behavioral and learning theories & research methods development:
TRANSCRIPT
BEHAVIORAL AND LEARNING THEORIES&
RESEARCH METHODS
Development:
Today
Skinner’s Operant ConditioningBandura’s Social Cognitive Learning
Video of observational learningResearch methods and design
Listen to a standardised surveyCase Study
How to do your case study and get an A!
Skinner’s Behaviorism
Development is learned and changes with experiences.
The mind (cognition) is NOT needed to explain behavior and development.
Consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior occurring.
B.F. Skinner was a behaviorist .He lived from 1904-1990.
Behavior Modification
Helps Children learn desired behavior.Reduces undesirable behaviors by
reinforcement.Negative behavior is not reinforced, but
positive behavior is rewarded.(e.g. I like the way you…).
SHAPING- When reinforcement is done continuously, and desired behavior becomes automatic.
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Learning Theory
This theory emphasizes 3 key factors in development: environment, cognition, and behavior. Learning doesn’t always require direct reinforcement.
Observational Learning: Learning that occurs through observing what others do (imitation or modeling)
Theoretical Orientation
Theories are helpful guides to understanding development.
Like we saw when we looked at developmental issues, theories are not mutually exclusive (it’s not one or the other)!
We should have an eclectic theoretical orientation. This means that it is better to follow multiple theories
for each theory’s best features.
Research Method and Design
Through scientific research conclusions and theories can be tested. We need to collect data to test theories. Observation
Laboratory Naturalistic
Survey and Interview methods Standardised Testing Physiological Measures Case Study
Standardised Survey for Children with ICs
What is (was) your friend’s name?Is (was) your friend a toy like a stuffed animal or a
doll, or is (was) it completely pretend? Can other people see him?
Is it a boy or girl? Is it a person, an animal, or something else?
How old is your friend?How big is your friend?What does your friend look like?What do you like about your friend?What do you not like about your friend?
Case Study
In depth look at an individual.
Looks at the unique nature of a single child’s experiences. Genetic makeup Personal history
Case studies rarely check to see if there is agreement in the scientific community because there is no way to generalise results.
Research Ethics
Ethics boards review research plans to ensure no physical, emotional, or other harm is done to participants and researchers alike
Informed Consent- All participants retain the right to withdraw from a study. Know the study’s risks.
Confidentiality- Researchers are responsible for keeping all data confidential.
Debriefing- After the study all participants must be informed of the purpose of the study.
Deception-Participants may act differently if they know the purpose of the experiment. Deception must not harm participants.