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BEFORE YOU INTUBATE Shikha Gupta Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care 08/03/15 – 08/04/15

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Page 1: BEFORE&YOU& INTUBATE&...BEFORE&YOU& INTUBATE& Shikha Gupta Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care 08/03/15 – 08/04/15

BEFORE  YOU  INTUBATE  Shikha Gupta Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care

08/03/15 – 08/04/15

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OUTLINE  

� Indica3ons  of  intuba3on  � Airway  examina3on  and  recognizing  difficult  airways  � SeEng  up  for  intuba3on  � Pa3ent  posi3oning  � Confirma3on  of  endotracheal  tube  placement  

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INDICATIONS  FOR  INTUBATION  

� Respiratory  failure  §  Hypoxic:  inability  to  oxygenate  §  Hypercapneic  :  inability  to  ven3late  §  Cardiopulmonary  arrest  §  Can’t  be  managed  with  non  invasive  ven3la3on  

� Airway  protec3on  §  Gag  reflex  ?  §  Ability  to  handle  secre3ons  §  Obstructed  airway  

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� Surgical  pa3ents  requiring  general  anesthesia  � An3cipated  need  for  intuba3on  

§  Sep3c  shock  §  Burn  vic3ms  with  smoke  inhala3on  §  ARDS  

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CONTRAINDICATIONS    

� Upper  airway  pathology  which  would  preclude  intuba3on  §  Laryngectomy  §  Laryngeal  fracture    §  Penetra3ng  trauma  to  upper  airway  §  GloEc  stenosis  

� Difficult  airway  §  Use  cau3on  and  if  not  emergent  wait  for  help  

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PREPARING  FOR  INTUBATION  

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PREPARING  FOR  INTUBATION  

� Assess  pa3ent’s  airway    � Pre-­‐oxygenate  � Suc3on  � Bag  valve  mask  � PEEP  valve  � Monitors:  BP,  pulse  oximetry,  con3nuous  cardiac  monitor,  ?CO2  capnography  

� IV  access  � Medica3ons:  induc3on  agents,  neuromuscular  blockade  

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Tools  for  laryngoscopy  � Laryngoscope  

§  Ensure  ligh3ng,  baZery,  etc  

� Endotracheal  tube  §  2  sizes,  stylet,  syringe  and  check  for  balloon,  lubricate  distal  ETT  

� Adjunct  airway  management  device:  bougie  and  other  difficult  airway  devices  

� Oral  and  nasal  airways  � Confirma3on  of  tube  placement:  End  3dal  CO2  detector  � Equipment  to  hold  tube  

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Y  BAG  PEOPLE  BAC  �  Yankauer  �  Bag  valve  mask  with  PEEP  valve  �  Access  �  Get  your  team  �  Posi3on  �  Evaluate  for  difficult  airway  �  Oxygen  and  oral  airway  �  Pharmacy  �  Larynoscope  �  Endotracheal  tube  with  syringe  �  Back  up  plan    �  Auscultate  �  Confirma3on    

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ALWAYS  EVALUATE  THE  AIRWAY  

� Difficult  to  intubate  §  LEMON  approach  

� Difficult  to  ven3late  §  MOANS  evalua3on  

 

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3:  The  pa3ent  can  open  his/her  mouth  sufficiently  to  admit  three  of  his/her  own  fingers.      3:  The  distance  between  the  mentum  and  the  neck/mandible  junc3on  (near  the  hyoid  bone)  is  the  length  of  three  of  the  pa3ent's  fingers.      2:  The  space  between  the  superior  notch  of  the  thyroid  car3lage  and  the  neck/mandible  junc3on,  near  the  hyoid  bone,  is  the  length  of  two  of  the  pa3ent's  fingers.  

Class  I:    Visualiza3on  of  the  soc  palate,  fauces,  uvula,  and  both  anterior  and  posterior  pillars    Class  II:      Visualiza3on  of  the  soc  palate,  fauces  and  uvula    

Class  III  :  Visualiza3on  of  the  soc  palate  and  the  base  of  the  uvula    Class  IV  :  The  soc  palate  is  not  visible  at  all  

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� Difficult  to  ven3late  � MOANS  evalua3on  

§  M:  mask  seal  •  Normal  anatomy,  no  facial  hair,  no  bleeding/vomi3ng  

§  O:  obstruc3on/obesity  §  A:  age  >  55  years  §  N:  no  teeth  

•  If  a  pa3ent  has  dentures,  they  should  be  lec  in  situ  during  BMV,  and  then  removed  for  laryngoscopy  

§  S:  s3ffness/snoring  

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AIRWAY  MANEUVERS  

� Improves  airway  patency  � Head  3lt  chin  lic  

§  two  hands  to  extend  the  pa3ent's  neck  and  open  the  airway.    §  While  one  hand  applies  downward  pressure  to  the  pa3ent's  forehead,  

the  3ps  of  the  index  and  middle  finger  of  the  second  hand  lic  the  mandible  at  the  mentum,  which  lics  the  tongue  from  the  posterior  pharynx  

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� Jaw  thrust  maneuver  §  Cervical  spine  injury  is  concerned  §  placing  the  heels  of  both  hands  on  the  parieto-­‐occipital  areas  on  

each  side  of  the  pa3ent's  head,  then  grasping  the  angles  of  the  mandible  with  the  index  and  long  fingers,  and  displacing  the  jaw  anteriorly    

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BAG  MASK  VENTILATION  � Mask  placement:    

§  Single  hand  •  the  web  space  between  the  thumb  and  index  finger  

res3ng  against  the  mask  connector  

•  other  three  fingers  placed  along  the  mandible  and  pull  the  mandible  up  

§  Two  hand    •  Both  thumbs  and  index  fingers  hold  pressure  along  the  

inferior  and  superior  ridges  of  the  mask.  The  other  three  fingers  hold  the  mandible  and  perform  chin-­‐lic  and  jaw-­‐thrust  maneuver  

•  Thenar  eminences  along  the  long  axis  of  mask,  and  four  fingers  provide  chin-­‐lic  and  jaw-­‐thrust  maneuvers  

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AIRWAY  ADJUNCTS  � prevent  the  tongue  from  occluding  the  airway  and  provide  an  open  conduit  for  air  to  pass  

� Oral  airway  §  Size  

•  the  flange  at  the  pa3ent's  mouth  and  the  3p  directed  toward  the  angle  of  the  mandible.  The  3p  of  an  appropriately  sized  OPA  should  just  reach  the  angle  of  the  pa3ent's  mandible  

 

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� Placement  §  star3ng  with  the  curve  inverted,  and  then  rota3ng  it  180  degrees  as  

its  3p  reaches  the  posterior  pharynx.  

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� Nasal  airway  §  Size  

•  Length:  distance  between  nostril  and  angle  of  mandible  or  ear  lobe  

§  Placement  •  Lubricate  

•  Bevel  towards  septum,  advance  akong  floor  of  the  nose  •  Rotate  in  the  airway  

§  Contraindica3ons    •  Epistaxis  •  known  or  suspected  nasal  fractures  

•  known  or  suspected  basilar  skull  fractures  

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PRE-­‐OXYGENATION  � Goals:  

§  Establish  O2  reservoir  §  Maximize  3me  for  intuba3on  

� Methods:  §  3-­‐5  minutes  of  100%  O2  via  face  mask  §  4  (or  8)  vital  capacity  breaths  on  100%  O2  

§  Non  invasive  ven3lator:  CPAP  §  Bag  mask  with  PEEP  valve  §  Non  rebreather  mask  §  High  flow  nasal  canula  

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PRE-­‐OXYGENATION  

hZp://www.ncsrc.org/2_newsleZers_2008_2.shtml  

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POSITIONING  � Sniffing  posi3on  (RAMP)  

§  atlanto-­‐occipital  extension  with  head  eleva3on  of  3  to  7  cm  

§  adequate  head  eleva3on  is  the  alignment  of  the  pa3ent's  ear  (external  auditory  meatus)  to  the  level  of  the  sternal  notch  when  seen  from  the  side  (sagiZal  view)    

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� In  poten3al  cervical  spine  injury,  head  and  neck  manipula3on  must  NOT  be  performed.  Manual  in-­‐line  stabiliza3on  should  be  used  to  minimize  cervical  spine  mo3on.  

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RAPID  SEQUENCE  INTUBATION  

� The  induc3on  of  a  state  of  unconsciousness  with  complete  neuromuscular  paralysis  to  achieve  intuba3on  without  interposed  mechanical  ven3la3on  in  efforts  to  facilitate  the  procedure  and  minimize  risks  of  gastric  aspira3on  

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THE  SIX  P’S  OF  RAPID  SEQUENCE  INTUBATION  � Prepara3on  � Pre-­‐oxygena3on  � Pretreatment  and  induc3on  � Paralysis  � Placement  of  the  tube  � Post-­‐intuba3on  management  

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WHY  WE  DON’T  DO  RSI  IN  INTENSIVE  CARE  UNIT  

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� Hypotension  � Hypoxia  � Hyper-­‐H+:  Acidosis      

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�  Hypotension    §  IV  fluids  §  Pressors  §  Induc3on  agents:  Etomidate,  Ketamine  

�  Hypoxia  §  Pre-­‐oxygenate  

�  Hyper-­‐H+:  Acidosis    §  Bag  mask  and  hyperven3late    

 

�  Seda3ve  only  intuba3on  �  Confirm  that  you  can  ven3late  the  pa3ent  before  you  paralyze  them  

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� Single  center,  prospec3ve  observa3onal  study  � 664  intuba3ons  in  medical  ICU  � First  aZempt  success:  OR  2.37  

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� No  difference  in  rate  of  complica3ons  

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CONFIRMATION  OF  ENDOTRACHEAL  TUBE  � End  3dal  CO2  detector  � Clinical  findings  

§  Direct  visualiza3on  of  the  ET  tube  passing  through  the  vocal  cords  

§  Bilateral  breath  sounds    

§  absence  of  air  movement  during  epigastric  ausculta3on  §  Condensa3on  (fogging)  of  water  vapor  in  the  tube  on  exhala3on  

§  Maintenance  of  arterial  oxygena3on  

� Chest  X-­‐ray:  the  3p  of  the  ET  tube  should  be  between  the  carina  and  thoracic  arc  or  approximately  at  the  level  of  the  aor3c  arch  §  Doesn’t  confirm  endotracheal  placement  but  used  for  posi3oning  

� Ultrasound  

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END  TIDAL  CO2  DETECTOR  

� EtCO2  detector  §  colorimetric    §  quan3ta3ve  capnography  

� Most  accurate  in  non  cardiac  arrest  � At  least  five  exhala3ons  with  a  consistent  CO2  level    §  esophagus  may  yield  small  but  detectable  

amounts  of  CO2  during  the  first  few  posi3ve  pressure  ven3la3ons  

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DEPTH  OF  ENDOTRACHEAL  TUBE  

� Women:  20  to  21  cm  from  teeth  � Men  22  to  23  cm  from  teeth  

� 2  cms  above  carina  

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