beans and eco-efficiency in a changing environment
DESCRIPTION
Presentation by Steve Beebe for the CIAT KSW 2009TRANSCRIPT
Beans and Eco-efficiency in a Changing Environment
Any real change?
Or old wine in new bottles?
What changing environment?
BIOPHYSICAL• Climate change
• Soil degradation
• Demand for green solutions
• Rising costs …– Fertilizer
SOCIAL
• More acute poverty?
• HIV / AIDS
• Urbanization – Advanced in LAC– Advancing in Africa
Our mission:
FOOD SECURITY
INCOME
GENERATION
Now…
FOOD SECURITY
INCOME
GENERATION
Eco-efficiency
Or…
FOOD SECURITY
INCOME
GENERATION
ECO-EFFICIENCY
Bean Researchers
• Breeding/Genetic resources– S. Beebe– P. Kimani– R. Chirwa– D.G. Debouck
• Pathology– R. Buruchara– G. Mosquera
• Biotechnology– M. Blair – M. Ishitani– J. Tohme
• Physiology– I.M. Rao
• Seed systems– L. Sperling– J.C. Rubyogo
• Human Nutrition– H. Pachon– M. Nyagaya
• M & E – R. Muthoni
• Economics– E. Katungi
• Markets– E. Birachi– D. Wetaka
Gene pools of Common Bean
Tertiary pool
WW CC
WW CC
WW CC
P. lunatus
P. acutifolius
= Wild and cultivated forms
P. parvifolius
Secondary pool
WW CC
P. coccineus
- P. dumosus
WW CC
P. vulgaris
WW CC
Primary pool
Mesoamerican Andean
P. costaricensis WW
WW
WW CC WW CC
P. vulgaris
Common Bean…often associated with higher human population
Outputs in the MTP
• Output 1: Beans with improved micronutrient concentration that have a positive impact on human health
• Output 2: Beans and technologies that improve productivity under low input agriculture of poor farmers
• Output 3: Innovative approaches for Reaching End Users with eco-efficient technologies
Output 1: Nutrition
• Biofortification – economically viable– Conventional breeding– Gene discovery
• Goals for Beans– 90-100% more iron – 40% more zinc
• Targets– Rwanda and DRC under HarvestPlus– Other PABRA countries – Central America, Caribbean, Brazil
Lines with 40-80% more iron
Meso-American
(interspecific)
AndeanFEB 226-parent
PABRA: Support to PLWHA
• Nutrition!
• Beans that are less labor intensive, and high yielding
• Semi-climbers! (race Durango)– Rustic – Weed competition– High yield– Not commercial but food security item
Latin America – a laboratory for linking agriculture and nutrition?
• All the problems in the world– Poverty + undernutrition– Urbanization +
overnutrition
• Beans are traditional
• Beans are healthy– Cardiovascular disease– Diabetes– Cancer
• Institutional support – Latin American
Nutritionist Society– Ministers of Agriculture
• Post-harvest processing and industry involvement – EMBRAPA– CLAYUCA
The challenge of Latin America:Maintaining bean consumption
• To not lose a healthy habit
• How ? More attention to consumer traits…?– Flavor?– Flatulence?– Canning?– Cooking time?
Energy use for Food - USA
Source: University of Michigan, Center for Sustainable Systems (http://www.umich.edu/~css)
Processing (15.8%)
Agricultural production (20.8%)
Home preparation (19%)
Home refrigeration (12.7%)
Transport (13.9%)
Food retail (4.0%)
Restaurants (6.9%)
Packaging (6.9%)
Shorter Cooking time
• Energy for Cooking: – Probably even greater proportion of energy
in developing countries
• A common request from rural producers / housewives
• Output 2: Beans and technologies that improve productivity under low input agriculture of poor farmers
Andy Jarvis’ ever-popular Stipple map
(Drier)
mm day-1
(Wetter)
More rain, more root rots and foliar diseases
Less rain,
more insect pests
Climate change, pests and diseases
White flies
…and changing distributions!
Stem maggot
P. dumosusFEB 226-parent
Rain-tolerant interspecific lines
(1200 mm in 90 days)
Climate change and Drought
(Drier)
mm day-1
(Wetter)
IMPROVED DROUGHT
RESISTANCE(GCP / TL-1 / TL-2 / BMZ /
RedSICTA)
=
+
Good Grain Filling
Deep roots
Yield potential (kg/ha) of drought resistant Mesoamerican lines
DroughtFavorable environments
Days to maturePAL QUIL POP
SER 102 888* 3352 3069* 2035 71**
SER 109 1107* 3185 2286 2238* 71**
SER 113 1025** 3710* 3195** 2253* 73**
Check 347 3081 2505 1626 76
*, ** = significant at P=0.05, 0.01
Our hypothesis: Some drought resistance genes contribute to plant yield efficiency, and are useful across environments
Yield potential of drought-selected Andean beans(Daríén, 1400 masl)
CALIMA
AFR298
COS16
SAB560
CALIMA
AFR298COS16
CALIMA
AFR298
COS16CALIMA
AFR298
COS16
AFR298
ABA36
720
721722
739
723724
725
726
727
728
729
730
636
637638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648649
650
651
652
653654
655
616
656
617
657
658
659
660
618
661
662
663
619
664
665
666667731
732
668
669
620
670
671
621
672
673
674
622
675
676
677
623678
679
680
681
624
682
625683626684
685
627
686
733
687
688689
690
628
691
692
693
629
694
695
630
696
631
632
697 698
699700
633
701
702
703704
734
705
706
735
736
707
708
709
710
737738
711
712
713
634
714 715
716
717
718
719
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
2400
2700
3000Y
ield
(K
g/H
a) SAB linesA - Red mottled and other beansB - Red mottled beansC - Red beansD - Cream striped beans E - White beans Control GenotypesCalima - Red Mottled beanAFR298 - Red beanCOS16 - Cream Striped bean ABA36 - White bean
A B
C
D
E
LSD*: 534 LSD*: 560 LSD*: 498 LSD*: 402 LSD*: 512
* Least Signif icant Difference Kg/Ha (p=0.05)
The Germplasm in Bernard’s
ISFM Equation
• A dynamic component!
Dealing with poor soils:
25 cm
P. coccineus
SER 16
SER 16 x (SER 16 x G35346)
Aluminum resistance:
Improving common bean with
P. coccineus*
* Ph.D. thesis, Louis Butare, ISAR, Rwanda
To exploit P. coccineus and P. dumosus that have excessive biomass...
Yield under Intermittent drought
Kg / ha Maturity Yield / d
Interspp. lines
ALB 205 3199 68 47
ALB 167 3174 69 46
ALB 213 3029 67 45
Drought res. checks
SER 16 2520 63 40
BAT 477 2165 68 32
• Cross with parents of high harvest index like SER 16
• Biomass + translocation efficiency
= Improved Yield
Fertilizer Use EfficiencyCIAT pioneered root studies for P uptake
with Jonathan Lynch…
Tio Canela
SXB 412
…and large differences exist in the field
…we need to exploit research findings systematically
An experienced team in root biology
Nitrogen fixation in Heat Nitrogen fixation in Heat Tolerant climbing beans for Tolerant climbing beans for
AfricaAfrica
CLIMBERS
• An early PABRA success
• Continuing demand
Options for Nitrogen Fixation
• Climbers – Sometimes limited by stakes, labor
• Semi-climbers? (Type 3)– Source of high SNF (Puebla 152)– Rustic
Output 3: Innovative approaches for Reaching End Users
• PABRA - Wider Impact – Estimated 8 M families in 4 years– Marshalling partnerships in new organizational
models (e.g., public-private)– Research at the output-outcome interface
• Novel seed marketing• Reaching the HARD to reach
• Central America and Colombia – Surprising interest– Especially in biofortified crops
• Linking bean farmers to market niches
– Ethiopia and Peru leading the pack, followed by Uganda, Nicaragua, Bolivia
The other side of the coin: Energy use and production close to
consumption• 4 largest exporting countries move > 1.6 M tons
annually, for >US$ 250M in transport– Does it make sense to ship beans from China to Africa?
• Can we increase production closer to consumption?– Mexico City– Kinshasa– Nairobi
• We won’t convince anyone not to export…
• but we need to understand relative competitiveness of exporting / importing countries, and what we can contribute
Conclusion
So is anything new?…
• Efficient exploitation of interspecific crosses
• Working energy considerations into research prioritization
• Renewed focus on efficient plant nutrition (N and P)
• More consumer traits • New approaches for reaching end users
Conclusion
• But you don’t necessarily need to do something different to change…
• As important as WHAT you do, is…– Where you target– In what social context– For whom
Muchas gracias
Bio-fortified Beans