beee ques bank.doc

T104 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering Question Bank

PART A QUESTIONSPART A - ELECTRICAL

UNIT – IDC CIRCUITS

1. Define voltage2. Define Current

.3. Define Power4. Compare Current Vs Voltage

5. Compare Energy Vs Power 6. Classify the circuit parameters7. What are active elements?8. What are passive elements?9. What are linear circuits?10. State about non-linear circuits11. What are unilateral circuits?12. What are bi-lateral circuits?13. State about lumped elements14. State about distributive elements15. Define ohm’s law16. State the Current Law17. State the Kirchoffs Voltage Law18. Define circuit and path19. Define node and branch20. Define loop and mesh22. State the procedure for using Kirchoff’s Circuit Laws 23. Resistance of an electric iron 50 Ω.4.2A Current flows through the resistance. Find the voltage between two points.24. Draw the representation for a T Network

24. Draw the representation for a Star Network

25. Draw the representation for a Pi Network.

26. Draw the representation for a Delta Network.

27. Write the delta to star network transformations equations

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28. Write the star to delta network transformations equations29. Write the basic procedure for solving Mesh Current Analysis equations 30 Write the procedure for Nodal Voltage Analysis 31. A nine volt battery supplies power to a cordless curling iron with a resistance of 18 ohms. How much current is flowing through the curling iron?

32. A resistance of 10Ω is placed across a 9 V battery. What current flows through the battery?

33. A resistor has a conductance of 0.100 S. What is its resistance? 34. What is the overall resistance of a CD portable player if it is operated by a 3 V battery and 0.75 A flow through its circuitry? 35. Find the currents through all the resistors in the circuit below:

37. In Ref a, What is the curnent through the resistor just BEFORE the switch is thrown?38. In Ref a, What is the current through the resistor just AFTER the switch is thrown?I = V/R39. In Ref a, What is the charge across the capacitor just BEFORE the switch is thrown?40. In Ref a, What is the charge on the capacitor just AFTER the switch is thrown?Charge does not change instantaneously.41. In Ref a, What is the charge on the capacitor at at time t = 0.3 msec after the switch is thrown?

42. In Ref b, What is the curnent through the resistor just BEFORE the switch is thrown?43. In Ref b, What is the current through the resistor just AFTER the switch is thrown?44. In Ref b, What is the charge across the capacitor just BEFORE the switch is thrown?45. In Ref b, What is the charge on the capacitor just AFTER the switch is thrown?Charge does not change instantaneously.46. In Ref b, What is the charge on the capacitor at at time t = 0.3 msec after the switch is thrown?47. What voltage is needed to cause a 500 mA current to flow through the circuit?

UNIT – IIIELECTRICAL MACHINES AND POWER PLANTS

1. State about Faraday's laws of of electromagnetic induction

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2. Define Faraday's first law3. What are the methods to vary magnetic field ?4. Define Faraday's second law:5. State the Formula of Faraday's law6. State the Phenomenon of Mutual Induction7. Define Lenz's law8. State about Fleming’s rule9. What is Directionality in Fleming’s rule?10. State the Application of Fleming’s rule

. 11. State Fleming Left Hand Rule

12. State Fleming Right Hand Rule

13. What is a DC motor? 14. Draw the Construction a DC motor?

15. What is a Transformer?16. What is the use of Transformer?

17. Draw the representation for a Single Phase Voltage Transformer

18. Draw the transformer symbols

19. What is a Step-up transformer ?

20. What is a Step-down transformer ?21. What is a Impedance transformer ?22. How to achieve difference in voltage between the primary and

the secondary windings?23. Define Transformers Turns Ratio24. Give the expression for the transformer emf equation

25. Give the expression for the Electrical Power in a Transformer

26. Define Transformer Efficiency

27. State the advantages of Single phase ac motors28. Classify the single phase ac motors

29. Define a Stator30. Define a Rotor

31. State the Working Principle of Single Phase Induction Motor32. List the Types of single phase induction motor33. Compare between Single Phase and Three Phase Induction

Motors34. Draw the schematic diagram of a Thermal power generation

plant

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35. List the Functional Steps of a thermal power station36. Draw the Thermal Power Plant operation cycle

A typical Thermal Power Station Operates on a Cycle which is shown below.

37. Draw the Scheme of operation of a typical thermal power station

38. What are the Thermal Power Plant Location deciding factors1) The electric power generation plant must be constructed at such a place where the cost of land is quite reasonable.2) The land should be such that the acquisition of private property must be minimum.3) A large quantity of cooling water is required for the condensers etc of thermal power generation plant, hence the plant should preferably situated beside big source of natural water source such as big river.4) Availability of huge amount of fuel at reasonable cost is one of the major criterion for choosing plant location.39. List the Advantages of Thermal Power Station1) Economical for low initial cost other than any generating plant.2) Land required less than hydro power plant.3) Since coal is main fuel & its cost is quite cheap than petrol/diesel so generation cost is economical.4) There are easier maintenance.5) Thermal power plant can be installed in any location where transportation & bulk of water are available.40. List the Disadvantages of Thermal Power Station1) The running cost for a thermal power station is comparatively high due to fuel,maintenance etc.2) Large amount of smoke causes air pollution.The thermal power station is responsible for Global warming.

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3) The heated water that comes from thermal power plant has an adverse effect on the lives in the water and disturbs the ecology.4) Overall efficiency of thermal power plant is low like less 30%. 41. Draw the schematic diagram of Hydroelectric Power Plants

42. State the

Working principle of Hydroelectric Power PlantsHydro-electric power plant utilizes the potential energy of water stored in a dam built across the river. The potential energy of the water is used to run water turbine to which the electric generator is coupled. The mechanical energy available at the shaft of the turbine is converted into electrical energy by means of the generator.43. Classify hydro-power plants “high head power plant”. “medium head plant”. “low head plant”.

44. State the Advantages of hydro-electric power plants 1. Water is a renewable source of energy. Water which is the operating

fluid, is neither consumed or converted into something else..2. Water is the cheapest source of energy because it exists as a free

gift of nature. The fuels needed for thermal, diesel and nuclear plants are exhaustible and expensive.

3. There are no ash disposable problems as in case of thermal power plant.

4. Hydro-plant does not pose the problem of air pollution as in the case of thermal plant or radiation hazards as in the case of nuclear plant.

45. State the Disadvantages of hydro-electric power plant: 1. Hydro-plants are generally situated away from the load centres.

Hence long transmission lines are required for delivery of power.

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This increases the cost of transmission lines and also transmission losses. But a thermal plant can be located near the load centre, thereby the transmission cost and transmission losses are considerably reduced.

2. The power produced by hydro-plant depends upon the quantity of water which in turn is dependent upon the rainfall. The dry year affects the hydro power generation considerably.

3. Initial cost of the plant is high.4. Erection of hydro-plant (construction of dam) usually takes a long

period of time.46. Define fuses

A fuse is made up of a piece of metal that melts when overheated; a circuit breaker has an internal switch mechanism that is tripped by an unsafe surge of electricity. Fuses tend to be quicker to interrupt the flow of power, but must be replaced after they melt, while circuit breakers can usually simply be reset.

47. How Fuses Work?When the electricity is flowing normally, the fuse permits the power to pass unobstructed across its filament, between circuits. If an overload occurs, the filament melts, stopping the flow of electricity.

48. How Circuit Breakers Work?A circuit breaker works in one of two ways, with an electromagnet (or solenoid) or a bi-metal strip. In either case, the basic design is the same: when turned on, the breaker allows electrical current to pass from a bottom to an upper terminal across the solenoid or strip. When the current reaches unsafe levels, the magnetic force of the solenoid becomes so strong that a metal lever within the switch mechanism is thrown, and the current is broken.

49. State the Advantages of fusesThe fuse and circuit breaker both have advantages and disadvantages, each of which can depend on the situation in which they are used. Fuses are inexpensive and can be purchased from any hardware store. They also tend to react very quickly to overloading, which means that they can offer more protection to sensitive electronic devices. This quick reaction can be a disadvantage, however, if the circuit is prone to surges that regularly cause fuses to blow.

50. State the Disadvantages of fusesFuses must always be replaced once they are blown, which can be challenging in a darkened room or if the appropriate replacement is not immediately available. Another issue is that a do-it-yourselfer can mistakenly select a fuse that has a voltage or current rating that is too high for his needs, which can result in an overheated circuit. In addition, there may be exposed electrical connections in a fuse box, which can pose a danger to someone who does not follow the proper safety precautions.51. State the Advantages of Circuit breakersCircuit breakers have many advantages, not the least of which is how quickly they can be reset. It is usually clear which switch has tripped, and

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it can be easily reset in most cases. For the average homeowner, it is also safer because there is no question about choosing the right fuse rating and all of the electrical connections are hidden in a breaker box.52. State the Disadvantages of Circuit breakers A drawback to using a circuit breaker is that it is usually more expensive to install and repair. A circuit breaker also typically does not react as quickly as a fuse to surges in power, meaning that it is possible that electronics connected to the circuit could be damaged by "let-through" energy. It also is more sensitive to vibration and movement, which can cause a switch to trip for reasons unrelated to an electricity overload.53. State the Applications of fuses and circuit breakersA fuse and circuit breaker are not interchangeable for all power applications. For example, a fuse cannot be used in situations that require a GFCI. Electricians are best qualified to determine whether a fuse or circuit breaker system is better for a particular electrical installation or upgrade.

PART B – ELECTRONICSUNIT – IV

ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS1. What is a PN Junction Diode2. Define Forward biasing of a PN Junction Diode3. Define Reverse biasing of a PN Junction Diode4. Draw the PN Junction Diode Symbol

5. Draw the PN diode I-V Characteristics.6. Define zero bias in a PN diode7. Define Reverse bias in a PN diode8. Define Forward bias in a PN diode9. Draw the circuit for Half-wave rectifier without capacitor filter

10. Describe the Half Wave Rectifier Operation11. Describe the Working of a Half wave rectifier 12. List the Advantages of Half wave rectifier

13. List the Disadvantages of Half wave rectifier1. The output current in the load contains, in addition to dc component, ac components of basic frequency equal to that of the input voltage frequency. Ripple factor is high and an elaborate filtering is, therefore, required to give steady dc output.2. The power output and, therefore, rectification efficiency is quite low. This is due to the fact that power is delivered only during one half cycle of the input alternating voltage.3. Transformer utilization factor is low.4. DC saturation of transformer core resulting in magnetizing current and hysteresis losses and generation of harmonics.The DC output available from a half-wave rectifier is not satisfactory to make a general power supply. However it can be used for some applications like battery charging.

13. Draw the circuit for Half Wave Rectifier with Capacitor Filter

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14. Define Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)15. Give the expression for Peak Currents of Half Wave Rectifier16. Give the expression for DC Output Current of Half Wave

Rectifier17. Give the expression for DC Output Voltage of Half Wave

Rectifier18. Give the expression for RMS value of current flowing through

diode in half wave rectifier19. Give the expression for Root Mean Square (RMS) Value of

Output Voltage20. Define Rectification Efficiency21. Define Ripple Factor 22. Define Regulation23. Sttae the Uses of Half wave rectifier24. What is a Full Wave Rectifier ?25. State the advantage of Full Wave Bridge Rectifier26. Draw the circuit for Diode Bridge Rectifier27. Draw the circuit for Full-wave Rectifier with Smoothing

Capacitor28. How the Parameters should be selected for smoothing

capacitor of FWR?29. Define Bridge Rectifier Ripple Voltage30. State the Advantages of a full-wave bridge rectifier31. What are Junction Transistors?32. Define BJT33. Give the basic diagrams of the two types of bipolar junction

transistors

34. Draw the circuit of N-P-N Bipolar Junction Transistor

35. Draw the circuit of P-N-P Bipolar Junction Transistor

36. Why BJTs are called minority carrier devices?37. List the modes of operation of BJT

38. Draw the circuit of BJT in CE mode

39. Draw the circuit of BJT in CC mode

42. Draw the Common Base Input Characteristics

40. Draw the Common Base Output Characteristics

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41. Draw the Common Emitter Input Characteristics

42. Draw the Common Emitter Output characteristics

43. State the Application of BJT44. Give the expression for Voltage drop in a BJT amplifier45. Give the expression for Voltage gain in a BJT amplifier 46. Give the expression for Power gain in a BJT amplifier

49. Draw the Hartley oscillator tank circuit

50. Give the expression for The frequency of oscillation of the Hartley Oscillator51. Draw the circuit of a RC Phase-Shift Network

52. Draw the Basic RC Oscillator Circuit

53. Give the expression for The frequency of oscillation of the RC Oscillator 54. List the types of JFET55. Define the terminal Source of a JFET56. Define the terminal Drain of a JFET57. Define the terminal Gate of a JFET57. Define the terml Channel of a JFET58. Draw the polarity conventions of JFET59. Draw the circuit of JFET60. Write about the two forms of MOSFETs61. Draw the Basic MOSFET Structure

UNIT – VDIGITAL ELECTRONICS

1. Define Boolean algebra 1. Define Annulment Law 2. Define Identity Law 3. Define Indempotent Law 4. Define Complement Law 5. Define Commutative Law 6. Define Double Negation Law 7. Define De Morgan´s Theorem 8. Define Distributive Law 9. Define Absorptive Law 10. Define Associative Law 11. Define De Morgan’s Theorem 1

12. Draw the Diagramatic representation of De Morgan’s Theorem 1

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13. Provide the Verification table of De Morgan’s Theorem 114. Define De Morgan’s Theorem 215. Draw the Diagramatic representation of De Morgan’s Theorem 2

16. Provide the Verification table of De Morgan’s Theorem 2 17. State about 2-input AND Gate18. State about 2-input OR (Inclusive OR) Gate19. State about NOT Gate20. State about 2-input NAND (Not AND) Gate

23. State about 2-input NOR (Not OR) Gate24. State about 2-input EX-OR (Exclusive OR) Gate25. State about 2-input EX-NOR (Exclusive NOR) Gate

26. Define a Flip flop27. Draw the Circuit Diagram of Latch R-S Flip Flop

28. Give the Simple NAND R-S Flip Flop Truth Table29. Give the Simple NOR R-S Flip Flop Truth Table

30.Draw the Circuit Diagram of Clocked RS Flip Flop31. Define D Flip Flop32. Draw the Circuit Diagram of D Flip Flop33. Give the Truth Table of D Flip Flop34. Give the Excitation table of D Flip Flop35. State about JK Flip Flop

36. Draw the Circuit Diagram of JK Flip Flop37. Give the Truth Table of JK Flip Flop38. Give the Excitation table of JK Flip Flop39. Define T Flip Flop40. Draw the Circuit Diagram of T Flip Flop41. Give the Truth Table of T Flip Flop42. Give the Excitation table T Flip Flop43. Draw the Schematic Diagram of Master Slave Flip Flop44. State the Characteristics of combinational circuits45. Draw the Block diagram of combinational circuit

47. Define a Half Adder.48.Draw the Block diagram of a Half Adder

47. Give the Truth Table of a Half Adder

48. Draw the Circuit Diagram of a Half Adder

51. Define Full Adder.

49. Draw the Block diagram of Full Adder

50. Give the Truth Table of Full Adder

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53 Draw the Circuit Diagram of Full Adder

54. Define Half Subtractors

55. Give the Truth Table of Half Subtractors

56. Draw the Circuit Diagram of Half Subtractors

57. Describe about Full Subtractors58. Give the Truth Table of Full Subtractors

59. Draw the Circuit Diagram of Full Subtractors

60. What are Sequential Logic circuits ?61. Draw the Sequential Logic Representation62 . Describe about Ripple Counter 63. Define Mod of a Ripple Counter64. What are Count up / Count down timers?65. What are Asynchronous / Synchronous counters?66 . Describe about Shift Register 67. Describe the Construction of Shift Register68. Describe the of shifting in Shift Register69. State the Usage of Shift Register70. List the Modes of operation of Shift Register

UNIT – VICOMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS

1. Draw the Model of communication system –

2. Define Source An information source. Presumably a person who creates a message.3. Define Message The message, which is both sent by the information source and received by the destination.4. What is a Transmitter ?

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A transmitter. For Shannon's immediate purpose a telephone instrument that captures an audio signal, converts it into an electronic signal, and amplifies it for transmission through the telephone network. 5. What is a Signal ?The signal, which flows through a channel. There may be multiple parallel signals, as is the case in face-to-face interaction where sound and gesture involve different signal systems that depend on different channels and modes of transmission.6. What is a Channel ?A carrier or channel, which is represented by the small unlabeled box in the middle of the model. The most commonly used channels include air, light, electricity, radio waves, paper, and postal systems. Note that there may be multiple channels associated with the multiple layers of transmission, as described above. 6. Define Noise Noise, in the form of secondary signals that obscure or confuse the signal carried. 7. What is a Receiver ?A receiver. In Shannon's conception, the receiving telephone instrument. In face to face communication a set of ears (sound) and eyes (gesture). In television, several layers of receiver, including an antenna and a television set.8. What is a Destination? A destination. Presumably a person who consumes and processes the message. 9. Define communicationCommunications is the field of study concerned with the transmission of information through various means. It can also be defined as technology employed in transmitting messages. It can also be defined as the inter-transmitting the content of data (speech, signals, pulses etc.) from one node to another.10. Define communication system A communication system is a combination of processes and the hardware used to accomplish the transfer of the Information (communication).Communication system consists of Analog and Digital communication.11. Define analog communicationAnalog communication is a communication method of conveying voice, data, image, signal or video information using a continuous signal which varies in amplitude, phase, or some other property in proportion to that of a variable. 12. Define digital communicationDigital communications is the physical transfer of data (a digital bit stream) over a point-to-point or point-to-multi point transmission medium. Examples of such media are copper wires, optical fibers, wireless communication media, and storage media. 13. What are the advantages of digital communication? a). It is fast and easier. b). No paper is wasted.

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c). The messages can be stored in the device for longer times, without being damaged, unlike paper files that easily get damages or attacked by insects. d). Digital communication can be done over large distances through internet and other things.e). It is comparatively cheaper and the work which requires a lot of people can be done simply by one person as folders and other such facilities can be maintained. f). It removes semantic barriers because the written data can be easily chaned to different languages using software. g). It provides facilities like video conferencing which save a lot of time, money and effort. 14. What are the disadvantages of digital communication?a). It is unreliable as the messages cannot be recognised by signatures. Though software can be developed for this, yet the softwares can be easily hacked. b). Sometimes, the quickness of digital communication is harmful as messages can be sent with the click of a mouse. The person oes not think and sends the message at an impulse. c). Digital Communication has completely ignored the human touch. A personal touch cannot be established because all the computers will have the same font! d). The establishment of Digital Communication causes degradation of the environment in some cases. "Electronic waste" is an example. The vibes given out by the telephone and cell phone towers are so strong that they can kill small birds. Infact the common sparrow has vanished due to so many towers coming up as the vibrations hit them on the head. e). Digital Communication has made the whole wordl to be an "office." The people carry their work to places where they are supposed to relax. The whole world has been made into an office. Even in the office, digital communication causes problems because personal messages can come on your cell phone, internet, etc. f). Many people misuse the efficiency of Digital Communicatio.15. Define TelecommunicationData or telecommunications is the process of the electronically sending and receiving messages between two points. In communications, both analog and digital signals move data over communication channels. 16. What are the Types of communication?The two main types of communication through the internet connection is Wired and Wireless. 17. State about Wired communicationWired transmission media for data travel is still widely used. A twisted pair wire is a copper cable used for telephone and data communications. The twisted pair wire or a basic telephone connection is cheap, but the speed does not work well enough to carry vidoes, voice notes, and data at the same time. Other wired communication methods are a coaxial cable, a copper wire surrounded by a layer of braided wire. This wire transfers data at rates of 10 Mbps.

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18. State about Wireless CommunicationWireless Communication is often more popular these days. Wireless communication is used in our everyday lives not only by internet connection but through the use of radio, microwaves, satellites, and even devices such as bluetooth. 19. Draw the Block diagram of Microwave communication systems

20. What are Microwave?Microwave refer to high frequencies (above 300MHz) and short wave lengths, at the microwave components depends on the changing electro magnetic fields instead of current in the conductor or voltage across the 2 points a microwave propagated through the line of sight , there fore it is necessary to install repeater station at about 50km interval.21. State the Uses of microwaveMicrowave signal are used for communication over long distance continental or intercontinental. Microwave is the communication link which make the communication possible. 22. What is a Natural satellite?Moon is a natural satellite of earth. However we are not interested in the natural satellites. We want to learn something different about the artificial (man made) satellites. 23. What is an Artificial satellite?An artificial satellite orbits or revolves around the earth in exactly the same manner as electrons revolve around the nucleus of an atom. The path in which satellites move are call as orbits. The orbits are of different types such as synchronous orbits, polar orbits and inclined orbits, out of which the synchronous or geostationary orbit is used by the geostationary satellites. The geostationary satellites take exactly 24 hours to complete one revolution around the earth, therefore they appear to be stationary. 24. List the Types of satellitesThe satellites can be used for variety of purposes. Depending on the type of application, the satellites are classified into the following categories:1.Communication Satellites

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2.Remote sensing Satellites3.Weather Satellites4.Scientific Satellites26. Draw the Block Diagram of a Satellite Communication System

27. Draw the Block diagram of optical fiber transmitter

29. What is optical fiber communication system? In the optical fiber a modulated beam of light are used to carry the information on the principle of total internal reflection.30. Draw the block diagram of Optical Fiber Receiver

31.State the Merits of Optical Fiber System1. when high freq signal are propagated through convention coaxial cable ,it loss half of its power only after a few hundred meters where as the optical fiber loss the sauce amount of power in 15km or more .Thus repeater will be required at very long distance.2. The T/N rate is possible on optical fiber is 10GB/sec while in coaxial cable is 1GB/sec.

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3. Because of very small size and light in weight and large Flexibility, it produces a number of advantages over cupper wires at the installation time.4. As the fiber optic has no electrical conductivity, there fore Grounding and protection are not necessary.5. Using optical fiber the transmission loss is very low.32. State the Demerits of Optical Fiber System1. The joining of fiber optics cables need greater care because if the Joining is not correct; a lot of attenuation will produce in high Wave length.2. As the fiber optics have no electrical conductivity, there fore additional Copper cable is not used with optical fiber to provide power supply to the repeaters.3. The installation cost is very high as compare to the other types of T/N lines.4. The big and base disadvantage of optical fiber is its cost, means its cost is slightly more expansive than copper cable. However its cast is falling day by day. When it comes down in price, then the fiber will be the choice of everyone for network/communication cabling.33. Draw the Block diagram of cellular mobile communication systems

34. State about the GSM SystemGlobal System for Mobile Communications is the standard for mobile telephone systems in the world. In GSM, the signaling and speech channels are digital, therefore GSM is considered a 2G (Second Generation) system. This helps wide-spread implementation of data communication applications. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network These are macro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. 35. Stae about Macro cellsMacro cells are cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast above average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level. 36. State about Pico cellsPico cells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen metres. These are mainly used in indoors applications. 37. State about Femto cells

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Femto cells are cells designed for use in residential or small business environments and connect to the service provider’s network via a broadband internet connection. 38. State about Umbrella cellsUmbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells.Horizontal radius of the cell varies depending on the antenna height, antenna gain and propagation conditions. Maximum distance the GSM supports is 35 kilometers. Most 2G GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands while 3G GSM in the 2100 MHz frequency band.40. What are Computer Networks?Computer networks are bunch of interconnected PC or computers that facilitate the exchange of data or some other purposeful work. Computer networks can be classified into different types based on their scale of operation. 41. State about Personal Area NetworkA personal area network, or PAN, is a computer network organized around an individual person within a single building. This could be inside a small office or residence. A typical PAN would include one or more computers, telephones, peripheral devices, video game consoles and other personal entertainment devices. 42. State about Local Area NetworkA local area network, or LAN, consists of a computer network at a single site, typically an individual office building. A LAN is very useful for sharing resources, such as data storage and printers. LANs can be built with relatively inexpensive hardware, such as hubs, 43.State about Metropolitan Area NetworkA metropolitan area network, or MAN, consists of a computer network across an entire city, college campus or small region. A MAN is larger than a LAN, which is typically limited to a single building or site. Depending on the configuration, this type of network can cover an area from several miles to tens of miles. A MAN is often used to connect several LANs together to form a bigger network. When this type of network is specifically designed for a college campus, it is sometimes referred to as a campus area network, or CAN. 44. State about Wide Area NetworkA wide area network, or WAN, occupies a very large area, such as an entire country or the entire world. A WAN can contain multiple smaller networks, such as LANs or MANs. The Internet is the best-known example of a public WAN. 45. Define Circuit SwitchingIn circuit switching network dedicated channel has to be established before the call is made between users. The channel is reserved between the users till the connection is active. 46. Draw a circuit switched network

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47. Define Packet SwitchingIn packet switching network unlike CS network, it is not required to establish the connection initially. The connection/channel is available to use by many users. But when capacity or number of users increases then it will lead to congestion in the network. Packet switched networks are mainly used for data and voice applications requiring non-real time scenarios. 48. Draw a packet switched network

49. Define datagramIn datagram, each packet is treated independently. Packets can take up any practical route. Packets may arrive out of order and may go missing.50. Define virtual circuitsIn virtual circuit, preplanned route is established before any packets are transmitted. The handshake is established using call request and call accept messages. Here each packet contains virtual circuit identifier (VCI) instead of the destination address. In this type, routing decisions for each packet are not needed.

51. Compare between CS vs. PS networks

Circuit SwitchingPacket Switching(Datagram type)

Packet Switching(Virtual Circuit type)

Dedicated path No Dedicated path No Dedicated path Path is established for entire conversation

Route is established for each packet

Route is established for entire conversation

Call setup delay packet transmission call setup delay as well as

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delay packet transmission delay

Overload may block call setup

Overload increases packet delay

Overload may block call setup and increases packet delay

Fixed bandwidth Dynamic bandwidth Dynamic bandwidth No overhead bits after call setup

overhead bits in each packet

overhead bits in each packet

52. Define ISDNISDN [I*SD'N] n. 1. Integrated Services Digital Network. 2. A digital telephone service that provides fast, accurate data transmission over existing copper telephone wiring. 3. The way fast way to go online. 53. What are B and D channels of ISDN? B-channelThe Bearer ("B") channel is a 64 kbps channel which can be used for voice, video, data, or multimedia calls. B-channels can be aggregated together for even higher bandwidth applications. D-channelThe Delta ("D") channel can be either a 16 kbps or 64 kbps channel used primarily for communications (or "signaling") between switching equipment in the ISDN network and the ISDN equipment at your site. 54. Define Basic Rate Interface (BRI)BRI is the ISDN service most people use to connect to the Internet. An ISDN BRI connection supports two 64 kbps B-channels and one 16 kbps D-channel over a standard phone line. BRI is often called "2B+D" referring to its two B-channels and one D-channel. The D-channel on a BRI line can even support low-speed (9.6 kbps) X.25 data, however, this is not a very popular application in the United States. 55. Define Primary Rate Interface (PRI)ISDN PRI service is used primarily by large organizations with intensive communications needs. An ISDN PRI connection supports 23 64 kbps B-channels and one 64 kbps D-channel (or 23B+D) over a high speed DS1 (or T-1) circuit. The European PRI configuration is slightly different, supporting 30B+D. 56. State the Uses of ISDNISDN offers the speed and quality that previously was only available to people who bought expensive, point-to-point digital leased lines. Combined with its flexibility as a dial-up service, ISDN has become the service of choice for many communications applications. Popular ISDN applications include: Internet access Telecommuting/remote access to corporate computing Video conferencing Small and home office data networking 57. State the ISDN Benefits Even fasterBy combining your two B-channels you have access to up to 128 kbps -- more than four times as fast as a 28.8 kbps modem on a standard phone line. And ISDN's digital technology assures you the cleanest connection to

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the Internet so you won't be slowed down by re-transmissions because of old analog technology. More efficient and economicalISDN brings increased capabilities, reduced costs and improved productivity to organizations both large and small. When you're looking for something on the Internet, you can get there faster. You can be more productive because you aren't waiting as long to get to that next website or download that large file.

PART B QUESTIONSPART A - ELECTRICAL

UNIT – IDC CIRCUITS

1.1.Definition of Voltage, Current, Power & Energy1.1.1.Voltage1.1.2.Current1.1.3.Power1.1.4.Energy1.1.5. Current Vs Voltage - Comparison 1.1.6. Energy Vs Power - Comparison

1.2. Circuit parameters1.2.1 Active elements1.2.2 Passive elements1.2.3 Linear circuits1.2.4 Non-linear circuits1.2.5 Unilateral circuits1.2.6 Bi-lateral circuits1.2.7 Lumped elements1.2.8 Distributive elements

1.3. Ohm’s law1.3.1. Definition1.3.2 Ohms Law Relationship1.3.3 To find the Voltage, ( V )1.3.4 To find the Current, ( I )1.3.5 To find the Resistance, ( R )

1.4. Kirchoff’s law & its applications –1.4.1 Kirchoffs Circuit Law1.4.2 Kirchoffs First Law – The Current Law, (KCL)1.4.3 Kirchoffs Current Law - Illustration1.4.4 Kirchoffs Second Law – The Voltage Law, (KVL)1.4.5 Kirchoffs Voltage Law- Illustration1.4.7 A Typical DC Circuit1.4.8 Application of Kirchoffs Circuit Laws

1.5 Simple Problems1.6. Division of current in Series & parallel circuits –

1.6.1 Series-parallel circuit. 1.6.2 Current division. 1.6.3 Using Ohm’s law: 1.6.4 Using Kirchhoff's law:

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1.7. Star/Delta conversion – 1.7.1 T-connected and Equivalent Star Network1.7.2 Pi-connected and Equivalent Delta Network.1.7.3 Delta Star Transformation1.7.4 Delta to Star Network.1.7.5 Delta to Star Transformations Equations1.7.6 Star Delta Transformation1.7.7 Star to Delta Transformation1.7.8 Star Delta Transformation Equations

1.8. Node and mesh methods of analysis of DC circuits.1.8.1 Mesh Current Analysis Circuit1.8.2 Mesh Current Analysis1.8.3 Mesh Current Analysis Summary.1.8.4 Nodal Voltage Analysis Circuit 1.8.5 Nodal Voltage Analysis1.8.6 Nodal Voltage Analysis Summary.

UNIT – IIAC CIRCUITS

2.1. Concepts of AC circuits – 2.1.1. AC Waveform: 2.1.2 AC Waveform Characteristics2.1.3 Types of Periodic Waveform2.1.4 Relationship Between Frequency and Periodic Time2.1.5 AC Waveform Example

2.2. RMS value, Average value, Form and Peak factors – 2.2.1 The Average Value of an AC Waveform2.2.2 Average Value of a Non-sinusoidal Waveform2.2.3 Average Value of a sinusoidal Waveform2.2.4 The RMS Value of an AC Waveform2.2.5 Form Factor and Crest Factor

2.3. Simple RLC series circuits – 2.3.1 Element Impedance2.3.2 Series RLC Circuit2.3.3 Individual Voltage Vectors2.3.4 Instantaneous Voltages for a Series RLC Circuit 2.3.5 Phasor Diagram for a Series RLC Circuit 2.3.6 Voltage Triangle for a Series RLC Circuit2.3.7 The Impedance of a Series RLC Circuit

2.4. Concept of real and reactive power – 2.4.1 Reactive power: 2.4.2 Real power: 2.4.3 Power equations: 2.4.4 Resistive load only: 2.4.5 Reactive load only: 2.4.6 Resistive/reactive load: 2.4.7 Power triangle:

2.5. Power factor – 2.5.1 Power factor definition

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2.5.2 Power factor calculations 2.5.3 In terms of real & apparent power 2.5.4 For resistive load2.5.5 In terms of phase angle

2.6. Introduction to three phase system – 2.6.1 Three phase circuit 2.6.2 Why Three Phase is preferred Over Single Phase? 2.6.3. Connection Types2.6.4 Star Connection2.6.5 Delta Connection

2.7. Power measurement by two wattmeter method.

2.7.1 Types of connection2.7.2 Star Connection 2.7.2 Power measurement in star connection2.7.3 Delta connection2.7.4 Power measurement in delta connection

UNIT – IIIELECTRICAL MACHINES AND POWER PLANTS

3.1. Law of Electromagnetic induction3.1.1.Faraday's laws of of electromagnetic induction 3.1.2 Faraday's first law:3.1.3 Faraday's second law:3.1.4 Formula of Faraday's law:3.1.5 Phenomenon of Mutual Induction3.1.6 Lenz's law

3.2. Fleming’s Right & Left hand rule –29.2.1 Fleming’s rule3.2.2 Directionality3.2.3 Application3.2.4 Fleming Left Hand Rule3.2.5 Fleming Right Hand Rule

3.3. Principle of DC rotating machine3.3.1 DC Rotating Machine3.3.2 Construction3.3.3 Fleming’s left hand rule3.3.4 Principle3.3.5 Operation

3.4. Single phase transformer 3.4.1 Voltage Transformer Basics3.4.2 Single Phase Voltage Transformer3.4.3 Transformer Construction (single-phase)3.4.4 A Transformers Turns Ratio3.4.5 Transformer Action3.4.6 Electrical Power in a Transformer3.4.7 Transformer Efficiency

3.5 Single phase induction motor– 3.5.1 Single phase ac motors

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3.5.2 Classification3.5.3 Construction of Single Phase Induction Motor3.5.4 Working Principle of Single Phase Induction Motor3.5.5 Types of single phase induction motor3.5.6 Comparison between Single Phase and Three Phase Induction Motors

3.6. Simple layout of thermal generation 3.6.1 Thermal power generation plant 3.6.2 Theory of Thermal Power Station3.6.3 Functional Steps3.6.4 Overview of Thermal Power Plant3.6.5 Scheme of operation3.6.6 Efficiency of Thermal Power Station or Plant3.6.7 Thermal Power Plant Location deciding factors3.6.8 Advantages of Thermal Power Station3.6.9 Disadvantages of Thermal Power Station

3.7. Simple layout of hydro generation 3.7.1 Hydroelectric Power Plants3.7.2 Different parts of a hydroelectric power plant 3.7.3 Working principle:3.7.4 General arrangement of a hydro-electric power plant:3.7.5 Classification of hydro-power plants3.7.6 Advantages of hydro-electric power plants3.7.7 Disadvantages of hydro-electric power plant:

3.8. Fundamentals of fuses and circuit breakers3.8.1. Introduction3.8.2 Fuses3.8.3 How Fuses Work3.8.4 How Circuit Breakers Work3.8.5 Advantages of fuses3.8.6 Disadvantages of fuses3.8.7 Advantages of Circuit breakers3.8.8 Disadvantages of Circuit breakers 3.8.9 Application

PART B – ELECTRONICSUNIT – IV

ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

4.1.V-I Characteristics of diode – 4.1.1 The PN Junction Diode4.1.2 Forward biasing4.1.3 Reverse biasing4.4.4 Junction Diode Symbol and Static I-V Characteristics.4.1.5 Operating regions

4.2. Half-wave rectifier without capacitor filter – 4.2.1. Half-wave rectifier without capacitor filter4.2.2 Half Wave Rectifier Operation4.2.3 Working of a Half wave rectifier

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4.2.4 Advantages of Half wave rectifier4.2.5 Disadvantages of Half wave rectifier

4.3.Half Wave Rectifier with Capacitor Filter 4.3.1 Half Wave Rectifier with Capacitor Filter 4.3.2 Half Wave Rectifier Analysis4.3.3 Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)4.3.4 Average and Peak Currents in the diode4.3.5 DC Output Current4.3.6 DC Output Voltage4.3.7 Root Mean Square (RMS) Value of Current4.3.8 Root Mean Square (RMS) Value of Output Voltage4.3.9 Rectification Efficiency4.3.10 Ripple Factor 4.3.11 Regulation4.3.12 Uses of Half wave rectifier

4.4. Full-wave rectifier without capacitor filter – 4.4.1 Full Wave Rectifier 4.4.2 Full Wave Rectifier Circuit 4.4.3 The Full Wave Bridge Rectifier4.4.4 The Diode Bridge Rectifier 4.4.5 The Positive Half-cycle 4.4.6The Negative Half-cycle 4.4.7 Bridge Rectifier

4.5. Full-wave Rectifier with Smoothing Capacitor4.5.1 Full-wave Rectifier with Smoothing Capacitor 4.5.2 Parameters4.5.3 Ripple Voltage4.5.4 Advantages4.5.5 Ripple reduction

4.6. Transistor - Construction & working –4.6.1 Junction Transistors4.6.2 Definition of BJT4.6.3 N-P-N Bipolar Junction Transistor4.6.4 P-N-P Bipolar Junction Transistor4.6.5 Working Principle of BJT4.6.6 Equivalent Circuit of BJT

4.7. Input and output characteristics of CB and CE configuration – 4.7.1 Bipolar Junction Transistors Characteristics4.7.2. Common Base Input Characteristics4.7.3 Common Base Output Characteristics4.7.4 Common Emitter Input Characteristics4.7.5 Common Emitter Output characteristics4.7.6 Application of BJT

4.8. Transistor as an Amplifier – 4.8.1 Bipolar Junction Transistor Amplifier4.8.2. Diagram of PNP transistor4.8.3 Voltage drop4.8.4 Voltage gain

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4.8.5 Power gain4.9. Principle and working of Hartley oscillator–

4.9.1 Voltage Controlled Oscillator 4.9.2. The Hartley Oscillator 4.9.3 Basic Hartley Oscillator Design4.9.4 Frequency of Oscillation4.9.5 Shunt-fed Hartley Oscillator Circuit

4.10. Principle and working of RC phase shift oscillator –4.10.1 The RC Oscillator4.10.2 RC Phase-Shift Network4.10.3 RC Phase Angle4.10.4 Vector Diagram4.10.5 Basic RC Oscillator Circuit

4.11. Construction and working of JFET.4.11.1. JFET4.11.2 Basic Construction. 4.11.3 Standard Notations in FET:4.11.4 Schematic Symbols of JFET4.11.5 Polarity Conventions-JFET4.11.6 Operation of JFET

4.12. Construction and working of MOSFET.4.12.1 The MOSFET – Metal Oxide FET 4.12.2 Basic MOSFET Structure and Symbol4.12.3 Depletion-mode MOSFET4.12.4 Depletion-mode N-Channel MOSFET and circuit Symbols4.12.5 Enhancement-mode MOSFET4.12.6 Enhancement-mode N-Channel MOSFET and circuit Symbols

UNIT – V DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

5.1.Boolean algebra – 5.1.1 Description 5.1.2 Variables Used5.1.3 Truth Tables for the Laws of Boolean5.1.4 Description of the Laws of Boolean Algebra5.1.5 Other algebraic Laws of Boolean

5.2.Reduction of Boolean expressions – 5.3. De-Morgan’s theorem –

5.3.1 Theorem 15.3.2 Theorem 1 – Diagramatic representation5.3.3 Theorem 1 – Verification table5.3.4 Theorem 25.3.4 Theorem 2 – Diagramatic representation5.3.6 Theorem 2 – Verification table

5.4. Logic gates –5.4.1 Logic Gate Truth Tables5.4.2 2-input AND Gate5.4.3 2-input OR (Inclusive OR) Gate5.4.4 NOT Gate

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5.4.5 2-input NAND (Not AND) Gate5.4.6 2-input NOR (Not OR) Gate5.4.7 2-input EX-OR (Exclusive OR) Gate5.4.8 2-input EX-NOR (Exclusive NOR) Gate

5.5. Implementation of Boolean expressions – 5.6. Flip flops - RS, JK, T and D.

5.6.1 Flip flop5.6.2 Latch Flip Flop

OperationCircuit DiagramTruth Table

5.6.3 Clocked RS Flip FlopOperationCircuit DiagramTruth TableExcitation table

5.6.4 D Flip FlopCircuit DiagramTruth TableExcitation table

5.6.5 JK Flip FlopCircuit DiagramTruth TableExcitation table

5.6.6 T Flip FlopCircuit DiagramTruth TableExcitation table

5.6.7 Master Slave Flip FlopSchematic Diagram

5.7. Combinational logic -5.7.1 Combinational circuit 5.7.2 Characteristics5.7.2 Block diagram

5.8. Half Adder5.8.1 Description5.8.2 Block diagram5.8.3 Truth Table5.8.4 Circuit Diagram

5.9. Full Adder5.9.1 Description5.9.2 Block diagram5.9.3 Truth Table5.9.4 Circuit Diagram

5.10. Half Subtractors5.10.1 Description5.10.2 Truth Table5.10.3 Circuit Diagram

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5.11. Full Subtractors5.11.1 Description5.11.2 Truth Table5.11.3 Circuit Diagram

5.12. Sequential logic - 5.12.1 Sequential Logic circuits 5.12.2 Sequential Logic Representation

5.13. Ripple Counter5.13.1 Description5.13.2 Mod5.13.3 Count up / Count down5.13.4 Ways of implementation5.13.5 Asynchronous / Synchronous

5.14. The Shift Register5.14.1 Description5.14.2 Construction5.14.3 Ways of shifting5.14.4 Latches5.14.5 Usage5.14.6 Modes of operation

UNIT – VICOMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS

6.1.Model of communication system – 6.1.1.1.1 Source 6.1.1.1.2 Message 6.1.1.1.3 Transmitter 6.1.1.1.4 Signal 6.1.1.1.5 Channel 6.1.1.1.6 Noise 6.1.1.1.7 Receiver 6.1.1.1.8 Destination

6.2. Analog and digital Communication –6.2.1 Communication system6.2.2 Analog communication6.2.3 Digital communication6.2.4 Advantages of digital communication: 6.2.5 Disadvantages of digital communication:

6.3. Wired and wireless channel.6.3.1 Telecommunication6.3.2 Types of communication6.3.3 Wired communication6.3.4 Wireless Communication6.3.5 Examples

6.4. Block diagram of Microwave communication systems 6.4.1 Microwave6.4.2 Uses6.4.3 Block Diagram6.4.4 Construction:

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6.5. Block diagram of satellite communication systems 6.5.1 Natural satellite6.5.2 Artificial satellite6.5.3 Types of satellites6.5.4 Block Diagram of a Satellite Communication System6.5.5 Basic operation of satellite communication system

6.6. Block diagram of optical fiber communication systems 6.6.1 optical fiber communication systems 6.6.2 Optical Fiber Transmitter6.6.3 Optical Fiber Receiver6.6.4 Merits of Optical Fiber System6.6.5 Demerits of Optical Fiber System

6.7.Block diagram of cellular mobile communication systems 6.7.1 Mobile Network6.7.2 The GSM System6.7.3 Macro cells6.7.4 Pico cells6.7.5 Femto cells6.7.6 Umbrella cells6.7.7 What happens when we make a call?

6.8. Network model – 6.8.1 Computer Networks6.8.2 Personal Area Network6.8.3 Local Area Network6.8.4 Metropolitan Area Network6.8.5 Wide Area Network

6.9.Circuit and packet switching – 6.9.1 Circuit Switching6.9.2 Packet Switching6.9.3 Comparison between CS vs. PS networks

6.10.Overview of ISDN.6.10.1 ISDN6.10.2 The Basics6.10.3 Configurations6.10.4 Uses6.10.5 ISDN Benefits

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