t

I' • FARM BUSINESS MANAGEMENT REPORTS

EXTENSION BULLETIN 0934 AUGUST 1981

Beef Feeder-Stocker Breakeven Analysis

Programmable Calculator Series

COOPERATIVE EXTENSION COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY • PULLMAN

In cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture

Issued in furtherance of the Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, by Washington State University

Cooperative Extension, J. 0. Young, Director

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ..................................................... . Breakeven Analysis ............................................... .

Table 1. Breakeven Selling Price for Backgrounding Steers for 180 Days at One Pound Daily c:ain ........ .

Data Required .................................................... . Table 2. Input Variables, Memory Locations,

Example Values Worksheet ........................... . Entering the Program ............................................. . Program Operation ................................................ . Program Re-Runs .................................................. . Sample Results Discussion ........................................ . Example Program Applications ..................................... .

1. Costs Per Pound of Gain as the Rate of Gain Varies ......... . 2. A Compaison of Hackgrounding Steers and Jleifers ............ . J. The Impact of Concentrate/Roughage Price Changes on

Breakeven Stocker Purchase Prices .......................... . Table 3. Beef Feeder-Stocker Program Sample Results

at Different Rates of Gain ......................... . Table 4. Feed Energy Requirements Per Pound of Gain ......... . Table 5. Steers VS Heifers, a Breakeven

Comparison at 2 Lb/Day Gain ........................ . Table 6. Concentrate Price Changes and Breakeven

Stocker Prices at 1.5 Lbs/Day Gain ................. . Your Ana] ysis .................................................... .

Beef Feeder-Stocker Worksheet I, Inputs ........................ . Beef Feeder--Stocker Worksheet II, Input Variables

and Outputs .................................................. · Appendix A. Feed Composition Table .............................. . Appendix B. Storage Register Contents ........................... . Appt•ndix C. Program Listing ..................................... . References ....................................................... · More Information ................................................. .

1 1

3 4

5 6 6 7 8 8

10 11

11

9 10

11

12 12 13

14 15 16

17-19 20 20

BEEF-FEEDER STOCKER BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS Programmed for Texas Instruments Hodel 59 with Printer

*I Richard W. Carkner and Wi.lliam E. McReynolds-

INTRODUCTION

Operating a profitable beef cattle enterprise requires careful management. The backgt-ounder must know what he can afford to pa~ for feede -s based on cost of gain anJ expt!Cted cattle selling price. j The feeder producer needs informal iou t u belp him dec ide whether to se.LJ to a backgrounder or to put his cattle in his own growing program. For either decision maker, it is important to know what the maxin1um nrice a buyer would be able to pay, given costs of gain and expected cattle prices at the end of tbe feeding or growing period.

To assist cattlemen in reaching decisions, a programmable calculator program for the Texas Instrument Hodel 59 (TI-59) has been developed as a tool to help:

1. CaLculate feed requirements; 2. Estimate breakeven selling prices for stocker cattle; 3. Estimate breakeven bid prices for feeder cattle; 4. Do comparative analysis, such as steers versus heifers and/or

changes in relative feed costs.

This bulletin will first present a brief discussion of breakeven analysis followed by a short section on the operation of the programmable calculator program . Next, a series of program applications will be illustrated using sample data. Following these illustrations, worksheets are provided to aid decision makers in organizing and a11alyzing their own data.

BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS

Breakeven prices are price levels that wi.l l just cover direct expenses. As listed in Table 1, direct expeg,es include actual costs incurred by the producer over the feeding period.- Breakeven prices represent tl1e minimums that must be paid or received to remain in business in the short run.

~/Extensio~ ·E~~n~Jmist- , Western Washington Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, and Extension Animal Scientist, WSU, Pullman,

~/Backgrounding is defined as the assembly, feeding, and management of calves from wPaning until they are fed high-concentrate finishing rations.

E./Profit, or return t.o management, is not included in the calculation of breakeven price, over direct costs. However, a target profit level could be in(' l11ded in direct expenses under "miscellaneous overhead."

EB 0934 - Page 2

Breakeven selling price is determined (items 3 through 11, Table 1) to beginning and dividing the sum by the ending weight. in Table 1 is calculated below.

by adding the cost of gain cattle cost (item 2, Table 1)

The result for the sample data

Breakeven Selling price per pound

$.78

Beginning cattle cost + cost of gain $375 $159.38

Ending weight 680

Similarly, breakeven purchase price is determined by subtracting the cost of gain from ending value (item 1) and dividing by beginning weight.

Breakeven Purchase price per

pound $.63

Ending value - cost of gain $476 $159.38

Beginning weight 500

Beginning and ending values are a product of prices per pound and weight. Ending weight is calculated in the TI-59 program by adding be­ginning weight to the product of desired rate of daily gain and days on feed.

Costs of gain components include both feed and non-feed costs. Non-feed I costs include veterjnary, hired labor, taxes, miscellaneous overhead, interest,~ and deatg

1loss. Feed costs are based on the feeds fed and the cost per unit

of each.-

The program will calculate the required amounts of roughage and concentrate or they can be entered directly. Feed estimates are based on net energy requirements given the animal's average weig?t, sex, and desired rate of daily gain. The program uses a Pearson Square~ procedure to determine the roughage concentrate mix, but it balances for feed energy only. Protein and other nutrient requirements must be recognized and supplied in feed supplements (item 5, Table 1) as required.

~I

E._ I

Interest cost should be included whether it is a cash cost or an opportunity cost. (nterest is incurred as a cash cost if funds are borrowed. Interest is an opportunity cost if owned or equity capital is used to finance cattle and/or f eed pur chas es .

For further explanation of breakeven analysis using tables values, see Et1 3909.

Henderson, H.O. and Reaves, Paul M. Dairy Cattle Feeding and Management, 1954.

EB 0934 - Page 3

TABLE 1. BREAKEVEN SELLING PRICE FOR BACKGROUNDING STEERS FOR 180 DAYS AT ONE POUND DAILY GAIN

ITEM NO.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

RETURNS

Steer sale 680 lbs x $.70/lb

DIRECT EXPENSES

Steer purchase 500 lbs x $.75/lb

FEED

Barley-0.91 lbs/day @ $.050/lb

Alfalfa-14.40 lbs/day @ $.025/lb

Supplements

Salt and minerals

NON FEED

Vet and medicine

Labor .05 hr/hd/day @ $5.00/hr

Taxes, marketing, misc. overhead expense

Interest: Feed

Cattle

Death loss

TOTAL DIRECT EXPENSES

RETURN OVER DIRECT COSTS ITEM 1 - ITEM 12

14 BREAKEVEN SELLING PRICE

Direct costs $/lb ITEM 12 , 680

SAMPLE DATA

$ 476.00

375.00

8.19

64.80

1.80

5.00

45.00

5.00

3,60

18.49

7.50

$ 534.38

$ (58 .38}_

$ .78

YOUR ESTIMATE

EB 0934 - Page 4

DATA REQUIRED

To use the programmable calculator program variables like those in Table 1, data must be assembled but in a format that can be entered in the calculator. Table 2 lists the required variables in the order they are entered. Most entries follow those in Table 1 and require no additional explanation. A major difference between Tables 1 and 2 is that Table 2 supplies the necessary information for determining feed requirements, i.e. pounds of concentrate and roughage on an as fed basis to achieve the desired rate of gain. For the program to calculate feed requirements, the metabolizable energy (ME) for each feed ingredient (concentrate, roughage and supplement) must be entered. These values for typical Washington feeds are found in Appendix A on page 15 . In addition, the dry matter (DM) for the forage and concentrate must also be provided (Appendix A).

If the program user wishes to estimate feed requirements outside the program, simply enter zeros for variables 1 through 5. Subsequent feed entries include the quantities fed (as fed basis) and the price per pound of each.

EB 0934 - Page S

TABLE 2. INPUT VARIABLES, MEMORY LOCATIONS, EXAMPLE VALUES WORKSHEET

VARIABLE

Concentrate ME

Concentrate DM %

Forage ME

Forage DM%

Supplement ME %

Death Loss %

Veterinary-Nedical

Labor required

Misc. Overhead, Taxe~/ Cattle Sex

(Enter 0 for Steers, 1 for Heifers)

Daily Gain

Concentrate Fe~/ Forage Fed~/ Supplement Fed

Salt and Minerals

Days Fed

Concentrate Price

Forage Price

Supplement Price

Wage Rate

Interest Rate%

Beginning Weight

Beginning Price

Ending Price

MEMORY LOCATION AND UNITS VARIABLE NUMBER

Meg cal/lb. DM 01

Decimal 02

Meg cal/lb. DM 03

Decimal 04

Decimal

Decimal

$/Rd./Feeding Period

Hr. /Hd. /Day

$/Rd./Feeding Period

0/1

Lb. /Day

Lb. /Day DM

Lb. /Day DM

Lb. /Day

S/Hd. /Day

Days

$/Lb.

$/Lb.

$/Lb.

$/Hr.

Decimal

Lbs.

$/Lb.

$/Lb.

OS

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

lS

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

ME Metabolizable Energy in Megacalories per pound dry matter.

EXAMPLE VALUES

1.34~/ .89~/ .92'E.l .89E._/

0

.02

s.oo .05

5.00

0

1.0

0

0

0

.01

180.00

.OS

.025

0

5.00

.10

soo.oo .75

.70

YOUR VALUES

DM Dry Matter. See Feed Composition Table, Page 15, for common Washington feeds.

a/ -Example is barley.

b/ -Example is alfalfa.

£/rf desired, a specified return to managemnt and/or to fixed facilities can be added to taxes, miscellaneous and overhead.

ilvalues can be entered directly or calculated in program and stored in 12 and 13. In the example use of the program, they will be calculated.

EB 0934 - Page 6

ENTERING THE PROGRAM

The next step after assembling the data is to load the program into the programmable calculator. To enter the program from either a program listing or from pre-recorded magnetic cards, the memory space must be partitioned. This is accomplished by the following keystrokes after turning the calculator off and then on:

To enter the

PRESS

OS 2nd OP 17 CLR

program

PRESS

CLR CLR CLR

from

DISPLAY

5 5 559.49 0

magnetic cards, complete the

INSERT DISPLAY

SIDE 1 1 SIDE 2 2 SIDE 3 3

following sequence:

If pre-coded magnetic cards are not available, the program must be entered by hand. A complete program listing can be found in Appendix C. To enter the program from the listing after the memory space is partitioned, press the LRN (learn) key. Start with 0, the label (LBL) key and proceed through the last program step. Press the LRN (learn

1mode) key to take the

calculator out of the learn mode before proceeding.~

PROGRAM OPERATION

Following program entry, the next steps are to initialize, load the required data, and run the program. This is a seven step process outlined below. Note that the data for the calculated sample values come from Table 2.

~/Refer to section five, pages 41 through 52 in "Personal Programming," supplied by Texas Instruments with the TI-59, for further explanation of data entry and partitioning.

EB 0934 - Page 7

OPERATION

STEP

1) Initialize program

2) Store sample or user data. Follow Table 2 format, com­pleting entries 01-24.

3) Calculate feed requirements omitting data in registers 12 and 13, or go to Step 4

4) Input user calculated feed requirements if NOT calcu­lated in Step 3, above.

5) Calculate final weight, non­feed costs per day; feed costs per period; feed costs per pound of gain; total costs per pound of gain and total cost of animal.

6) Calculate:

Breakeven selling price

7) Ca lculate :

Breakeven purchase price

PRESS

E'

A

for ea~J entry.-

A'

STO 12

STO 13

B

c

D

PROGRAM RE-RUNS

PROGRAM OPERATION

RESULT

DISPLAY 1 (Memories cleared)

Display value for input entered. After pressing A, the dis­play value is the number of the next memory register.

Print: Pounds of concentrate as fed. Pounds of forage as fed.

Store pounds of concentrate. Store pounds of forage

Print: 1. Final weight in lbs. 2. Non-feed costs in

dollars 3. Feed cost/day 4. Feed cost/total 5. Feed cost/pounds of

gain 6. Total costs/pound

of gain 7. Total cost of animal

Print:

Breakeven selling price per pound.

Print:

Breakeven purchase price per pound.

EXAMPLE VALUES

.91

14.40

680.00

80.99 .43

76.62 .43

.88

532.61

.78

.64

To complete comparative analyses, change the desired variable(s) such as feeds fed, rate of gain, etc. by entering the value(s) on the keyboard followed by the STO key and the appropriate register number(s). For example, to change rate of gain to 1.3 lbs/hd/day , complete the following keystrokes: 1.3 STO 11. Start with Step 3 under program operation and go through Steps 6 and/or 7 for desired results,

~/To check input data, press CLR INV 2ND LIST R/S

EB 0934 - Page 8

SAMPLE RESULTS DISCUSSION

The example output above is based on using input data in Table 2. Pressing A' (Step 3) after data entry indicates that 0.91 pounds of barley and 14.4 pounds of alfalfa are required for a 500 pound steer to gain one pound per day.

Pressing B (Step 5) gives the final weight in pounds (680), the non­feed costs over the 180 day feeding period ($80.99) and feed cost per head per day ($0.43), total feed costs for the feeding period ($76.62), feed cost per pound of gain ($0.43), total cost per pound of gain ($0.88), and the total cost of the animal ($532.61). Total costs of the animal are the sum of the animal's initial cost, feed, and non-feed costs.

Pressing C (Step 6) calculates the breakeven stocker selling price per pound ($0.78) necessary to cover all costs identified at the end of the 180 day period. This is based on the sample input values, including a purchase price of $0.75 per pound.

Pressing D (Step 7) calculates the breakeven purchase price for feeders given the sample data, including a projected selling price of $0.70 per pound. The result ($0.64) is the maximum price per pound that can be paid and cover all identified costs.

EXAMPLE PROGRAM APPLICATIONS

The following section presents some applications of the beef feeder-stocker program using the sample data in Table 1. This material illustrates the application of the beef feeder-stocker programmable calcu­lator program. Cattlemen should use their own data.

Results for rates of gain from 0.75 to 2.00 pounds per head per day are presented in Table 3. They were obtained by running the program with various values for register 11. Note how feed requirements and costs change with the rate of daily gain.

, .

EB 0934 - Page 9

TABLE 3. BEEF FEEDER-STOCKER PROGRAM SAMPLE RESULTS AT DIFFERENT RATES OF GAl~/

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)

10)

11)

~I

E._ I

S:.l

DAILY GAIN IN POUNDS PER DAY UNITS 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.50 1. 75

Barley/fed/day~/ Lbs. 0.54 0.91 2.78 5.03 7.71

Alfalfa/fed/day~/ Lbs. 15.49 14.40 13.19 11.51 9.29

Final wt. Lbs. 635.00 680.00 725.00 770.00 815.00

Non-Feed Costs/hd. s;J ($) 80.99 80.99 80.99 80.99 80.99

Feed Cost/Day ($) 0.38 0.43 0.49 0.56 0.64

Total Feed Costs ($) 69.08 76.62 88.30 101.32 115.81

Feed Cost/Lb. Gain ($) 0.51 0.43 0.39 0.38 0.37

Total Cost/Lb. Gain ($) 1.11 0.88 0.75 0.68 0.62

Total Cost of Animal ($) 525.07 532.61 544.29 557.32 571.81

Breakeven Selling ($) Price $/CWT 0.83 0.78 0.75 0.72 0.70

Breakeven Purchase (%) Price $/CWT 0.59 0.64 0.68 0. 71 0.75

Beginning weight 500 lbs. fed barley and alfalfa hay for 180 days.

Pounds per head per day as fed.

Non-feed costs include all non-feed items on the input listing (Table 1} such as veterinary, taxes, overhead, labor, and interest.

2.00

10.86

6.47

860.00

80.99

0.73

131.87

0.37

0.59

587.86

0.68

0.78

EB 0934 - Page 10

Other program applications include:

1) Costs per pound of gain as the rate of gain changes; 2) A comparison of backgrounding steers and heifers; 3) The impact of concentrate price changes on breakeven purchase

prices.

1) Costs per pound of gain as the rate of gain varies.

Based on the sample data, raising daily gain from 0.75 to 2.0 lbs/hd/day reduces the feed cost per pound of gain from $0.51 to $0.37 as shown in Table 4. There are two important reasons for this. The first, indicated in Table 3, is that non-feed costs do not change with rates of gain, hence the higher the gain, the lower the non-feed costs per pound of gain. The second reason is that a large part of daily feed requirements are for main­tenance and therefore fixed. This is illustrated in Table 4.

TABLE 4. FEED ENERGY REQUIREMENTS PER POUND OF GAIN

NET ENERGY FEED TOTAL

DAILY COST/LB/ AVG. WI, MAINT*~ GAIN~/ NE % NE USED GAIN GAIN LBS.- LBS.- LBS.- LBS. FOR GAIN

0.75 $0.51 567 4.95 1.20 6.15 20 1.00 0.43 590 5.10 1.68 6.78 25 1.25 0.39 612 5.24 2.19 7.43 29 1.50 0.38 635 5.39 2.73 8.12 34 1. 75 0.37 657 5.53 3.32 8.85 38 2.00 0.37 680 5.67 3.94 9_.61 41

~/These results can be obtained from the program. After each run for various rates of gain, press RCL 25, RCL 28, and RCL 27 for average weight, net energy for maintenance and net energy for gain, respectively.

The net energy~/ (NE) requirements for maintenance increase slightly qS gain rates increase because the average weight of the animal increases, but the amount of ration used for gain increases significantly as rates of gain increase. Hence, low levels of feed support maintenance with little energy available for gain. At 1.0 pounds of gain per day, 25 percent of energy consumed is available for gain; at 2.0 pounds of gain, 41 J?ercent is available. The feed costs per pound of gain decrease frol!} $0.51 to $Q.37 as gain increases from 0.75 lbs/hd/day to 2.0 lbs/hd/day because more of the feed contriputes to gain.

~/see reference number 1, page 20, (Lofgreen and Garrett} for an ~J?lanation of the net energy system.

EB 0934 - Page 11

The net results are that breakeven purchase prices rise with rates of gain, i.e., higher prices can be paid for cattle and still break even. Of course, results will vary with the data analyzed and particularly for feed price changes.

2) A comparison of backgrounding steers and heifers.

The program can be used to estimate the relative value of steers and heifers based on feed efficiency. Again, starting with sample data and using 2.0 pounds gain, results indicate that everything else equal, steers are worth $2.00 per CWT more than heifers. These relationships will change as the relative prices of roughage and concentrates change. Heifers require a higher energy diet (more concentrates) to achieve the same rate of gain as steers.

TABLE 5. STEERS VS HEIFERS, A BREAKEVEN COMPARISON AT 2 LB[DAY GAIN

MEMORY FEED TOTAL COST BREAKEVEN BREAKEVEN 10 SEX COST/LB/GAIN ~IML PURCHASE PRICE SELLING PRICE

0 Steer $.37 $587.86 $.78 $.68

1 Heifer .41 602.64 .75 .70

Difference $.04 $ 14.78 $.03 $.02

Of course, the purchase and selling prices for steers and heifers are not equal. Current and projected price spreads should be used to estimate breakeven purchase and selling prices.

Another consideration, more important for feedlot cattle than stockers, is that steers gain faster, hence the ownership period to achieve a desired weight is shorter for steers than heifers, so fixed facility costs and non­feed costs (labor and interest) will be lower for steers.

3) The impact of concentrate/roughage price changes on b.reakeven stocker purchase prices.

Starting with 1.5 pounds of gain, if the price of concentrate (Register 17) increases 50 percent (from $.05/lb to $.075/lb) everything else equal, the breakeven purchase price per pound for steers drops from $.71 to $.67 or $4.00/CWT. Note that the breakeven purchase price for heifers drops even more (Table 6). The spread between steers and heifersincreases from 1~ to 3~ as the concentrate price increases.

EB 0934 - Page 12

TABLE 6. CONCENTRATE PRICE CHANGES AND BREAKEVEN STOCKER PRICES AT 1.5 LBS./DAY GAIN

CONCENTRATE COST $/LB.

$ .05

.075

BREAKEVEN PURCHASE PRICE

STEERS ($/LB)

$ . 71

.67

YOUR ANALYSIS

BREAKEVEN PURCHASE PRICE HEIFERS ($/LB)

$ .70

.64

The applications outlined above are provided only as examples of how this program can be used. It is suggested that users input their own data and experiment with rates of gain, relative feed prices for both steers and heifers, interest rates, and other important variables. The following worksheets are provided to facilitate recording and analyzing alternative results. Worksheet lis for recording inputs for up to four alternative runs. Worksheet II is for recording the corresponding output. It might be helpful to duplicate the worksheet so that many different circumstances can be analyzed.

'·

EB 0934 - Page 13

BEEF FEEDER-STOCKER WORKSHEET I

INPUTS VALUES ,. MEMORY RUN NUMBER VARIABLE UNITS LOCATION 1 2 3 4

Concentrate ME Meg. Cal/ LB. DM 01

Concentrate DM% Decimal 02

Forage ME Meg. Cal/ LB. DM 03

Forage DM % Decimal 04

Supplement ME % Decimal 05

Death Loss % Decimal 06

Vet-Medical $/Hd/Period 07

Labor Hrs/Hd/Day 08

Overhead $/Hd/Period 09

Sex O=Steers l=Heifers 10

Daily Gain Lbs/Day 11

Concentrate Fed*/ Lb/Day/DM 12

For age Fed!!._/ Lb/Day/DM 13

Supplement Fed Lb/Day 14

Salt and Minerals $/Hd/Day 15

Days Fed Days 16

Concentrate Pri~e $/Lb. 17

Forage Price $/Lb. 18

Supplement Price $/Lb. 19

Wage Rate $/Hr. 20

Interest Rate% Decimal 21

Beginning Weight Lbs. 22

Beginning Price $/Lb. 23

Ending Price $/Lb. 24

!!_I These values can be calculated in the program.

INPUT VARIABLES

EB 0934 - Page 14

BEEF FEEDER-STOCKER WORKSHEET II

1. Daily Gain Lbs/Day (Memory 11)

2. Sex (O=Steers, l=Heifers (Memory 10)

3.

4.

OUTPUTS

1. Concentrate Lbs/Day as fed

2. Roughage Lbs/Day as fed

3. Final Weight in Pounds

4. Non-Feed Cost

5. Feed Cost/Day

6. Feed Cost/Total

7. Feed Cost/Lb Gain

8. Total Cost/Lb Gain

9. Total Cost Animal

10. Breakeven Selling Price

11. Breakeven Purchase Price

RUN NUMBER 1 2 3 4 .,

EB 0934 - Page 15

APPENDIX A •

<

FEED COMPOSITION TABLE ME ,.

DM % M Cal/LB CP % Ca % p %

Alfalfa Hay Hid-Bloom 89 .92 17 1.4 0.23

Barley Grain 89 1.34 12 0.1 0.40

Brewer's Grain, Wet 24 1.33 26 0.3 0.57

Brewer's Dried Grains 92 1.33 28 0.3 0.57

Corn Grain, Yellow 88 1.48 10 0.0 0.30

Corn Silage Hature, Well-Eared 36 1.13 8 0.3 0.20

Distiller's Grains (Corn) 92 1.43 29 0.2 0.85 with Solubles

Meadow Hay 92 .75 8 0.6 0.17

Oat Hay 87 . 97 9 0.2 0.22

Oat Grain 89 1.27 14 0.1 0.38

Orchard Grass Hay 88 . 97 11 0.3 0.28

Pea Vine Hay 89 .98 10 1.2 0.21

Potatoes, Cull 21 1.31 10 0.0 0.24

Prairie Hay 91 .82 7 0.4 0.13

Soybean Meal Solvent 89 1. 34 52 0.3 0.73

Wheat Grain, Soft 89 1.46 12 0~1 0.35

DM = Dry Matter

ME Metabolizable Energy-Megacalories/Lb.

CP Crude Protein

CA Calcium

P = Phosphorus

EB 0934 - Page 16

APPENDIX B

STORAGE REGISTER CONTENTS

BEEF FEEDER-STOCKER~/

The listing of storage register contents is provided to supply the results of intermediate program calculations. It can be used to obtain additional output. For example, dry matter intake in pounds per head can be obtained by pressing RCL 32 after program execution.

R25 - Average animal weight/feeding period.

R26 - Metabolic weight in kg.

R27 Net energy for gain, steers Meal/day

R27 Net energy for gain, heifers on Meal/day

R28 - Net energy for maintenance.

R29 Daily gain in kg.

R30 - Metabolizable energy required for growth and maintenance.

R31 - Metabolizable energy for growth and maintenance adjusted for supplement fed, if any .

R32 Dry matter intake in Lbs./hd/day.

R33 - ~1etabolizable energy in meg/cal per pound of dry matter.

R34 - Ration parts in forage absolute value.

R35 - Ration parts in concentrate absolute in value.

R36 - Total parts ration.

R37 - Hetabolizable energy from forage.

R38 -Metabolizable energy concentrates.

R39 - Meg. cal. from forage.

R40 - Meg. cal. from concentrate.

R41 - Feed cost/day.

R42 - Beginning value of animal.

R43 - Non-feed costs/period.

R44 - Feed cost/period.

R45 - Final weight of animal.

R46 - Total pounds of gain.

R47 - Total cost animal.

~I For registers 1 through 24, see input listing.

•

.,

,...., ..--l c.!> z

Q) H eo u ~ Cll U)

p.. :>< H H ....:I Q z

~ -.:t ~ C""l p.. 0"1 ~ c.!> 0 ~ r:Q p.. ~

~~ DOO ~00 ~~ O~~XUN~~N~~UN+UN~x-

~ 00 ~ ~

DC) . ....IC• • (r·, '=' .. -.. 1-- C•) ··-·· C.) C·~·

((1 Ct::

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c:t:: u:.: ((1

O~~mM~~NOOMMMOOmM~~m-M~O~NOMMOmMM~~M~mM~~~N-MMMMOOOmm o oo~~Nm~rumm~NOO~N~~o~oo~~Mm~M~m~-~~o~~-mm~Mmmm~ooooo

-ruM~m~~oo~o-NM~m~~oo~o-NM~m~~oo~o-NM~m~~oo~o-NM~m~~oo~o mmmmmmmmm~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~oooooooooooooooooooo~~~~~~~~~~o -------------------------------------------------N

D •:r·. 1- . ....1 C• (3 ,:_:, ._.J ·:r·. • ~ Lf) ~ .. - .. 1- c•.J - ~ ~ (_.) - w o ··-·· ··-·· ··-·· • c• IJ"":I c·.J r···- ::< (...) c•.J .. -.. + ··-·· . ·=· ·=· • . .() ((I ::<

((I ::·:: l::t:: ~ ~

. ....1 ·:r· . ·· ... ·· (_.) (•.J t'•J ~ ::·::

.. -........... -.. ~~ o~~z

X UN~I-Nill- ~ ~ 00 ~00

M~m~~N~-NMO~OOMMMMOmN~mM~~mMMOO~OOmMM~M~~~~M~~N~~OOMM ~ooom~NOM~-~Nmmm~oooo~~rumoom~oooo~m~NMmmm~~Nm~N~Mm~

-NM~~~~OO~O-NM~m~~OO~O-NM~m~~OO~O-NM~m~~OO~O-NM~m~~OO~O 000000000----------NNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMM~~~~~~~~~~m

----------~-------------------------------~-------

DZ~ XM 1--m-~-o~ ~

~00~~ ~

~- ~~ ~N om ~~ .mxu-~xu-~+uN~I-ru~ ~~~urux

~ ~ ~ 00 ~

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EB 0934 - Page 20

REFERENCES

1. Lofgreen, G.P. and W.N. Garrett. A System for Expressing Net Energy Requirements and Feed Values for Growing and Finishing Beef Cattle. Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 27, pp. 793-806, 1968.

2. Pietsch, W.H. Breakevn Selling Prices for Wintered and Fed Cattle. Cooperative Extension, Washington State University, EM 3909, June, 1975.

3. Preston, R.L. Ohio Ration Evaluation Program (Annual Dry Matter Capacity Limits).

4. Henderson, H.O. and Paul M. Reaves. Dairy Cattle Feeding and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 1954.

MORE INFORMATION

For additional information on the TI-59 program and copies of the program cards, contact Richard W. Carkner, Extension Economist, Western Washington Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, WA 98371.

Cooperative Extension programs and pubLications are avaiZabZe to aZZ without discrimination.

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