bedbugs: the basics · bedbugs: the basics greg chrislip public health entomologist...
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Bedbugs: The Basics
Greg Chrislip
Public Health Entomologist
WVDHHR-BPH-Infectious Disease
Epidemiology
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Introduction
• This presentation will explore:
– Classification
– Life cycle and habitat
– History and significance
• Monitoring
• Cultural and mechanical controls
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The Bed Bug
• Class: Insecta (insects)
• Order: Hemiptera (true bugs)
• Family: Cimicidae (bed bugs and bat bugs)
• Genus and species: Cimex lectularius
• Description:– Oval, wingless insects
– 4 – 7mm long, dorsoventrally flattened
– Pale yellow or brown (mahogany-color after feeding)
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Why Bed Bugs Are Resurging
1. Greater human mobility
2. Less use of any residuals – last 5-6 yrs
3. Significant switch to baits for roaches & ants
4. Many PMPs are not familiar w/ bed bugs
- inadequate survey, wrong ID, incomplete treatment
5. Pyrethroids used in most accounts are repellent
- bugs do not get a lethal dose (esp. in deep cracks)
- harborages easy to miss in first survey
- bugs may detect & avoid residual treatments
- bug pop. often “split” or move from such treatments
6. People may call any unknown bite - “bed bugs”
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Egg Adult
Cimex lectularius
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Life Cycle
• Incomplete metamorphosis (no
pupation)
– EggNymphAdult
– Females lay 6 – 10 eggs per week
– Eggs hatch in 10-14 days
– Five nymphal instars
• Five to eight weeks to reach maturity
• Bloodmeal taken during each instar
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Life Cycle
• Both sexes take blood meals
• Primary host- humans (may use
other warm-blooded hosts, ex- birds)
• Feed with piercing/sucking
mouthparts
• Only on host during feeding
• Active at night (stay hidden during
day)
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Identify the Bugs
- 4th Antennal Segment
< 3rd Segment
- “Fringe Hairs” on
Pronotum < Width of
Compound Eye
- Pronotum Front Margin
Deeply Indented
(vs. Only Slightly)
= C. lectularius L.
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Bugs Have Thin, Flat Bodies
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Adult Male - C. lectularius (L.)
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Adult Male - Engorged
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Adult Female
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Adult Female – Lateral View
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Engorging Adults & N - 2
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Engorged
Nymphs-1 & 2
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Feeding - Several Instars
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Dorsal View - Front Half
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Ventral View - Head
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Adult
Bed
Bugs
Mating
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Bed Bug vs. Bat Bug
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the Eastern Bat BugC. adjunctus Barber
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Swallow Bug
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Medical Significance
• Bites– Can be severe nuisance
– Generally painless• 5-10 minutes to complete feeding
• Most often on face, neck, arms, hands
– May produce reaction• Similar to flea bite
• Inflamed, raised area
• May itch
• Disease transmission– None proven
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A Historical Perspective
• Pre-WWII
– Huge problem
– Commonly present in homes and hotels
• Post-WWII
– Infestations much more rare
• DDT
• Improved sanitation practices
• Furniture design (less elaborate = less hiding places)
• Mainly associated with low-rent or unclean
properties
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The Return…
• Reasons:
– Decrease in pesticide usage
• Less products available, EPA banning OP’s
• Less residual control with existing products
– Increase in international travel
• Remember: Bedbugs are not limited
to lower-end establishments
anymore
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An IPM Approach
• Inspect the premises
• Correctly identify the pest
• Keep records (dates/locations)
• Reduce clutter
• Eliminate habitats
• Remove bed buds with cleaning
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An IPM Approach
• Find a PMP skilled in bed bug control
• Follow up
• Raise awareness
Guidelines for Prevention and Management of
Bed Bugs in Shelters and Group Living
Facilities
http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/publications/bb_guidelines
/default.asp
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Step 1- Inspect
• Inspect all adjacent rooms and/or units– Bedbugs can travel long distances
– Often move upward over time (check rooms above)
• Things to look for:– Caste skins
– Blood spots
– “Buggy” odor (sweet, berrylike), esp. w/heavy infestations
– Live bugs (confirm with proper ID)
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Step 1- Inspect
• Where to look…– Bed frame
– Box spring
– Linens
– Cracks in wall
– Behind pictures
– Gaps in baseboard
– Drawers
– Cracks in furniture
– Under furniture
– Curtains
– Crown moldings
– Under
rugs/carpeting
– Under/inside
electronics
– Switch plates
– and the like…
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Habitat
• Cracks and crevices…
– Seams and folds of bedding and mattress
– Behind pictures
– Cracks in plaster or woodwork (e.g.-
headboard)
– Any other tight spot
• Primary location today: Hotels
– Frequent presence of sleeping hosts
– Travelers facilitate dispersal
– Other locations include homes, apartments
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“Rusty Spots” on Bedding
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Bed Bugs & Rusty Spots on Sheet
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Bed
Bug
&
Rusty
Spots
on
a
Sheet
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Survey Sites: Bed Frames
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Mattress (especially Seams)
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Upholstered Chairs
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Window Curtains & Frames
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Eggs and Droppings
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Step 2- Notify Facility of Findings
and Make Recommendations
• Present customer with findings– Size of infestation
– Location(s)
• Make recommendations– Sanitation practices:
• Launder bed linens regularly
• Remove any bird nests found
• Vacuum regularly
– Other helpful hints:• Choose simple furniture designs
• Repair damaged sheet rock, baseboards, etc. as needed
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• How long with the rooms or facility need to
remain closed?
•The amount of time the room or facility
will need to remain closed depends upon
the treatment utilized.
•Re-opening of the facility is at the
discretion of the local sanitarian and
local pest control operator.