in deciding which flexibility in deciding which combination to select as the profit is combination to select as the profit is the same at each alternate solution.the same at each alternate solution.

7-78


Example of Alternate Optimal SolutionsExample of Alternate Optimal Solutions

8 –

7 –

6 –

5 –

4 –

3 –

2 –

1 –

0 –

X2

| | | | | | | |

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X1

Figure 7.15 FeasiblFeasible e RegionRegion

Isoprofit Line for $8Isoprofit Line for $8

Optimal Solution Consists of Optimal Solution Consists of All Combinations of All Combinations of XX11 and and XX22 Along the Along the AB AB SegmentSegment

Isoprofit Line for $12 Isoprofit Line for $12 Overlays Line Segment Overlays Line Segment ABAB

B

A

7-79

Sensitivity AnalysisSensitivity Analysis

Optimal solutions to LP problems thus far have Optimal solutions to LP problems thus far have been found under what are called been found under what are called deterministic deterministic assumptions.assumptions.

This means that we assume complete certainty This means that we assume complete certainty in the data and relationships of a problem.in the data and relationships of a problem.

But in the real world, conditions are dynamic But in the real world, conditions are dynamic and changing.and changing.

We can analyze how We can analyze how sensitivesensitive a deterministic a deterministic solution is to changes in the assumptions of the solution is to changes in the assumptions of the model.model.

This is called This is called sensitivity analysissensitivity analysis, , postoptimality postoptimality analysisanalysis, , parametric programmingparametric programming, or , or optimality optimality analysis.analysis.

7-80

Sensitivity AnalysisSensitivity Analysis

Sensitivity analysis often involves a series of Sensitivity analysis often involves a series of what-if? questions concerning constraints, what-if? questions concerning constraints, variable coefficients, and the objective function.variable coefficients, and the objective function.

One way to do this is the trial-and-error method One way to do this is the trial-and-error method where values are changed and the entire model where values are changed and the entire model is resolved.is resolved.

The preferred way is to use an analytic post-The preferred way is to use an analytic post-optimality analysis.optimality analysis.

After a problem has been solved, we determine a After a problem has been solved, we determine a range of changes in problem parameters that will range of changes in problem parameters that will not affect the optimal solution or change the not affect the optimal solution or change the variables in the solution.variables in the solution.

7-81

The High Note Sound Company manufactures quality CD The High Note Sound Company manufactures quality CD players and stereo receivers.players and stereo receivers.

Products require a certain amount of skilled artisanship Products require a certain amount of skilled artisanship which is in limited supply.which is in limited supply.

The firm has formulated the following product mix LP The firm has formulated the following product mix LP model.model.

High Note Sound CompanyHigh Note Sound Company

Maximize profit =Maximize profit = $50X$50X11

+ $120X+ $120X22

Subject toSubject to 2X2X11

+ 4X+ 4X22

≤ 80≤ 80

(hours of (hours of electrician’s electrician’s time available)time available)

3X3X11

+ 1X+ 1X22

≤ 60≤ 60

(hours of audio (hours of audio technician’s technician’s time available)time available)

XX11, X, X22

≥ 0≥ 0

The High Note Sound Company Graphical SolutionThe High Note Sound Company Graphical Solution

High Note Sound CompanyHigh Note Sound Company

b = (16, 12)

a = (0, 20)

Isoprofit Line: $2,400 = 50Isoprofit Line: $2,400 = 50XX11 + 120 + 120XX22

60 –

–

40 –

–

20 –

10 –

0 –

X2

| | | | | |

10 20 30 40 50 60 X1

(receivers)

(CD players)c = (20, 0)

Figure 7.16

7-83

Changes in the Changes in the Objective Function CoefficientObjective Function Coefficient

In real-life problems, contribution rates in the In real-life problems, contribution rates in the objective functions fluctuate periodically.objective functions fluctuate periodically.

Graphically, this means that although the feasible Graphically, this means that although the feasible solution region remains exactly the same, the slope solution region remains exactly the same, the slope of the isoprofit or isocost line will change.of the isoprofit or isocost line will change.

We can often make modest increases or decreases We can often make modest increases or decreases in the objective function coefficient of any variable in the objective function coefficient of any variable without changing the current optimal corner point.without changing the current optimal corner point.

We need to know how much an objective function We need to know how much an objective function coefficient can change before the optimal solution coefficient can change before the optimal solution would be at a different corner point.would be at a different corner point.

7-84

Changes in the Changes in the Objective Function CoefficientObjective Function Coefficient

Changes in the Receiver Contribution CoefficientsChanges in the Receiver Contribution Coefficients

ba

Profit Line for 50Profit Line for 50XX11 + 80 + 80XX22

(Passes through Point (Passes through Point bb))40 –

30 –

20 –

10 –

0 –

X2

| | | | | |

10 20 30 40 50 60 X1

c

Figure 7.17

Old Profit Line for 50Old Profit Line for 50XX11 + 120 + 120XX22

(Passes through Point (Passes through Point aa))

Profit Line for 50Profit Line for 50XX11 + 150 + 150XX22

(Passes through Point (Passes through Point aa))

7-85

QM for Windows and Changes in QM for Windows and Changes in Objective Function CoefficientsObjective Function Coefficients

Input and Sensitivity Analysis for High Note Sound Input and Sensitivity Analysis for High Note Sound Data Using QM For WindowsData Using QM For Windows

Program 7.5B

Program 7.5A

Excel Solver and Changes in Excel Solver and Changes in Objective Function CoefficientsObjective Function Coefficients

Excel 2010 Spreadsheet for High Note Sound CompanyExcel 2010 Spreadsheet for High Note Sound Company

Program 7.6A

7-87

Excel Solver and Changes in Excel Solver and Changes in Objective Function CoefficientsObjective Function CoefficientsExcel 2010 Solution and Solver Results Window for High Note

Sound Company

Figure 7.6B

7-88

Excel Solver and Changes in Excel Solver and Changes in Objective Function CoefficientsObjective Function CoefficientsExcel 2010 Sensitivity Report for High Note Sound CompanyExcel 2010 Sensitivity Report for High Note Sound Company

Program 7.6C

7-89

Changes in the Changes in the Technological CoefficientsTechnological Coefficients

Changes in the Changes in the technological coefficientstechnological coefficients often reflect changes in the state of often reflect changes in the state of technology.technology.

If the amount of resources needed to If the amount of resources needed to produce a product changes, coefficients in produce a product changes, coefficients in the constraint equations will change.the constraint equations will change.

This does not change the objective function, This does not change the objective function, but it can produce a significant change in but it can produce a significant change in the shape of the feasible region.the shape of the feasible region.

This may cause a change in the optimal This may cause a change in the optimal solution. solution.

7-90

Changes in the Changes in the Technological CoefficientsTechnological Coefficients

Change in the Technological Coefficients for the Change in the Technological Coefficients for the High Note Sound CompanyHigh Note Sound Company

(a) Original Problem

3X1 + 1X2 ≤ 60

2X1 + 4X2 ≤ 80

Optimal Solution

X2

60 –

40 –

20 –

–| | |

0 20 40 X1

Ste

reo R

eceiv

ers

CD Players

(b)Change in Circled Coefficient

2 X1 + 1X2 ≤ 60

2X1 + 4X2 ≤ 80

Still Optimal

3X1 + 1X2 ≤ 60

2X1 + 5 X2 ≤ 80

Optimal Solution

ad

e

60 –

40 –

20 –

–| | |

0 20 40

X2

X1

16

60 –

40 –

20 –

–| | |

0 20 40

X2

X1

|

30

(c)Change in Circled Coefficient

a

b

c

fg

c

Figure 7.18

7-91

Changes in Resources or Changes in Resources or Right-Hand-Side ValuesRight-Hand-Side Values

The right-hand-side values of the The right-hand-side values of the constraints often represent resources constraints often represent resources available to the firm.available to the firm.

If additional resources were available, a If additional resources were available, a higher total profit could be realized.higher total profit could be realized.

Sensitivity analysis about resources will Sensitivity analysis about resources will help answer questions about how much help answer questions about how much should be paid for additional resources should be paid for additional resources and how much more of a resource would and how much more of a resource would be useful.be useful.

Changes in Resources or Right-Changes in Resources or Right-Hand-Side ValuesHand-Side Values

If the right-hand side of a constraint is changed, If the right-hand side of a constraint is changed, the feasible region will change (unless the the feasible region will change (unless the constraint is redundant).constraint is redundant).

Often the optimal solution will change.Often the optimal solution will change. The amount of change in the objective function The amount of change in the objective function

value that results from a unit change in one of the value that results from a unit change in one of the resources available is called the resources available is called the dual pricedual price or or dual dual valuevalue . .

The dual price for a constraint is the improvement The dual price for a constraint is the improvement in the objective function value that results from a in the objective function value that results from a one-unit increase in the right-hand side of the one-unit increase in the right-hand side of the constraint.constraint.

7-93

Changes in Resources or Changes in Resources or Right-Hand-Side ValuesRight-Hand-Side Values

However, the amount of possible increase in However, the amount of possible increase in the right-hand side of a resource is limited.the right-hand side of a resource is limited.

If the number of hours increased beyond the If the number of hours increased beyond the upper bound, then the objective function upper bound, then the objective function would no longer increase by the dual price.would no longer increase by the dual price.

There would simply be excess (There would simply be excess (slackslack) hours ) hours of a resource or the objective function may of a resource or the objective function may change by an amount different from the dual change by an amount different from the dual price.price.

The dual price is relevant only within limits.The dual price is relevant only within limits.

7-94

Changes in the Electricians’ Time Resource Changes in the Electricians’ Time Resource for the High Note Sound Companyfor the High Note Sound Company

60 –

40 –

20 –

–

25 –

| | |

0 20 40 60|

50 X1

X2 (a)

a

b

c

Constraint Representing 60 Hours Constraint Representing 60 Hours of Audio Technician’s Time of Audio Technician’s Time ResourceResource

Changed Constraint Changed Constraint Representing Representing 100100 Hours of Hours of Electrician’s Time ResourceElectrician’s Time Resource

Figure 7.19

7-95

Changes in the Electricians’ Time Resource Changes in the Electricians’ Time Resource for the High Note Sound Companyfor the High Note Sound Company

60 –

40 –

20 –

–

15 –

| | |

0 20 40 60|

30 X1

X2 (b)

a

b

c

Constraint Representing 60 Hours Constraint Representing 60 Hours of Audio Technician’s Time of Audio Technician’s Time ResourceResource

Changed Constraint Representing Changed Constraint Representing 6060 Hours of Electrician’s Time ResourceHours of Electrician’s Time Resource

Figure 7.19

Changes in the Electricians’ Time Changes in the Electricians’ Time Resource for the High Note Sound Resource for the High Note Sound

CompanyCompany

60 –

40 –

20 –

–| | | | | |

0 20 40 60 80 100 120X1

X2 (c)

Constraint Constraint Representing Representing 60 Hours of Audio 60 Hours of Audio Technician’s Technician’s Time ResourceTime Resource

Changed Constraint Representing Changed Constraint Representing 240240 Hours of Electrician’s Time Hours of Electrician’s Time ResourceResource

Figure 7.19

7-97

QM for Windows and Changes QM for Windows and Changes in Right-Hand-Side Valuesin Right-Hand-Side Values

Sensitivity Analysis for High Note Sound Company Sensitivity Analysis for High Note Sound Company Using QM for WindowsUsing QM for Windows

Program 7.5B

7-98

Excel Solver and Changes in Excel Solver and Changes in Right-Hand-Side ValuesRight-Hand-Side Values

Excel 2010 Sensitivity Analysis for High Note Sound Excel 2010 Sensitivity Analysis for High Note Sound CompanyCompany

Program 7.6C

TutorialTutorial

Lab Practical : Spreadsheet Lab Practical : Spreadsheet

1 - 99

Further ReadingFurther Reading

Render, B., Stair Jr.,R.M. & Hanna, M.E. (2013) Quantitative Analysis for Management, Pearson, 11th Edition

Waters, Donald (2007) Quantitative Methods for Business, Prentice Hall, 4th Edition.

Anderson D, Sweeney D, & Williams T. (2006) Quantitative Methods For Business Thompson Higher Education, 10th Ed.

QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?

bba 3274 qm week 8 linear programming

Business

lp objective function

lp properties

formulating lp problems

hours of painting

linear programming problem

flair furnitures lp

varnishing profit

hours of carpentry work